Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH)

Vol. 39, No. 4, October 2020, pp. 1198 – 1205

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http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i4.28

RELIABILITY AND PROTECTION IN DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEM

CONSIDERING CUSTOMER-BASED INDICES

J. N. Nweke 1,*, A. G. Gusau 2 and L. M. Isah 3

1, 2, 3,
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC KAURA-NAMODA,
ZAMFARA STATE, NIGERIA
Email addresses: [email protected], 2 [email protected],
1

3
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
A stable and reliable electric power supply system is a pre-requisite for the technological and
economic growth of any nation. Nigeria's power supply has been experiencing incessant power
interruptions caused by a failure in the distribution system. This paper developed a system
planning approach as part of the key mitigation strategies for improved reliability and protection
of the distribution network. The developed algorithm is tested using 33kV feeder supplying
electricity to Kaura-Namoda, Zamfara State, Nigeria. A customer-based reliability index was
used as a tool to evaluate the reliability assessment of the feeder test system. The result showed
that alternative 3 gives better results in terms of improvement of the system average
interruption duration index (SAIDI), which in turn gives the minimum interrupted energy. Also,
it is found that a greater number of sectionalizing switches do not give better results. It is very
important to place the sectionalizing switches at a strategic location. If it is located at such
points that will facilitate to sectionalize the faulty sections faster and to make the supply
available to the unfaulty part of the network. Hence the utility company should apply this
mitigation algorithm for system reliability improvement, depending on their needs and
requirements. Thus, utilities can optimize network performance and better serve customers by
adopting mitigation strategies in addressing trouble-prone areas to achieve a stable and reliable
supply

Keywords: distribution system; reliability; reliability indices; system performance evaluation; protection
system; mitigation algorithms and sectionalizing switches.

1. INTRODUCTION improving customer reliability [2]. The Power

Electric power is a vital element in any modern Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) mission is to
economy. The availability of reliable power supply at transmit, distribute, and supply adequate electricity
a reasonable cost is crucial for the economic growth in a safe, reliable, and efficient manner and this has
and development of a country. Electric power utilities to be accomplished. Contrarily, the intermittent
throughout the world, therefore, endeavour to meet power supply to customers by the Nigerian power
customer demands as economically as possible at a system network has become a source of worry to the
reasonable service [1]. To meet customer demands, utility company. Many power systems Engineers
the power utility has to be improved through have carried out different optimization studies via
upgrading, and effective maintenance of the system heuristic, network configuration, integration of
infrastructure. Analysis throughout the world shows renewable energy resources, and coordination of
that around 90% of all customer reliability problems distributed generation aimed at improving the
are due to the problem in the distribution system, system network
hence, improving distribution reliability is the key to

* Corresponding author, tel: +234 – 806 – 742 – 0582

 RELIABILITY AND PROTECTION IN DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEM CONSIDERING CUSTOMER-BASED INDICES, J. N. Nweke, et al

The studies [3] used genetic algorithm (GA) based IEEE 57-bus test systems were successful but the
optimization to optimally locate FACTS devices - work is more of theoretical assumptions.
Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) and the In the study [15], a static var compensation (SVC)
Thyristor Controlled Series Controllers (TCSC) was conducted on the Nigerian 330kV transmission
devices in the Nigeria 330kV integrated power network with the focus of developing indices for
network for power transfer increase and loss improving the transient stability using an appropriate
minimization at different active and reactive power size to locate SVC within the network. The result
loadings. The result showed that there was a showed an improved voltage profile and stability of
reduction in transmission line losses of both active network but the authors did only consider the
and reactive power, after incorporation of TCSC and optimal size of the DG. Kotamarty et al [16] proposed
UPFC devices optimally into the network This contingency analysis in the system due to DG
approach of optimization technique which is initiated location and sizing. The objective function was to
with random generation of the population always find the optimal location and size of DG to minimize
lack accuracy when a high-quality solution is voltage deviation from a predetermined profile but
required. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) the method did not meet the requirement of
technique was applied by the authors [4] for the robustness.
optimal placement of DG in the distribution network Jokojeje et al [17] carried research on improving the
of 33 and 69 -bus systems. The paper presented 330kV Nigeria grid network through static
different types of DGs using the PSO technique for synchronous compensator (STATCOM). In their
active and reactive power compensation to minimize work, the effect of the application of static
the real power losses in the primary distribution synchronous compensator, a FACTS controller was
networks. A Genetic Algorithm based optimal size examined on the performance on Nigeria 330kV, a
and placement of DG in the distribution network has 28-bus power system. Conventional and modified
been proposed [5 - 10]. The GA methods are used Newton-Raphson based power flow equations
to find optimal size and bus location for placing DG describing the steady-state condition before and
using power loss and energy loss minimization in a after compensation was analyzed through the
network system based on bus admittance, system. Results from the analysis showed that 5 out
generation information, and load distribution of the the 28 buses of the sample system have their voltage
system. magnitudes fell outside the statutory limits of 0.95 ≤
The authors [11-12] tackled the problem of network vi ≤ 1.05, were improved, and the total system
reconfiguration to minimize real power loss in the power losses were reduced by 5.88%.
system. They applied a meta-heuristic optimization This study proposed the use of mitigation strategies
method to achieve the objective. The algorithm through the development of an algorithm for
developed predicts the switching pattern for improving the reliability and protection of the system
reconfiguration which gives minimum loss and network. A 33kV feeder network supplying electricity
minimum voltage deviation. It also reduces the from Gusua to Kaura-Namoda Zamfara state, Nigeria
number of switching operations and at the same time is used as a case study.
satisfying constraints. Rama Rao et al [13] presented
a method of using a plant growth simulation 2. METHODOLOGY
algorithm (PGSA) for radial distribution network The appropriate placement of protection devices,
reconfiguration. The effectiveness of this proposal sectionalizes, and switches in the distribution feeders
was tested on a 69-node radial distribution system. have a significant impact on reliability improvement
The result, when compared with the genetic and this will be further enhanced by the application
algorithm optimization method, showed that PGSA of outage mitigation techniques for the distribution
succeeded in finding a global solution with a high system in Nigeria. The Mitigation Techniques like
probability of approximate solution. Ankur et al [14] electric or non-electric methods could be used to
proposed a network reconfiguration based on a improve the reliability in the system. Modern
genetic algorithm that employs the use of graphical automation technologies can reduce contingency
user interface (GUI) of MATLAB software. Tests margins, improve utilization and economy of
carried on 6-bus, IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, and operation, and even provide improved scheduling
and effectiveness of maintenance and service [1,
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 RELIABILITY AND PROTECTION IN DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEM CONSIDERING CUSTOMER-BASED INDICES, J. N. Nweke, et al

18]. However, they must be applied well, with the 2.2.1 Analysis of Load and Generation
technologies selected to be compatible with the The determination of the required amount of system
system’s need and targeted effectively. On the other generating capacity is to ensure an adequate supply.
hand, a non-electric method such as vegetation This is an important aspect of power system planning
management, system improvements, crew and operation and, it is divided into static and
placement and management, maintenance practices operating capacity requirements. The static capacity
play an important role in improving reliability in the area relates to long term evaluation of this overall
system [19]. system requirement, while, the operating capacity
area relates to the short-term evaluation of the
2.1 Value-based reliability planning actual capacity required to meet a given load level.
The bid for Power Company to balance between the
cost of improving service reliability and quality, and
the economic benefits that these improvements
bring to customers and this approach is generally
known as Value Base Reliability Planning (VBRP).
Value-Based Reliability Planning directly takes
account of the value of reliability and power quality
to customers in assessing the cost-effectiveness of
the proposed investment alternatives [20]. In
general, VBRP follows the process as shown in Figure
1. This involves the assessment of power quality
supply to customers and the application of measures
to improve the prevailing conditions. The probability
of consumers being disconnected for any reason can Figure 1: Value-based Reliability Planning
be reduced by an increased investment during the
planning phase, operating phase, or both and vice
versa. It is evident therefore that the economic and
reliability constraints can be competitive, and this
can lead to difficult managerial decisions at both the
planning and operating phases [21]. Despite the
above constraints, it is necessary to ensure a
reasonable balance in the reliability of the various
constituent parts of a power system, i.e generation,
transmission, and distribution. Once the distribution
systems are planned, designed, and built, they must
be continually monitored, adjusted, expanded, and
repaired.

2.2 System planning approach

A properly co-ordinate protection system is vital to
ensure that an electricity distribution network can
operate within the preset requirements for the safety
of individual items of equipment, operators,
customers, and the entire system network. Figure 2
shows the general developed flow chart based on the
systematic planning approach of the distribution
network. It consists of nine modules which are
individual measures, analysis, and planning to
improve the system studies and overall reliability of
the network. Figure 2: Flow chart for system planning approach
of a distribution network
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 RELIABILITY AND PROTECTION IN DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEM CONSIDERING CUSTOMER-BASED INDICES, J. N. Nweke, et al

2.2.2 Identification of alternatives or both or outage duration. After developing the

This requires a technique where all possible reliability improvement strategy, it is important to
solutions are identified. We can have many apply the interruption mitigation techniques to
possibilities or alternatives in any plan. Based on obtain better results. Hence it is important to
technical experience, the alternatives which are analyze the root cause and apply mitigation
both technically and economically feasible shall be techniques. The mitigation techniques can be
considered as the existing network solution. This classified into two categories via electrical and non-
will be taken as a reference solution. As seen from electrical method [22]. Electric mitigation
the flow chart, the alternative which does not meet techniques have a direct impact on the distribution
the objective or criteria shall be discarded. Whereas system and affect the distribution system analysis
the alternative to maximize reliability makes use of while non-electric mitigation techniques do not
predictive reliability assessment (PRA) for have any impact on other engineering analysis tools
expansion planning. The main advantage of PRA is and can be evaluated solely with reliability studies.
its ability to forecast the reliability impacts of the It is, therefore, necessary to apply both the
system expansion as well as quantify the impact of techniques to gain better improvement in the
reliability improvement on the system. Typical reliability of the system.
improvement options that PRA can address include
Load transfers between feeders, new substations 2.2.5 Electric Mitigation Techniques
and substation expansions, new feeder tie points, These techniques include the addition of protective
feeder automation, replacement of aging devices (reclosers and fuses) and switching devices
equipment, and optimal location of load dispatch (manual and automated switches), system
centers [22]. reconfiguration, and feeder re-conducting.
Distribution automation may be the way forward to
2.2.3 Analysis of the alternative systems improve system performance and reliability, reduce
Network planning and network analysis are often cost in the long run, and improve overall customer
carried out with the help of a computer program services. Reclosers have two basic functions on the
that is developed by Power Company. It is one of system, reliability and over current protection and
the basic products of Power Utility Management they are mainly used for reliability reasons.
which is a global software solution that addresses
all distribution and transmission requirements. It 2.2.6 System Configuration
addresses other issues of load flow analysis, Short A distribution system can be reconfigured by
circuit analysis, power quality analysis, and changing the location of the normally open
economic analysis [1]. switches. This can also be achieved by effectively
changing the allocation of the customers’ power
2.2.4 Outage mitigation strategies flow for the effected feeders. It will not only
Historical data can be used to quantify improve reliability; but also minimizes the losses
improvements and predict the best locations for and operation costs. The basic strategy is to
sectionalizing devices for reliability improvements transfer customers presently receiving poor
by adding numbers of recloser at optimal locations. reliability to nearby feeders with better reliability
This reduces the system average interruption and the effectiveness of this technique primarily
frequency index (SAIFI) and system average depends upon the number of tie switches on the
interruption duration index (SAIDI). The location system [24].
and installation of the number of auto-recloser,
switches, load break switches, and sectionalizers 2.2.7 Maintenance Strategy
help to reduce fault rate, repair time, and sectioning It is vital to prioritize maintenance tasks so that the
time [23]. The reliability of the system depends on best possible reliability is achieved with increasingly
the mitigation techniques being used by the utility constrained budgets [25]. The main aim of
namely, electric and non-electric mitigation maintenance is to extend equipment lifetime as well
techniques. It also depends on the need for utility as reducing the probability of failure. Maintenance
whether it wants to reduce fault rate, repair time, may be divided into two strategies namely;
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 RELIABILITY AND PROTECTION IN DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEM CONSIDERING CUSTOMER-BASED INDICES, J. N. Nweke, et al

preventive and corrective maintenance. Corrective reclosers have been used along with the mitigation
maintenance replaces or repairs failed components, techniques such as vegetation management and
while preventive maintenance is a proactive overvoltage protection to evaluate the reliability of
approach to improve the condition of an active a 33 kV feeder installed for power supply to Kaura-
component that may be deteriorated to some Namoda in Zamfara state of Nigeria shown in figure
degree. 3. For reliability analysis of an existing system, the
reliability indices are calculated but the predictive
2.3 Reliability Assessment Test on 33kv reliability analysis of a future system, its reliability
Feeder System indices are interpolated. Reference values are
The summarized reliability data (2018) for the obtained from the values of the best alternative of
feeder collected from the Gusau distribution the previous year in case of predictive analysis,
substation Zamfara state is presented Table 1 whereas calculated values are obtained based upon
Reliability indices are statistical aggregations of the historical data of failures with the number of
reliability data from a well-defined set of loads, customers connected and affected by the outage.
components, or customers. Several alternatives The following customer-based indices [26] are used
such as placement of load break switch (LBS), auto to test the 33kV feeder system.

Table 1: summarized reliability data (2018)

Outage Outage
Total number Total Customer Customer Feeder
Frequency duration
Customers affected hours curtailed served length (km)
(no/yr) (hrs/yr)
20 32.43 30031 48388.45 1606 100.92

14
27

13
26

20 12
25

24 19 11

23 18 10

22
9
Substation

1
4 5 7
6
2 8
3 15
28 21

16
29

30 17

Figure 3: A 33kV feeder system networks

2.3.1 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)

This is designed to give information about the average frequency of sustained interruptions per customer over
a predefined area.

SAIFI 
Total number of customer int erruption

 N i i
(1)
Total number of customers connected N i

Where λi is the failure rate and Ni is the number of customers of load at the ith node.

2.3.2 System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)

This is commonly referred to as customer duration of interruption which is designed to provide information
about the average time that the customers are interrupted:

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 RELIABILITY AND PROTECTION IN DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEM CONSIDERING CUSTOMER-BASED INDICES, J. N. Nweke, et al

SAIDI 
Sum of customer int erruption duration

 N i i
(2)
Total number of customers connected N i

Where Ui is the annual outage time and Ni is the number of customers of load at ith node

2.3.3 Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI)

This is referred to as the average time needed to restore service to the average customer per sustained
interruption.

CAIDI 
Sum of customer int erruptions duration

 N
i i

SAIDI
(3)
Total number of customers int erruptions  N i i SAIFI
Where λi is the failure rate, Ui is the annual outage time and Ni is customers at ith load point.

2.3.4 Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI)

This is designed to show the number of customers affected out of the whole customer base.

CAIFI 
Total number of customer int errupted

 i Ni
(4)
Total number of customers connected N

2.3.5 Average Service Availability Index (ASAI)

ASAI 
Costomer hours of available service

N i  8760   i Ni
(5)
Total hours of demanded N i  8760

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION that alternative 3 gives better results in terms of

The summary of reliability data (2018) for a 33kV improvement of SAIDI, which in turn gives the
feeder installed to supply electricity to Kaura - minimum interrupted energy. Also, it is found that
Nanoda, Zamfara state. The alternatives chosen for a greater number of sectionalizing switches do not
the case study is placement and number of Load give better results. It is very important to place the
break switch (LBS) at different locations are listed sectionalizing switches at strategic locations,
below; however; it may not be practically true since the
1. The present system as reference system 2 location of such switches should be near the
2. Alt.1 - Installation of LBS at nodes 3 motorable roads and the availability of other
3. Alt.2 - Installation of LBS at node 4 communication facilities. If it is located at such
4. Alt.3 - Installation of LBS at node 5 points, it will facilitate to sectionalize the faulty
The reliability results with existing with existing sections faster and to make the supply available to
system is shown in table 2. It is being observed the unfaulty ones.

Table 2 Reliability results with the existing system for the year 2018
Calculated Reference Alternative Alternative Alternative
Indices Unit
Value Value 1 2 3
SAIFI Inter/yr 18.699 15.264 15.264 15.264 15.264
SAIDI h/inter 30.130 26.100 25.310 25.405 25.211
CAIDI h/yr 1.611 1.709 1.658 1.664 1.651
ASAI % 99.66 99.702 99.711 99.710 88.712
Average
kWh/yr 13300.90 12843.70 12892.20 12795.30
Interruption
Peak power MW 1.035
Heaviest loaded line % 4.28
Max. voltage drop % 0.44

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 RELIABILITY AND PROTECTION IN DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEM CONSIDERING CUSTOMER-BASED INDICES, J. N. Nweke, et al

30
RELIABILITY INDICES
State, Nigeria. A customer-based index via SAIFI,
SAIFI
SAIDI SAIDI, CAIDI, and ASAI were used as tools to
25
evaluate the reliability assessment of the feeder test
20
system. The result showed that alternative 3 gives
better results in terms of improvement of SAIDI,
Indices

15 which in turn gives the minimum interrupted energy.

Also, it is found that a greater number of
10
sectionalizing switches do not give better results. It
5 is very important to place the sectionalizing switches
at a strategic location. If it is located at such points
0
Ref. values Alt 1 Alt. 2 Alt 3 that will facilitate to sectionalize the faulty sections
faster and to make the supply available to the
Figure 4: Customer-based reliability indices unfaulty part of the network. Thus, this result gives
14000
Annual Energy Interrupted due to System Interruptions information to the distribution company on the
performance of the power supply to the customers
12000
within the assigned area. Thus, there is a need to
10000 improve their power supply to the customers. This is
Energy Interrupted (kWh)

because there is a lot of energy lost due to

8000
interruption
6000

4000 5. REFERENCES

2000
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