MODULE 5: The Intelligence Cycle

At the end of the lesson you will be able to:

 Learn the process of the Intelligence cycle

A. INFORMATION

Generally, information are raw data or unevaluated material of every description derived from
observation, communication, reports, rumors, imagination, and other sources from which intelligence is
produced; Any knowledge, data, news, opinions, or the like transmitted from a person to the another;
and/or any communicated knowledge by personal study, investigation, research, analysis and
observation.

B. INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION

Intelligence information refers to any information gathered or received which is of intelligence

interest.

C. END PRODUCTS (Knowledge)

These are results after evaluation, analysis, interpretation, and integration of raw materials.

D. KNOWLEDGE (synonymous to intelligence)

1. Information in mind: general awareness or possession of information, facts, ideas, truths or

principles

2. Specific information: clear awareness or explicit information, for example, of a situation or fact.

3. All that can be known: all the information, facts, truths, and principles learned throughout time.

E. ACTIVITY

Activities are the product of that knowledge after collection, processing, dissemination and use;
examples are raid operation, arrest, search and seizure.

F. ORGANIZATION

Organization refers to the intelligence personnel or the intelligence unit (the unit itself).

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 G. SOURCES

Sources refers to where/whom/which the information was obtained. This can be from: an
informant; a syndicate; an intelligence broker; double agent; and/or another police agency that has the
needed information on file.

H. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION

1. OPEN SOURCES

The information may be obtained from news files, libraries, magazines, books, or non-
classified files in certain public or private offices. 99% of the information collected is coming from
open sources. This can be from: Enemy activity; Prisoners of War (POW); Civilians;
Captured Documents; Map; Weather forecast; Studies; researches; reports; etc.;
Agencies; Informants and informers.

2. CLOSE SOURCES

They can be located inside a building, safe or vaults 1% of all information is from close
sources. This can be from: Surveillance; Casing; Elicitation; Surreptitious entry;
Employment of technical means (bugging and tapping); Tactical interrogation;
Observation and descriptions.

I. GENERAL CATEGORIES SOURCES OF INFORMATION (PPeT)

1. Places

2, People

3. Things

J. OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Routine patrol; Criminal investigation; Use of informants; Interrogations; Search and seizures;
Cordon and scratch; Checkpoints; Police public relations activities; Coordination with law enforcement
agencies; Inmates of various jails, military stockades and other penal colonies; and Statistics.

K. INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

It is the continuous process which ultimately coordinates and integrates all efforts of the collecting
agencies or units. The intelligence cycle is the process through which intelligence is obtained, produced,
and made available to users.

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 PLANNING AND SUPERVISION

DIRECTING

DISSEMINATION MISSION COLLECTING

AND USE

PROCESSING

PLANNING AND SUPERVISION

PROGRRESS CHECK:
Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
ESSAY: Give a brief discussion

1. What is the Intelligence cycle? (10 points)

2. What are the sources of information and how are they classified? (20 points)

MODULE6: PHASES OF INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 At the end of the lesson you will learn:

 The different phases of the Intelligence cycle

A. MISSION

Mission is the focal point of the intelligence operation; a particular task given to a person or group
to carry out; or one which should be accomplished.

B. PHASES OF THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

PHASE 1 - DIRECTING COLLECTION EFFORT

In this phase, the Intel Staff Officer or Unit commander determines the required or important
information relevant to mission. Then these requirements will be distributed to the different collection
agencies by direction or by request.

1. Determination of the intelligence requirements.

Categories of intelligence requirements in relation to use:

a. Executive

● Intelligence is required by executive, governmental and military commanders. The executive

requirements are the basis for decisions and national policy making.

b. Contributory

● Intelligence is required to complete the staff process: make staff plans and estimates that
contribute to the decision and policy making.

c. Operational

● Additional intelligence required in planning and carrying out effectively the decision or policy
announced. Decisions and policy require implementation.

d. Collateral

● Higher or adjacent echelons of the government or military establishment may require information.

Categories of Intelligence Requirement by type:

a. Basic
Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 ● General reference materials to be use in planning regarding the enemies or potential enemies,
area of the operations, capabilities --- static comprehensive.

b. Current

● Temporary in nature and narrower in scope. information required to cope-up with the current
objectives.

c. Estimative Intelligence

● Determines the future courses of action; required by the executives to plan future military
operations and policies.

2. Determination of the essential elements of information (EEI)

EEI

EEI are items of intelligence or information of the characteristics of the area of operations and the
enemy, which the commander feels needed before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.

These are evaluation based on the existing situation, current domestic and foreign situations,
national objectives, etc. In here, there is no set formula, but judgment and experience are necessary.

3. Establishment of priorities (P.I. R’s)

Establishment of priorities is necessary to decide which items of information are more important
— a system of priority needed; critical importance and lesser importance; EEI — high priority intelligence
requirements essential to planning.

PHASE 2 COLLECTING OF INFORMATION

In this phase, the collecting agency determines what specific information is to be collected, by
whom and from whom. After the collecting activity is carried out, the collected information is then
submitted for processing.

❖ Collection Agency

➢ Any person, unit, or activity that collects and/or processed information by research,
surveillance, or the exploitation of the source of information.

1. Criteria of Collecting Agencies/Units:

a. Capability
Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 ➢ An agency must be physically capable of providing the desired information in a timely
manner.

b. Balance

➢ Within the time limits imposed by other considerations, the collection workload must be
balanced from among the collecting agencies. Balance is a minor consideration when
compared with the importance of other factors.

c. Multiplicity

➢ Evaluation of information requires that it must be compared with the information received
from other sources and agencies. Subject to the consideration of suitability and capability
more than one agency is used to obtain each item of required information.

d. Suitability

➢ The collection task assigned to a unit must be compatible with its primary mission. Only
the agencies best suited to furnish the information are used.

2. Two basic Collection Strategies:

a. Resource integration - one agent

b. Agent Mixed Redundancy - 3 or more agents assessing for the same assignment

3. Collecting Agencies:

a. Government agencies/offices -- variety of information

b. Intelligence units or Intelligence agencies

c. Organizations

4. Who is Tasked to Collect Information?

a. Intelligence officers/agents --- regular members

b. Civilian agents — informers and informants

c. Assets -- establishment of institution which assists in providing information

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 6. Methods of Collection

a. overt open

b. covert — secret

7. Trade crafts and some Instruments Used in the Collection

a. Photography

b. Surveillance

c. Elicitation

d. Interview

e. Interrogation

f. Personnel Security Investigation

g. Sound equipment — tapping and bugging

h. Use of an artist

i. Surreptitious entry

j. Communication

8. COLLECTION PLANNING

Collection planning refers to the continuous process which ultimately coordinates and integrates
the efforts of all collecting Agencies/Units.

STEPS IN COMPRISING A COLLECTION PLAN

a. Planning a supervision of collection efforts/activities

b. Determination of intelligence priorities

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 c. Selection of collecting Agencies

d. Supervision of collection activities (a.k.a. directories)

What are the factors to be considered in collection planning?

a. Personality

 Persons involved suspects, social status, etc.

b. Organization

 Group committing the crime: Kuratong Baleleng, Pentagon; 14K gang, Bamboo Union Gang, etc.

c. Resources/Equipment

 Used in committing the crime i.e., firearms.

d. Activity

 Modus operandi/crime activities, time attack, victims, place c attack, etc.

PHASE 3 - PROCESSING THE COLLECTED INFORMATION

It is in this phase in the intelligence cycle in information becomes intelligence. The processing
phase of intelligence activity is the most expensive and time-consuming activity conversion of data into a
useable product, acceptable to the majority, will still require the greatest expenditure of money.
processing involves the following.

1. Recording

Recording is the reduction of information into writing some other form of graphical representation
and the arranging this information into groups of related items.

2. Evaluation

Evaluation is the determination of the pertinence of the information to the operation reliability of
the source or of the agency the accuracy of the information; or examination of raw information to
determine intelligence value.

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 Things to be considered during evaluation:

a. Pertinence (usefulness)

● Does it hold some value to current operation?

● Is it needed immediately?

● Who need it?

b. Reliability (dependable)

● Judging the source of information.

● The source of information and the agency from which it was collected, or both evaluated for
reliability. The principal basis for judging the source or an agency is previous experience. Other
criteria include knowledge, training, experience and past performance of troop units or the
collector of information.

c. Accuracy (truth of information)

Accuracy refers to the probable truth of the information. Judgment of accuracy is based on the
answers of the following questions;

1. Is it possible for the reported fact or event to have taken place?

2. Is the report is consistent within itself?

3. Is the report confirmed or corroborated by information from different sources or agencies?

4. Does the report agree or disagree in any way with other available information?

5. Does the report agree with information from other sources, or agencies and which one is more
likely to be true?

EVALUATION GUIDE

RELIABILITY OF ACCURACY OF INFORMATION

INFORMATION (CUFNUR) (CPPDIT) SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 A — Completely reliable 1 — Confirmed by other T — Direct observation of the commander in
B — Usually reliable sources chief of a unit
U — Reports by penetration agent or
C — Fairly reliable 2 — Probably true
resident agent
D — Not usually reliable 3 — Possibly true
V — Report by PNP/AFP troops involved in
E — Unreliable 4 — Doubtfully true
encounter
5 — Improbable
F — Reliability could not be W — Interrogation of captured enemy
6 — Truth cannot be judged
judged agent/foreigner
X — Observation of civilian employee or
official
Y — Observation by a member of the
populace
Z — Documentary

3. Interpretation

Interpretation is the process of establishing the meaning and significance of information. It

involves the following:

a. Analysis

Analysis refers to the determination of significance of information relative to the

information and intelligence already known and drawing deductions about probable meaning of
the evaluated information. It is done by shifting and isolating those elements that have
significance in the light of the mission or national objective.

b. Integration

Integration is the combination of the elements stated in the assessment with other known
information or intelligence to form a logical feature or hypothesis for enemy activities or the
information of the operational area and characteristics of the omission of the command.

c. Deduction

Deduction refers to the formulation of conclusions from the theory developed, tested and
considered valid; determination of effort and meaning of the inform.

PHASE 4 - DISSEMINATION AND USE

This is the timely conveyance of intelligence information in an appropriate form and by any suitable
means to those who need. The primary purpose of timely dissemination is to enable the commander to make

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
decisions with confidence; a secondary purpose is to provide knowledge, in light of which new information may
be processed.

Two principles preclude the release of intelligence information:

1. First, there must be the "need to know" on the part of the recipient. "Need to know" is not necessarily
determined by a person's position in the organizational hierarchy. Need to know is usually akin to the task
performed.

2. Secondly, a potential recipient should be "cleared" by responsible authority as being eligible to receive
the intelligence data.

Confidential sources are the lifeline of the intelligence effort. They must be protected at almost
any price. Therefore, it is apparent that the "need to know" and proper clearance of the receiver are
surpassed by the consideration, "Will the use of data destroy or endanger the source of information?"

It is the final phase of the cycle. Processed information is disseminated to the agency, unit or
command to effect or implement the mission.

Dissemination is through:

Methods of dissemination:

1. Fragmentary orders from top to bottom of the command;

2. Memorandum, circulars, special orders, etc.;

3. Operations order, oral or written;

4. Conference staff members;

5. Other report and intelligence documents;

6. Personal contact- It can be done by the use of telephone, personal visits, and debriefings.,

7. Messages- This can be made by use of radio, utilization of messengers or couriers, or by rapid
means of signal communication.

Criteria of Dissemination:

1. Timeliness
Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 Timelines states that the information must be disseminated on time.

2. Propriety

The message must be clear, concise and complete, as as in the proper form for the receiver to
readily understand contents. It must be disseminated to the correct user, presented in a form that leads
itself to immediate use and distributed by the most effective means appropriate to both time and security
requirements.

Users of intelligence:

1. National leaders and military commanders

● Formulation and implementation of national policies.

2. Advisors and staff

● Preparations of plans and estimates.

3. Friendly nations and other branches of armed forces.

4. Processor

● Basis for evaluation and interpretation

Forms in disseminating information

1. Spot Reports

These are reports used by all echelons to transmit intelligence or information of immediate value.
Since the information or intelligence may have immediate and significant impact on current planning and
operations, speed of transmission of spot report is essential. The spot report is afforded the most
expeditious transmission consistent with security requisite. No format is prescribed for the spot report;
the spot report should be as much as practicable answer the question, when, where, who, what, why
and how (5 W's and 1 H).
2. Intelligence summary

This is the brief summary of information of intelligence interest covering a period of time
designated by the commander. The length of the period will vary depending on the desires of the
commander.

3. Analysis of the area of operation

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 Area of operation is the detailed comprehensive study with emphasis on people, weather, enemy
and terrain (PWET).

4. Intelligence estimates

This is the logical and orderly examination of the intelligence factors affecting the accomplishment
of the mission. It provides the commander with an analysis of the area of operations, enemy capacities
that can influence his mission. It provides the commander with the basis for planning operations and for
disseminating intelligence to his staff.

PROGRESS CHECK: MULTIPLE CHOICE: Encircle the letter of the best answer

1. It is the phase of the intelligence cycle whereby the unit commander determines the required
information relevant to the mission.
A. Collection of information C. Directing collection effort
B. Dissemination and Used D. Processing the collected information

2. is the highest priority intelligence requirement essential to planning.

A. Reliability C. Relevance
B. Accuracy of information D. Essential elements of information
Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 3. The category of information in relation to use wherein the information gathered will be utilized as basis for
decisions and national policy making.
A. Executive C. Collateral
B. Contributory D. Operational

4. The category of intelligence whereby information gathered will be utilized by higher or adjacent echelons.
A. Executive C. Collateral
B. Contributory D. Operational

5. The category of intelligence wherein the information gathered will serve as basis for future courses of action.
A. Basic C. Collateral
B. Current D. Estimate

6. The category of intelligence whereby information gathered will be used as general reference.
A. Basic C. Collateral
B. Current D. Estimative intelligence

7. If only one agent is utilized to gather information, the strategy that was utilized is-
A. Resource integration C. One agent only
B. Agent mixed redundancy D. Resource redundancy

8. In intelligence, information is always gathered secretly, this statement is-

A. True C. False
B. Sometimes D. Often

9. It is the reduction of information into writing or some other form of Geographical representation and the
arranging of this information into groups of related items
A. Recording C. Integration
B. Evaluation D. Interpretation

10. Establishing the meaning and significance of information is called-

A. Recording C. Integration
B. Evaluation D. Interpretation
ESSAY: Give a brief discussion.

1. What should be considered in the evaluation of information? (10 points)

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
 2. Give a precise example on how to use the two basic collection strategies being used in collecting
information. (10 points)

Salamanca B. H., Estoque S. B., Aclis D. O. (2017). Police Intelligence and Secret Service. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.