Fourier Series

Example 1
Find the fundamental frequency of the
following Fourier series:
(a) : f (t )  5 cos 40t  cos 80t
(b) : f (t )  5 cos 20t  2 cos 40t  cos 80t
 Solution to Example 1

(a ) : f (t )  5 cos 40t  cos 80t (b) : f (t )  5 cos 20t  2 cos 40t  cos 80t

SOLUTION : SOLUTION :
 1  2f  40  1  2f  20
2 f  40 2 f  20
f  20 Hz f  10 Hz
 Example 2
Find the amplitude and phase of the
fundamental component of the function:
f (t )  0.5 sin  1t  1.5 cos 1t  3.5 sin 2 1t
...................  3 cos 3 1t
 Recall:
R cos(t   )  a cost  b sint
where :
R  a b 2 2

b
  tan1

a
 Solution to Example 2
• Fundamental component:
0.5 sin 1t  1.5 cos 1t
R cos(t   )  a cos t  b sin t
where :
R  a  b  1.5  0.5  1.58
2 2 2 2

1 b 1 0.5
  tan  tan  0.32radians
a 1.5
 Example 3
Sketch the graph of the periodic function
defined by
f (t )  t..........0  t  1....... period (T )  1
 Solution to Example 3

f(t)
1

-1 0 1 2 3 t
 Example 4
Write down a mathematical expression of
the function whose graph is:
f(t)

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 t
 Solution to Example 4

t..............0  t  1..........T  2
f (t )  
1.............1  t  2
 Example 5:
Sketch the graph of the following periodic
functions:
(a) : f (t )  t ,1  t  1;T  2
2

 
0,0  t  2 ;T  
(b) : f (t )  
sin t ,   t  
 2
 t ,2  t  0;T  3
(c) : f (t )  
t ,0  t  1
 Solution to Example 5
(a)
f(t)

-1 0 1 2 3 t
 Solution to Example 5
(b)
f(t)

0 π/2 π 3π/2 t
 Solution to Example 5
(c)

-2 -1 0 1 2 t
 Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
a) f(t)

t
 

4 4
 Solution to Example 6
(a) f(t) = f(-t)
cos t = cos (–t)
 Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
b) f(t)

t
 Solution to Example 6
(b) f(t) = f(-t)
t2 = (-t)2
t2 = t2
 Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
c) f(t)

t
 Solution to Example 6
(c.) f(t) = f(-t)
3 = 3
 Example 7
Show that f(t) is odd f(t)



4
t


4
 Solution to Example 7
f(-t) = -f(t)
sin(-π/4) = -sin(π/4)
sin (-t) = -sin(t)
 Example 8
State the product of the following
functions:
(a) f(t) = t3 sin wt
(b) f(t) = t cos 2t
(c) f(t) = t + t2
 Solution to Example 8
f(t) = t3 sin wt
= (odd)(odd) = even

f(t) = t cos 2t
= (odd)(even) = odd

f(t) = t + t2
= odd + even = neither
 Example
Find the Fourier series of the function

f (t )  t on    t  
Answer: a0  0
an  0
2
bn   cos n
n

2
f (t )    cos n sin nt
n 1 n
 Solution
1 
a0 
2   f (t )dt


1 
a0 
2  tdt



1 t  2
1  ( ) 2 ( ) 2  1
a0        (0)
2  2   2  2 2  2
a0  0
 Solution
1 
an  
 
f (t ) cos ntdt


1 
an  
 
t cos ntdt


u t dv  cos ntdt
1
du  dt v  sin nt
n
 Solution

1 t  1 
an   sin nt   sin ntdt 
  n 
  n 
 
1 t 1 
an   sin nt  2 cos nt 
  n  n  

1   ( )   1 1 
an   sin n  sin n( )    2 cos n  2 cos n( ) 
  n n  n n 
1      1 1 
an   sin n  sin n    2 cos n  2 cos n 
  n n  n n 
an  0
 Solution
1 
bn  
 
f (t ) sin ntdt


1 
bn  
 
t sin ntdt


u t dv  sin ntdt
1
du  dt v   cos nt
n
 Solution

1  t  1 
bn   cos nt    cos ntdt 
  n 
 n 
 
1  t 1 
bn   cos nt  2 sin nt 
  n  n  

1   ( )   1 1 
bn    cos n  cos n( )    2 sin n  2 sin n( ) 
  n n  n n 
1      1 1 
bn    cos n   cos n 
  2 sin n  sin n 
  n n  n n 2

1  2  2
bn   cos n    cos n
 n  n
 Solution


2
 f (t )    cos n sin nt
n 1 n
Solution using Half Range Sine
Series
 Solution using Half Range Sine
Series
• Half range sine series
a0 = 0
an = 0
 Solution using Half Range Sine
Series
2 L
bn: bn   f (t ) sin ntdt
L 0
2  
  0
bn  (t ) sin ntdt

u  t dv  sin ntdt
1
du  dt v   cos nt
n


2 t cos nt  1 
bn     cos ntdt 
  n 0 0 n 
 Solution using Half Range Sine
Series
bn:
 

2 t cos nt 1 
bn    2 sin nt 
  n 0 n 0
2   (0)  1 1 
bn    cos n  cos n(0)    2 sin n  2 sin n(0) 
  n n  n n 
2   
bn    cos n 
  n 
2
bn   cos n
n
Solution using Half Range Sine
Series


2
 f (t )    cos n sin nt
n 1 n
 Example
Expand the given function into a Fourier
series on the indicated interval.
 4, 0t 5
f (t )  
 4,  5  t  0
Answer: a 0  0
an  0
8
bn  (1  cos n )
n

8 nt
f (t )   (1  cos n ) sin
n 1 n 5
 Solution
1 L 1  0 5

2 L  L 2(5)  5 0
a0  f ( t ) dt  ( 4) dt  ( 4) dt


a0 
1
10

 4t 5  4t 0
0 5

  4(0)  4(5)   4(5)  4(0) 
1
a0
10
  20  20 
1
a0
10
a0 0
 Solution
1 L nt
an   f (t ) cos dt
L  L L
1 0 nt 5 nt 
an    (4) cos dt   (4) cos dt 
5  5 5 0 5 
1 5 nt 5 nt 
an  (4) sin  (4) sin
5 n 5 n 5 
1   20 nt nt 
0 5
20
an   sin  sin 
5  n 5  5 n 5 0 
1   20 n (0) 20 n (5)   20 n (5) 20 n (0) 
an   sin  sin  sin  sin 
5  n 5 n 5   n 5 n 5 
1   20 20 
an   sin n  sin n 
5  n n 
an  0
 Solution
1 L nt
L  L
bn  f (t ) sin dt
L
1 0 nt 5 nt 
bn    (4) sin dt   (4) sin dt 
5  5 5 0 5 
1 nt nt 
0 5
5 5
bn   (4) cos  ( 4) cos 
5  n 5 5 n 5 0

1  20 nt nt 
0 5
20
bn   cos  cos 
5  n 5 5 n 5 0

1  20 n (0) 20 n (5)    20 n (5) 20 n (0) 
bn        
5  n 5 
cos cos cos cos
5 n 5   n 5 n
1  20 20   20 20 
bn           
5  n n n 
cos n cos n
  n
1  20 
bn   (2)(1  cos n )
5  n 
8
bn  (1  cos n )
n
 Solution


8 nt
f (t )   (1  cos n ) sin
n 1 n 5
Solution using Half Range Sine
Series
 Solution using Half Range Sine
Series
• Half range sine series
a0 = 0
an = 0
Solution using Half Range Sine
Series

2 L nt
bn 
L 0 f (t ) sin
L
dt

2 5 nt 
bn 
5  0
(4) sin
5 
dt 

2  5 nt 
5

bn    ( 4) cos 
5  n 5 0 

2  20 nt 
5

bn   cos 
5  n 5 0 
 Solution using Half Range Sine
Series
2   20 n (5) 20 n (0) 
bn   cos  cos 
5  n 5 n 5 
2  20 20 
bn    cos n  
5  n n 
2  20 
bn   (1  cos n )
5  n 
8
bn  (1  cos n )
n
Solution using Half Range Sine
Series


8 nt
f (t )   (1  cos n ) sin
n 1 n 5
 Example
Find the Fourier series of the function

f (t )  t 2
on   , 
Answer: 2
a0 
3
4
an  2 cos n
n
bn  0
2 
4
f (t )    2 cos n cos nt
3 n 1 n
 Solution
1 
a0 
2   f (t )dt


1  2
a0 
2  t dt



1 t  3
1  ( )3 ( )3  1  2 3 
a0 
2  3   2  3  3   2  3 
      
2
a0 
3
 Solution
1 
an  
 
f (t ) cos ntdt


1 
an 
 

t 2 cos ntdt

u  t2 dv  cos ntdt
1
du  2tdt v  sin nt
n
 

1 t 2
 2t  
1 t 2
2  
an   sin nt   sin ntdt    sin nt   t sin ntdt 
 n   n   n n  
      
 Solution
ut dv  sin ntdt
1
du  dt v   cos nt
n


1 t 2
2  t

 1 
an   sin nt   cos nt   cos ntdt 
 n n  n  n 

    



1 t 2 
2 t

1


an   sin nt   cos nt  2 sin nt 
 n n  n n 

      



1 t 2
2t

2
 
an   sin nt  2 cos nt  3 sin nt 
 n n n  
   
 Solution
1   2 ( ) 2   2 2( )  2 2 
an   sin n  sin n( )    2 cos n  cos n (  )    sin n  sin n (  ) 
  n n  n n2  n
3
n3 
1   2 2   2 2  2 2 
an   sin n  sin n    2 cos n  2 cos n    3 sin n  3 sin n 
  n n  n n  n n 
1  4 
an  cos n
  n 2 
4
an  2 cos n
n
 Solution
1 
bn 
  

f (t ) sin ntdt

1 

 
bn  t 2
sin ntdt


u  t2 dv  sin ntdt
1
du  2tdt v   cos nt
n
 
1  t2  2t  1  t2 2  
bn   cos nt    cos ntdt    cos nt   t cos ntdt 
 n  n   n n  
      
 Solution
ut dv  cos ntdt
1
du  dt v  sin nt
n

1  t2 

2  t  1
bn   cos nt  sin nt   sin ntdt 
 n nn   n 
   

1  t2 
 
2  t 1
bn   cos nt  sin nt  2 cos nt 
 n n  n n 
 
   


1 t 2
2t

2
 
bn   cos nt  2 sin nt  3 cos nt 
 n n n  
   
 Solution
1   2 ( ) 2   2( ) 2( )  2 2 
   cos n  cos n( )    2 sin n  sin n (  ) 
  3 cos n  cos n (  ) 
n
  n n   n n 2
  n n 3

1   2 2   2 2  2 2 
   cos n  cos n    2 sin n  2 sin n    3 cos n  3 cos n 
n
  n n  n n  n n 
n 0

2 4 
f (t )    2 cos n cos nt
3 n 1 n
Solution using Half Range Cosine
Series
 Solution using Half Range Cosine
Series
• Half range cosine series
bn = 0
Solution using Half Range Cosine
Series
1 


a0  f (t )dt
0

1  2


a0  t dt
0


1 t  1  ( )3 (0)3  1   3 
3
a0          
  3 0   3 3   3 
2
a0 
3
 Solution using Half Range Cosine
Series
2 


an  f (t ) cos ntdt
0

2 
an 
 
0
t 2 cos ntdt

u  t2 dv  cos ntdt
1
du  2tdt v  sin nt
n
 

2 t 2
 2t  
2 t 2
2  
an   sin nt   sin ntdt    sin nt   t sin ntdt 
 n 0 n   n n 0 
 0   0
Solution using Half Range Cosine
Series
u t dv  sin ntdt
1
du  dt v   cos nt
n


2 t 2
2  t

 1 
an   sin nt   cos nt   cos ntdt 
 n n  n 0 n 

 0 0



2 t 2 
2 t

1
 

an   sin nt   cos nt  2 sin nt 
 n n  n n 

 0 0 0



2 t 2
2t

2

an   sin nt  2 cos nt  3 sin nt 
 n n n 0
 0 0 
 Solution using Half Range Cosine
Series
2   2 (0) 2   2 2(0)  2 2 
an   sin n  sin n(0)    2 cos n  2 cos n(0)    3 sin n  3 sin n(0) 
  n n  n n  n n 
2  2 
an  cos n
  n 2 
4
an  2 cos n
n
Solution using Half Range Cosine
Series

 2 
4
f (t )    2 cos n cos nt
3 n 1 n
 Example
Write the sine series of f(t) = 1 on [0,5]

Answer: a0  0
an  0
2
bn  (1  cos n )
n

2 nt
f (t )   (1  cos n ) sin
n 1 n 5
Solution
 Solution
• Half range sine series
a0 = 0
an = 0
 Solution
bn: b  2 L f (t ) sin nt dt
n 0
L L
2 5 nt 
bn    (1) sin dt 
5 0 5 
2  5 nt 
5

bn   (1) cos 
5  n 5 0 
 Solution
bn: b  2   5 cos n (5)   5 cos n (0) 
 
5  n n
n
5 5 
2  5 5 
bn    cos n  
5  n n 
2 5 
bn   (1  cos n )
5  n 
2
bn  (1  cos n )
n
 Solution

2 nt
f (t )   (1  cos n ) sin
n 1 n 5
 Example
• Find the convergence of f(x) on [-2,2]
 ex ,2  t  1

f (t )   2 x 2 ,1  t  2
 9 ,t  2

Solution
 Solution
f (2)   f (2) 
x  2 : f (2) 
2
 2 x 2  e x
f (2) 
2
 ( 2 )
 2(2)  e
2
 8  7.4
f (2)    0.31
2 2
 Solution

f (1)   f (1) 
x  1: f (1) 
2
e  x  2 x 2
f (1) 
2
e  (1)  2(1) 2 0.37  2
f (1)    0.82
2 2
 Solution

 
f (2)  f (2) 99
x  2: f (2)   9
2 2
 Example
• Express the function in terms of H(t) and find its
Fourier transform

 0, t  0
f (t )    at
e , t  0
 Solution

F ( )   f (t )e it dt


1 0 
 (0)e dt   (e  at )e it dt
i t
F ( ) 
2  0

1  1 
 
i t
F ( )  (e  at
)e dt  e ( a i ) t dt
2 0
2 0

 ( a  i ) t 
1 e 1  e ( a i )  e ( a i )( 0) 
F ( )     
2  (a  i ) 0 2  a  i  a  i  
1 1
F ( ) 
2 a  i
 Seatwork
1. Find the Fourier series representation of the
function with period T= 1/50 given by:

1.......0  t  0.01
f (t )  
0......0.01  t  0.02
 Seatwork
2. Find the Fourier series representation of
the function with period 2π defined by

f (t )  t ,0  t  2
2
 Seatwork
3. Find the half range sine series of
(x   )
f ( x)  ; 0 x 
 2
 Seatwork
4. Find the half range cosine series of
(x   )
f ( x)  ; 0 x 
 2