DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicar
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katans
(Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak la
Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :
I. Statement (pernyataan)
II. Command (perintah)
III. Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :
1. To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct Indirect
Am/is/are - was/were
Shall/will - should/would
Can - could
May - might
Must
Have/has to - had to
Ought to
2. Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)
Direct Indirect
now - then
tomorrow - the following day
next week - the following week
tonight - that night
today - that day
yesterday - the day before
last night - the night before
last week - the week before,
the precious week
here - there
this - that
these - those
3. Tenses
Direct Indirect
Simple present - simple past
Simple past
- past perfect
Present perfect
Present continous - past continous
Present perfect continous - past perfect continous
Simple future - past future
I. STATEMENT
Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pen
dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :
He said
He said to me that + reported words
He told me
e.g - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”
- Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.
- Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
- Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
- Mary told John “my father warned me last night”
- Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.
- My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”
- My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.
- Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”
- Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak
e.g - John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”
- John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow
- Mary says “I have seen that film”
- Mary says that she has seen that film.
- My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”
- My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.
- Tom says “I don’t like English”
- Tom says that he don’t like English.
II. COMMAND
Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1. Positive Command
Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara
Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
to + infinitive
He asked me
He told me
e.g - He asked me “Open your book”
- He asked me to open my book.
- Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”
- Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.
- Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”
- Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.
- John told Mary “Wait until I come”
- John told Mary to wait until he comes.
- The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”
- The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
e.g - Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”
- Mary told John not to wait for her.
- I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”
- I told him not to mention it to anyone.
- Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”
- Father asked her not to go there alone.
- Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”
- Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.
- Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too much”
- Mother asked John not to smoke too much.
III. QUESTION
Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why,
digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bent
Positive Form
He asked me where
When etc.
e.g - The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”
- The man asked me where I lived.
- John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”
- John asked Mary why she got angry with him.
- I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”
- I asked him when he had got back from his trip.
- He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
- He asked me how I would go there.
- John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”
- John asked the girl what her name was.
Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam
menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertany
e.g - The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”
- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.
- The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
- The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.
- Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.
- Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.
- We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”
- We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.
- Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”
- Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.
Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian
IV. REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)
Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (kar
pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikanlah
e.g - She asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.
- She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.
- Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t look well.
- Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well.
- I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is very good.
- I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent was very good.
- He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going ?”
- He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was going.
- She said :”It is cold inside,” Is the window open ?
- She said that it was cold inside and asked if the window was open.
Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but
kata and sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.
e.g - He asked me :”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.
- He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t.
- Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.
- Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.
- She asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.
- She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I couldn’t.
- I asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.
- Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.
- Mary asked John :”Did you phone me last night ?” Yes, I did.
- Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.
- Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?” Yes.
- Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I was.
Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries
Direct Indirect
Was/were - had been
can - could
may - might
must & have to - had to
must not - wasn’t to/musn’t
needn’t - didn’t have to
e.g - Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”
- Mary said that she had been sick the day before.
- The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”
- The man asked me if I could speak English.
- Mary said to John :”You may come to my house tomorrow.”
- Mary said to John that she might come to his house the following day.
- Mother told John :”You must study harder if you want to pass the exam.”
- Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the exam.
- The police told me :” You must not drive without license.”
- The police told me that I wasn’t to drive without license.”
- The teacher told them :”You needn’t hurry.”
- The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry.
Pengertian Yes or No Questions
Yes or no questions adalah kalimat tanya yang memiliki ide jawaban hanya “YA” dan “TIDAK”.
Jenis Question Words
Ada 2 jenis kalimat tanya dalam Bahasa Inggris (question words), yakni:
1. WH question words
2. Yes or no questions
Contoh Yes or No Questions
They are Indonesian. – Are they Indonesian? (Jawaban: Yes, They are/ No, They are not)
He is nice. – Is he nice? (Jawaban: Yes, He is/ No, He is not)
1. JIka kata kerja utama dari kalimatnya berbentuk “to be”, silahkan letakkan to be pada awal kalimat
kemudian diikuti dengan subject. Contohnya:
They are Indian. – Are they Indian?
Jenny is sick. – Is Jenny sick?
2. Jika pada suatu kalimat mengandung kata kerja utama atau kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb),
silahkan letakkan subject setelah kata kerja bantunya. Contohnya:
She is visiting Bali. – Is she visiting Bali?
They have finished the homework. – Have they finished the homework?
My sister will be cooking fried rice. – Will my sister (she) be cooking fried rice?
Tony has been working all day long. – Has Tony been working all day long?
3. Jika pada suatu kalimat mengandung kata kerja dan tidak ada “to be” pada kalimat tersebut atau
kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb), cara merangkai yes or no questions – nya adalah sebagai
berikut:
a. Jika kata kerjanya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, silahkan
tambahkan “do”atau “does” kemudian diikuti dengan subject dan object kalimatnya. Agar lebih
mudah untuk merangkai yes or no question menggunakan “do” atau “does”, silahkan perhatikan
tabel di bawah ini:
Do Untuk Subject: I, You, They, We
Does Untuk Subject: He, She, it
Contohnya:
They like her. – Do they like her?
She goes to library every night. – Does she go to library every night?
b. Jika kata kerjanya dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense, silahkan tambahkan “did”kemudian diikuti
dengan subject dan object kalimatnya. Contohnya:
He arrived here yesterday. – Did he arrive here yesterday?
Her mother went to the market. – Did her mother go to the market?
Pengertian WH Question Words
WH Question Words adalah kata tanya yang diawali dengan huruf “W” dan “H”.
Jenis Question Words
Ada 2 jenis kalimat tanya dalam Bahasa Inggris (question words), yakni:
1. WH question words
2. Yes or no questions
Macam-macam, Fungsi dan Contoh WH Question Words
Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini:
WH Question Fungsi Contoh Kalimat
Words
what Menanyakan informasi What is your name?
tentang sesuatu.
Menanyakan pengulangan, What? I can't hear
menanyakan kenapa. [Link] did what?
what...for Menanyakan What did you do that for?
alasan,menanyakan
kenapa.
when Menanyakan tentang When did he leave?
waktu
where Menanyakan posisi atau Where do they live?
tempat.
which Menanyakan tentang Which color do you want?
pilihan.
who Menanyakan subject orang Who opened the door?
.
whom Menanyakan object orang. Whom did you see?
whose Menanyakan tentang Whose are these keys?
kepemilikan. Whose turn is it?
why Menanyakan alasan. Why do you say that?
why don't Memberikan saran. Why don't I help you?
how Menyakan tentang cara. How does this work?
Menanyakan tentang How was your exam?
kondisi atau jumlah.
how + adj/adv Menanyakan tingkatan Perhatikan contoh di
bawah ini:
how far Jarak How far is Pattaya from
Bangkok?
how long Panjang (waktu atau How long will it take?
ruang)
how many Jumlah (countable) How many cars are there?
how much Jumlah (uncountable) How much money do you
have?
how old Umur How old are you?
how come Menanyakan How come I can't see her?
(informal) alasan,menanyakan
kenapa.
Arti dan Contoh WH Question Words
WH Question Arti Contoh Kalimat
Words
who Orang Who's that? That's Nancy.
where Tempat Where do you live? In
Boston
why Alasan Why do you sleep early?
Because I've got to get up
early
when Waktu When do you go to work?
At 7:00
how Cara How do you go? By car
what Object, ide atau tindakan What do you do? I am an
engineer
which Pilihan Which one do you prefer?
The red one.
whose Kepemilikan Whose is this book? It's
Alan's.
whom Object dari kata kerja Whom did you meet? I met
the manager.
what kind Deskripsi/ gambaran What kind of music do you
like? I like quiet songs
what time Waktu What time did you come
home?
how many Jumlah (countable) How many students are
there? There are twenty.
how much Jumlah/ How much time have we
kwantitas,harga (uncountable) got? Ten minutes
how long Durasi, panjang How long did you stay in
that hotel? For two weeks.
how often Frekwensi How often do you go to the
gym? Twice a week.
how far Jarak How far is your school?
It's one mile far.
how old Umur How old are you? I'm 16.
how come Alasan How come I didn't see at
the party?
Jika anda ingin menanyakan tentang subject dari suatu kalimat, langsung saja tambahkan kata
tanya pada awal kalimat. Contohnya:
Shelly buys new car. – Who buys new car?
Jika anda menanyakan tentang predicate dari suatu kalimat (bagian dari kalimat yang
mengandung kata kerja dan memberikan informasi tentang subject), ada 3 pilihan:
1. Jika ada kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) yang mendahului kata kerja utama (seperti:can, is, are,
was, were, will, would, … etc), silahkan tambahkan kata tanya kemudian diikuti dengan kata kerja
bantu (auxiliary verb) dan subject. Contohnya:
He can speak Japanese. – What can he speak?
They are working tonight. – When are they working?
2. Jika anda menanyakan predicate tetapi tidak ada kata kerja bantu-nya (auxiliary verb) dan hanya
ada “to be”, silahkan tambahkan kata tanya kemudian diikuti dengan to bedan subject.
Contohnya:
The play was interesting. – How was the play?
3. Jika tidak ada kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) pada predicate dan kata kerja utama bukanlah
berupa “to be”, silahkan tambahkan kata kerja bantu “do/ does” dalam bentuk yang sesuai.
Contohnya:
They go to the movies every Saturday. – When do they go to the movies?
He wakes up early. – When does he wake up?
Tom sent a letter. – What did they send?
Questions
Ada dua bentuk questions (pertanyaan) yaitu:
A. Yes/No questions
B. Information questions (Wh-questions dan How)
A. Yes/no questions
Adalah pertanyaan yang menuntut jawaban yes atau no. Jenis pertanyaan ini diawali
dengan auxiliary (is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, can, may, must, should
shall, will, could, atau would).
Contoh:
1. Do you love me?
Yes, I do/No, I don’t
2. Are you sleepy?
Yes, I am?No, I am not.
3. Can they climb the wall?
Yes, they can?No, yhey can’t.
4. Will you help me?
Yes, I will/No, I will not.
Yes/no questions dapat kita bagi menjadi positive dan negative yes/no questions.
1. Positive yes/no questions.
Pola-pola kalimat tanya yang telah diberikan pada pembahasan tiap tenses secara umum
dapat diringkas menjadi:
Auxiliary
Be + subject + verb . . .
Do/does/did
Contoh:
1. Have you finished doing your homework?
2. Will you go to watch a movie with me tonight?
3. Is she pretty?
4. Does he always go to school on foot?
5. Did you visit your parents during holiday?
Note: Kesalahan biasanya terjadi pada kalimat yang menggunakan simple present tense dan
past tense. Kesalahan ini umumnya karena lupa mengubah verb1+(s/es) dan verb2
menjadi verb1.
INCORRECT: Does she often practices her English?
CORRECT : Does she often practice her English? Yes, she does.
INCORRECT: Did you loved her?
CORRECT : Did you love her? Yes, I did.
Untuk tensis yang lainnya biasanya jarang tejadi kesalahan karena bentuk verb-nya tidak
berubah. Silakan baca kembali pola yes/no question untuk 16 Tensis dalam Bahasa Inggris.
Atau click link tensis yang ingin anda review di bagian comment tulisan ini.
2.. Negative yes/no questions
Pola yang sangat formal untuk negative yes/no questions adalah NOT diletakkan setelah
subject.
Auxiliary
Be + subject + NOT + verb . . .
Do/does/did
Tapi, pola di atas sangat jarang digunakan dibandingkan dengan pola berikut:
Auxiliary
Be NOT + subject + verb . . .
Do/does/did
Note: NOT pada umumnya dikontraksi dengan auxiliary/be/do/does/did (i.e. can’t, won’t,
isn’t, don’t, hasn’t, etc).
Kapan kita menggunakan negatif yes/no questions? Negative yes/no questions umumnya
digunakan:
a. Jika si pembicara sudah tahu apa yang ditanyakan, tapi belum 100% yakin.
Contoh:
1. Isn’t the earth that travels around the sun? (Bukankah bumi yang mengitari
matahari?). Di sini si penanya ingin memastikan bahwa bumilah yang mengitari bumi dan
bukan sebaliknya.
2. Aren’t you making spaghetti? (Bukankah kamu sedang masak spaghetti?)
3. Didn’t you fail this course last semester? (Bukankah kamu tidak lulus mata kuliah ini
semester lalu?).
4. Wasn’t he playing chess with you when I went to his house last night?
5. Hasn’t she seen the Ayat-Ayat Cinta? (Bukankah dia sudah nonton film Ayat-Ayat
Cinta?).
6. Aren’t they going to see a movie tonight? etc.
b. Ketika si pembicara surprise, shock, jengkel, atau marah.
Contoh:
1. Aren’t you supposed to be at school now? Misalnya, karena YOU di rumah pada saat
jam sekolah.
2. Doesn’t your class start at 7 o’clock? Misalnya, sudah hampir jam 7 tapi YOU masih
belum mandi/siap ke sekolah.
3. What happened? Didn’t you study? Siapa suruh tidak belajar. Gurunya jengkel tuh.
B. Information Question (Wh-question dan How)
Adalah pertanyaan yang menanyakan informasi dengan menggunakan Question Words (kata
tanya). Sering disebut dengan Wh-question karena semua kata tanya diawali dengan Wh-,
kecuali How. Yang termasuk Question Words (QW) adalah: What, Who, Whom, Whose,
Why, Where, When, Which dan How.
Pola umum:
QW + aux + S + verb + Object/Complement ?
1. What (apa)
Menanyakan nama benda, nama orang atau jenis profesi.
Contoh:
~ What is that? That is an apple.
~ What are you? I am a soldier.
~ What is your name? My name is Ivanka.
2. Who (siapa)
Menanyakan orang sebagai pelaku/subject.
Memiliki rumus khusus:
Who + verb + O ? atau Who + to be + S ?
Contoh:
~ Who are you? I amYana Wulandari.
~ Who writes the letter? Martin does.
~ Who is very beautiful? Dian Sastro is very beautiful.
3. Whom (siapa)
Menanyakan orang sebagai object.
Contoh:
Whom do you meet? I meet Selena Gomez.
Whom is she looking for? She is looking for Brian Safina.
4. Whose (milik siapa)
Menanyakan pemilik suatu benda.
Contoh:
~ Whose bag is this? This is my bag.
~ Whose sister is the girl? She is my sister.
5. Why (mengapa)
Menanyakan alasan atau penyebab terjadinya sesuatu.
Contoh:
~ Why do you come late? Because I missed the bus this morning.
~ Why is Mrs. Julia very healthy? Because she does sport every morning.
~ Why do you love me? Because you are very rich.
6. Where (di mana)
Menanyakan tempat.
Contoh:
~ Where does Alicia study? She studies in SMPN 19 Tangerang.
~ Where do you go every day? I go to school every day.
~ Where is the library? The library is beside the hall.
7. When (kapan)
Menanyakan waktu.
Contoh:
~ When does Aga get up? He gets up at five o’clock every morning.
~ When did you go to Tangkuban Perahu? I go to Tangkuban Perahu last week.
~ When do you go to school? I go to school at 06.30.
8. Which (yang mana)
Menanyakann pilihan.
Contoh:
~ Which is your car? My car is the red one.
~ Which is his sister? His sister is the girl in blue jacket.
9. How (bagaimana)
Menanyakan kondisi atau keadaan.
Contoh:
~ How are you? I’m fine. Thanks.
~ How is Rina’s school? Her school is large and clean.
10. How many (berapa banyak)
Menanyakan jumlah (jika yang ditanyakan berupa countable nouns/kata benda yang bisa
dihitung).
Contoh:
~ How many students are there in the class? There are forty students.
~ How many brother do you have? I have three brothers.
11. How much (berapa banyak)
Menanyakan jumlah (jika yang ditanyakan berupa uncountable nouns/kata benda yang tak
bisa dihitung).
Contoh:
How much money does it cost? It costs one thousand rupiah.
How much sugar do you want? A spoon of sugar, please.
12. How often (berapa sering)
Menanyakan seberapa sering orang melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh:
~ How often does Nabillah go to Malaysia? She goes to Malaysia twice a week.
~ How often do you speak to your father? I speak to him every day.
Bisa juga menggunakan How many times.
How many times do you eat? I eat three times a day.
13. How far (berapa jauh)
Menanyakan jarak suatu tempat dengan tempat lainnya.
Contoh:
~ How far is this school from your house? It’s about 10 kilometers.
14. How old (berapa umur/usia)
Menanyakan usia seseorang.
Contoh:
~ How old are you? I am 18 years old.
~ How old is Mrs. Desie? She is 28 years old.
15. How long (berapa lama)
Menanyakan lama waktu.
Contoh:
~ How long have you lived in Jogja? I have lived in Jogja for Six years.
16. How deep (berapa dalam)
~ How deep is the river? It’s about five meters.
~ How deep can he dive? He can dive 20 meters deep.
17. How tall (berapa tinggi)
Menanyakan tinggi orang.
Contoh:
~ How tall are you? I am 170 cm tall.
~ How tall is [Link]? He is 180 cm tall.
18. How high (berapa tinggi)
Menanyakan tinggi suatu benda.
Contoh:
~ How high is the mountain? It’s about 3686 meters high.
~ How high is the tree? It’s about 4 meters high.
