AUDIO AIDS

1) TAPE RECORDER:

A tape recorder is used to record sounds on magnetic tape which can be reproduced at will as
many times as required. Tape recordings are not easily damaged and can be replaced many
more times.

 It enables one to listen and hear recording previously made.

 Language learning can be facilitated by the use of tapes.
 Provide for pupil to hear their own voice and events which occur in their own school.
 The class can tape their own singing or discussion programmes and listen in to them
in order to improve them later.

Uses:

 It is used to learn foreign languages, rhymes, and songs with clarity.

 It can use to record the talk of important visitor to the institution and this can be
effectively used later.
 It will provide the necessary feedback for discussions to improve the lesson.
 Tape recorder can be used to record music and other sound effects for use during
staging of dramas in schools and cultural performances.
2) GRAMO PHONES:

A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly

known as a record. The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music
reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record, with
which it had co-existed, by the 1920s. By the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the
compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in
1991.

They continue to be manufactured and sold in the 21st century. In 2009, 3.5 million units
shipped in the United States, including 3.2 million albums, the highest number since 1998
and the format retains a niche market. They are especially used by disc jockeys and many
audiophiles for numerous types of music.

3) RADIO:

Radio is the radiation (wireless transmission) of electromagnetic signals through the

atmosphere or free space. Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing
(modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase,
or pulse width. When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce
an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and
transformed back into its original form.

Uses:

1) To develop increased skills in listening, participation and evaluating what is heard.

2) To set the stage for students discussions by presenting options of outside experts from
remote sources.

3) To provide interest and varied sources of knew knowledge and to the development of
appreciation and attitudes.

4) Radio can help the nurse with back ground and understanding for listening attentively.
4) DISC RECORDER:

This unique new magnetic disc recorder is especially suited to home and family use. It will
record ‘sound albums’ of anniversaries, engagements, children’s first words, birth day
parties, correspondence in sound from distant friends and relatives. It will record direct from
radio, phonograph and TV and can be used for business recording.

Advantages:

 One major advantage of recording audio to a hard disk is that it allows for non-linear
editing.
 Audio data can be accessed randomly and therefore can be edited non-destructively,
that is, the original material is not changed in any way.

Disadvantages:

-The limited capacity and relatively high cost of replacement drives, as well as a reduced
ruggedness of hard disk recorders as compared to magnetic tape-based system

5) PHONOGRAM:

Usually two letters, which when joined together from a completely new sound, organized in
this series as “families”. Each programme is colour code by sound, providing intrinsically
interesting, self-teaching opportunities, including clues to the relationship.

A phonogram is a grapheme (written character) which represents a phoneme (speech sound)

or combination of phonemes, such as the letters of the Latin alphabet or the Japanese kana.
For example, "igh" is an English-language phonogram that represents the hard "I" sound in
"high". Whereas the word phonics refers to the sounds, the word phonogram refers to the
letter(s) that represent that sound.

Phonograms contrast with logograms, which represent words and morphemes (meaningful
units of language), and determinatives, silent characters used to mark semantic categories.
 VISUAL AIDS

a) PROJECTED AIDS

1) Slide projector

A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or scene or
graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise.

Slides are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still pictures on
positive film which you can process and mount individually yourself or send to a film
laboratory. The standard size of the slides is 2 “X 2 “any 35mm camera will make
satisfactory slides.

Types of slides

1. Photographic slides: 2” X 2” 3” X 4”:

a) Black and white

b) Coloured

2. Handmade slides can be made with:

a) Cellophane
b) Etched glass
c) Plain glass

Slides can be made from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils taking photographs
and snapshots when they go on fieldtrips for historical, geographical, literacy or scientific
excursions. The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed, is
an important aspect of teaching with them.

Advantages:

1. Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory.

2. Results in colourful, realistic, reproduction original subject.
3. Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses.
4. Easy to revise and up-date.
5. Easily handled, stored and re-arranged for various uses.
6. Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion.
2) Filmstrips:

Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on 35mm film. A
tap recorded narration can be synchronized with film strip. Each strip contains from 12 to 18
or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related stills on a roll of 35mm film or 8mm film.

Principles:

 Preview filmstrips before using them and selected carefully to meet the needs of the
topic to be taught.
 Show again any part of the filmstrip needing more specific study.
 Use filmstrip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up problems.
 It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic of the study
brought out.
 Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen.

Types of filmstrip:

a. Discussion filmstrip: it is continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames

arranged in sequence usually with explanatory titles.
b. Sound slide film: it is similar to filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken
discussion recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the pictures.

Advantages:

 Are compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence.

 Can be supplemented with recordings.
 Are inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required.
 Are useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by instructor or
user.
 Are projected with simple light weight equipment.
3) Overhead projector:

The over- head projector is the most used in all A.V aids. It projects transparencies with
brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw
diagrams on the transparency while he teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the
screen by the OHP.

During presentation:

 Keep the screen above the heads of the participants.

 Keep the screen in full view of participants
 Make sure you are not blocking any ones view when presenting.
 Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming near by
 Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than two.
 Talk to the audience, not to the screen

Purposes:

 To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area.

 To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher that can carry
without exposing them to the class.
 To test students performances, while other classmates observe.
 To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting colour.
 To give the illusion of motion in the transparency.

Advantages:

§ It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus enabling
her to point out features appearing on the screen by pointing to the materials at the projector
itself and at the same time, to observe the students reactions to her discussion.

§ Gains attention of the student

Disadvantages:

Key stone affect can be corrected by tilting the screen. It causes “key stone” effect.

4) Overhead transparencies:
Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and easy to
prepare and easy to operate with the overhead projector which is light weight.

A 10x10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of the
projector and a large image is projected on a screen behind you.

The projector is used from near to the front of the room with the teacher standing or sitting
beside, facing the student.

Guidelines for making effective transparencies:

 Have one main idea an each transparency.

 Include only related figures and diagrams.
 Use simple lettering style in writing.
 Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering.
 Keep the message clear and simple.
 Emphasize the key messages.
 Use colour and lettering with discretion.

Advantages:

 Permits face to face interaction with the students.

 Can be used in daylight conditions.
 Can present information in systemic developmental sequences.
 Requires limited planning and can be prepared in variety of inexpensive methods.
 Easily available.

b) NON –PROJECTED A.V

a) Maps

Definition:

A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionately as a diagram, the surface of the
earth, world or parts there of it conveys the message by lines, symbols, words and
colours.

(Wikipedia)

Types of maps:

 Political maps: these maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a nation.

 Physical maps: shows the physical contour of a place, area, and region.

 Relief maps: it shows the actual elevations and depressions in a place, area, and
region.

 Weather maps: shows the amount of rains, temperature extremes, humidity in an

area, region country.

 Population maps: shows the distribution of population in various parts of region,

country.

 Picture or tourist maps: shows historical spots monumental sites. etc.

 Road maps: shows the roads of a region connecting various parts and points together.

 Railway maps: shows the railway links between various points.

b) Cartoons:
 The word cartoon has various meanings, based on several very different forms of visual
art and illustration. The term has evolved over time. The original meaning was in fine art,
and there cartoon meant a preparatory drawing for a piece of art such as a painting.

Definition:

A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives a subtle message. In a cartoon the features
of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized symbols.

(Wikipedia)

Principles:

 The quality of the drawing should be high primarily for visual effectiveness.

 The symbols used should be familiar and represent a concept or idea to which students
can react intellectually.

Advantages:

A cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson.

c) Charts:
 These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing, contrasting or performing other
services in explaining subject matter. A chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic,
numerical or vertical material, which presents a clear summary.

Definition:

Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key information in
systematic way to summarize, compare, ex: anatomical charts and figure, diagrams etc.

Purposes:

Ø To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words.

Ø To highlight important points.

Ø To show continuity in process.

Ø For creating problems and stimulating thinking.

Ø For showing development of structure.

Types of charts:

1) Tree chart: To show the development or growth or the type in the form of a
tree.eg.complications or types of a specific disease.

2) Flow chart: diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative or

functional relationships. In this chart lines, rectangles, circles, are connected by lines showing
the directional flow.

3) Tabulation chart: it shows the schedule of an activity or of an individual ex: time-table

of a class. These are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where breakdown of a fact or
a statement is to be listed. Also it is a useful aid for showing points of comparison,
distinction, and contrasts between two or more things. While making the table charts the
following points must be kept in the mind.

• The chart should be 50 X 75 cm or more in size.

• The chart should be captioned in bold letters.

 • The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases rather than complete sentences.

4) Flip chart: a set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and hang on
a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or messages
in sequence. The silent points of specific topic will be presented.

5) Chain chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.

6) Strip Tease chart: It enables the speaker to present the information step by step. It has
great suspense value, which aids in holding attention and building interest. It helps the
audience to remember key ideas and maintain interest to the very end of the presentation.

7) Pull chart: It consist of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick papers. The
message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by pulling out the concealing strips.

8) Pie chart: A circle will be drawn and divisions will be made into different sections,
each section will be coded differently and code key will be given at right corner of the chart
as legend. The circumference is divided into suitable sections. It is relevant for showing the
component part.

 It can be used for making a lesson lively and interesting.

 Fantasy

 Satire

d) Graphic aids:
It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for the orderly and logical
visualizing of relationships between key facts and ideas ex: comparisons, relative amounts
developments, processes, classification or organization. It includes the following

e) Flash cards
Definition:

“Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed one by one in a
logical sequence.”

‘’Flash cards can be self- made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart or
drawing paper, plain paper using colours or ink on them for drawings.’’

Purposes:

1. To teach the students.

2. To give health education.
3. Useful for small group.
4. Used in group discussions.

Principles:

 The messages can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons and the
content will be written in few lines at the back of the each card.
 10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size.
 10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and more than 20.
 Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea.
 The height of writing on the flash card is to be approximately 5cm for better
visualization.

Advantages:

 Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.

 It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations
 It can be used to review a topic.
 Can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes
 To develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of students.
 It can work as a useful supplementary aid and can be effectively used with other

Disadvantages: - Cannot be used for a large group

- Prone to get spoiled soon

g) Posters
Definition: “Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with
attention capturing paintings.”

Purposes:

To provide general motivation.

To create an esthetic or atmospheric effect.
To communicate a more general idea. To thrust the message for leading to action.
For the class room and community.

Preparation and rules:

 To do a special job. Use bold letters

 To promote one point. Use pleasing colours
 To support local demonstration. Tell the message at single glance
 Planned for specified people It should place, where people pass or gather

Features of a good poster:

 Brevity: message should be concise

 Simplicity: message should be easily understandable
 Idea: should base on single idea and it should be relevant.
 Colour: suitable colour and combination should be used to make the poster attractive
and eye catching.
 Display: while displaying one should be sure to find a place where there is ad4equate
light and where the larger population will see it.

Advantages:

 It attracts attention.. It conveys the message very quickly.

 It does not require a detailed study.
 Good poster leads to action with good motivation. It can stand alone and is self-
explanatory.

Disadvantages:

Poster does not always give enough information

h) Graphs
Definition:

Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical data and contrasting the trends
or changes of certain attributes.

Method of preparation:

• Before making the bar chart makes a rough sketch of it in a note book.

• For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50x 72 cm size.

• Use two different colour shades for the two contrasting groups.

• The bars should be equi-spaced.

• Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right hand side corner of the chart paper.

• Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top on the bars.

Types:

1) Pie graph:

These are called as circle diagram. The data are presented thorough the sections of portions
of a circle.

• In determining the circumference of a circle we have to take in to consideration a quantity

known as pie.

• The surface area of a circle is to cover 360 degree.

• The total frequencies or value us equated to 360 degree and then the angles corresponding
to component parts are calculated.

• After determining their angle, the required sectors in the circle are drawn.

2) Bar graph:

The graphic presentation extends the scale horizontally along the length of bars. Each bar
must be of the same width, height of the bar over a period represents the corresponding time
of the variable. Graphs are available in 2 forms that is vertical and horizontal

3) Line graph:
To show the trends and relationships ex: single line shows the relation and the variation in the
quantity. Quantitative data are plotted or when the data is continuous. The concepts are
represented with the help of lines drawn either horizontally or vertically. The plotted points
are connected to one another, instead of the base thus producing the curve.

4) Pictorial graph:

It is an out -standing method of graphic representation. Pictures are used for the expression of
ideal; they are more attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures will be used to create
rapid association with the graphic message; each visual symbol may be used to indicate
quantity.

i) News papers
It can furnish health messages in local languages which cancan reach to the public easily. The
information will be available in low cost, easy to read and understand simple language .the
people may learn to read and interpret the contents along with pictures to enhance easy
grasping.

Advantages

o Best method to reach a large group.

o Pictures will help in easy understanding.
o Attractive and easy to understand.
o Lot of information can be obtained in various fields.

Disadvantages

 Useful for literates only.

 Detailed information cannot be produces.

j) Comic strips
Definition:

A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or sketches of some character
and events full of action.

This medium of communication is found very interesting and exciting by children.

Uses:

 Comic strips fire the imagination of children

 It boosts the courage of children and builds up the spirit of adventure.

 It communication detailed and vivid.

 It stimulates reality and involvement.

Limitations:

 Comic strips misguide children by depicting characters with supernatural powers divorced
from the hard realities of life.

 Comic strips hamper the development of language of children.

 Classics brought out in the form of comics develop the tendency in children to ignore
or by pas s the original work.

 Comics can soon become an obsession with young children and they tend to avoid
serious studies.

k) Puppets
One of the old and popular arts in Indian villages is puppetry. Puppetry is an education cum
entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by the performer is a person termed as a
characters in a story to be depicted.

Definition:

A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a person termed
as a puppeteer. A good puppeteer has to blend his art with dramatization to produce the
desired effect. It is used as an effective teaching aid for languages and social sciences.

Types of puppets:

1. String or marionettes puppets:-Marionettes consist of puppets with hinged body parts

which are controlled by nine strings produces required movements in the puppet. These
puppets are mainly manipulated by professional puppeteers.

2. Stick puppets: - stick puppet are the painted cut-outs attached by sticks. The actions of
these puppets are manipulated by the teacher and students by hiding behind a screen so that
only puppets are visible to the audience or the class.

3. Shadow puppets: - shadow puppets are silhouettes of cardboard which produce shadows
on white screen. The motion of these silhouettes is manipulated by the teacher and students.

4. Finger of hand puppet: - Hand puppets are round balls painted as heads with overflowing
colourful costumes. These are worn on fingers which operate their movements. These are
operated from below the stage.

Selection:

A short puppet play is always preferable.

Advantages:

1) Creates interest

2) Gives the knowledge in a brief period

3) Puppet is an effective method in teaching.

4) Motivate students
5) Easy to carry and operate

Disadvantages

1) Needs group cooperation and coordination

2) Requires skills in preparation and supply

3) Skills needed in presentation

l) Models:
It is a life size miniature, or over size or original size whether workable or not whether it
differs from or not from original size of an object to be studied, which is very useful in
teaching. Models are suitable for real things.

Essential qualities of a model:

 Accuracy
 Simplicity
 Utility
 useful

Definition: A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally, that

is height, width, and depth is felt as reality.

(Wikipedia)

Types of models:

1. Solid models: it is the replica of an original thing made with some suitable material like
clay, plaster of Paris, wood, iron etc. to show the external parts of the things. Ex: globe, clay
model of human and animal.

2. Cutaway and x-ray models: are the replicas of the original things to show internal parts
of a thing. Cross sectional models are difficult to make in the class room or institutions as
they require expertise to construct them. Ex: cross sectional model of human body.

3. Working models: these models are either actual working things or their miniature replicas.
For illustrating an operation. Ex: a motor, a generator.

4. Sand models: made by using sand, clay, saw dust, ex: a tribal village, a forest area.

Advantages:

♦ Models heighten reality of things and make learning direct and meaningful as they are three
dimensional.

♦ Models illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws.

♦ Models explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way aomprehension
easier.

♦ Models are lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching aids.

♦ Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials like empty boxes, pins,
clips, nails, and clay.

♦ Models are to reasonable size and convenient to handle.

♦ Models involve the use of all the five senses and thus make learning effective.

Limitations:

$ It requires expertise to make.

$ Time consuming.

$ Some of the models may be very expensive

m) OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS

Definition:

Object: A collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects. (Wikipedia)

Specimen: A specimen is a sample of the real object or a material. (Wikipedia)

Using objects and specimens: while using the specimen and objects as teaching aids, a
teacher must.

Keep the following points in her mind.

 Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the object or
specimen being referred to.
 Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the object or
specimen under observation.
 Clarify and emphasize important structural details of the object or specimen under
observation
 Provide review and practice to make learning permanent.

Advantages of objects and specimens:

Collection of objects and specimens by students requires interaction with others leading to

 Student’s power of observation and first hand experiences is enhanced by collection

of objects and specimens.
 Student’s personal collection of objects and specimens can be good source of doing
investigatory projects.
 Collection of objects and specimens become an interesting educational pursuit of the
teacher and students alike.
 It arouse some interest among students in learning
 Objects and specimens involve all the five senses in the process of learning
 It heighten the reality in the class room
 It makes teaching lively.
n) Display boards

1) Chalk board:

Introduction:

Still the standard piece of visual equipment in our school systems, the blackboard has many
drawbacks which affect its use. The grating noise of a piece of chalk improperly rubbed
against the board is enough to drive any audience away. Glare can mar the view of a large
part of an audience. The necessity of frequent erasing distracts from the continuity of the
presentation. And, of course, the writing or drawing must be completely legible and large
enough so that all may read and see.

Unfortunately, the handwriting of many people indicates that it would not be wise for them
to attempt to use a blackboard as their primary piece of visual equipment. On the other hand,
a blackboard permits the speaker to change the size of his writing and illustrations to suit the
size of his audience — a factor which can be costly with any preprepared visual aids. It is
30X20inches, it is oldest but commonly used.

Definition

A chalkboard or blackboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or drawings are made
with chalk or other erasable markers. Blackboards were originally made of smooth, thisheets
of black or dark grey slate stone. Modern versions are often green or brown and are thus
sometimes called a green board or brown board instead.

(Wikipedia)

Types of chalkboard:

1) ordinary chalkboard: A Portable and adjustable blackoard put on a wooden easel can
be taken out of the classroom while taking the class room in open,useful for teaching of
art subjets in small class.

2) Roller type:The roller type chalkboard with a mat surface:made of thick canvas
wrapped on a roller.
 3) Magnetic board:Teachers can make three-dimensional demonstration with objects on
a vertical surface.Board is made up of steel on which magnets can be fixed.The creative
impulse is aroused among the students while they use it as an exercise.

4) Black or greenboard:It will be framed with teak wood and available black or green
colour,useful for chalk piece writing.

Advantages:

 It makes group more concentration and understandable

 Can restore the attention of the learner.
 Easy to give lecture notes.
 Vague statement can be clarified.
 Scope for lot of creation and decorative work.

Disadvantages:

 They produce a fair amount of dust, depending on the quality of chalk used.
 Students heavely depend on teacher.
 Doesn’t care for the students individual needs.
 Makes lesson a dull routine.
 Constant use can affect the quality of the board.

Rules to be followed:

 Write clearly and do not over crowed information.

 Letters and drawing should be large in size.
 Don’t use abbreviations.
 Underline the key words or statements.
 Rubbing vertically first and the horizontally.
 Don’t stand in front but to the side.
2) BULLETIN BOARD

A bulletin board (pin board, pin board or notice board in British English) is a place where
people can leave public messages, for example, to advertise things to buy or sell announce
events or provide information. Dormitory corridors, well-trafficked hallways, lobbies, and
freestanding kiosks often have cork boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices. At
some universities, lampposts, bollards, trees, and walls often become impromptu postering
sites in areas where official boards are sparse in number.

It will be used for both information and educational purposes. It can motivate, supplement
and enrich learning, stimulates though. It employs intrinsic motivation through the medium of
interest, curiosity and desire for knowledge.

Items generally used in bulletin board are:

 Photographs
 publications
 Drawings
 Specimens
 Posters
 News papers
 Pasting up of- Announcements, assignments, distinctions, achievements.

Definition

It is a soft board which will hold pins or tags almost suitable. Simple device placed either
indoor or outdoor. Items generally displayed are photographs, publications, posters, and
newspaper cut outs.

Types of Bulletin Board:

1) Flannel board/felt board

2) Magnetic board
3) Fixed type
4) Movable type
5) Folded type
Advantages

 Explains important events Reports special activities.

 To communicate the ideas.
 To describe the ways of doing a particular item.
 To motivate the learner.
 To provide information.

Disadvantages

 Not effective for illiterate group.

 Takes lot of preplanning and preparation

 AUDIO- VISUAL AIDS

1) SOUND FILMS:

Sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to
image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films
took place in a Paris in 1900, but decades would pass before reliable synchronization was
made commercially practice. The first commercial screening of movies with fully
synchronized sound took place in New York City in April 1923.

2) TELEVISION:

Television is the electronic means by which sound and light energy are transmitting from one
place to another. Television is the electronic black board of the future, which is brought to
life. It offers vitality and newness, which attracts newness, attention, creates interest. And
television is a multi- dimensional and general medium of communication. It is an instrument
of encoding, transforming, transmitting or projecting and then presenting the encoded pattern
of meaningful information.

Two kinds of licensed television stations are:

1. Commercial

2. Educational

a) Instructional television

b) Enrichment television

a) ) Instructional television: Broadcasts designed to aid instruction i.e it is planned in

relation to educational objectives and is presented in an orderly and sequential arrangement
of learning experiences.

b) Enrichment television: Designed towards enriching learning, but is not directed towards
any particular course of study nor is it presented in any particular learning sequence

.eg .demonstration of nursing procedures

3) VIDEO:

Control of the equipment and the learning process is placed in the hands of the learner
through control over the mechanics of the machine i.e. shopping, starting, timing and
consequently the capacity to order the sequence of events, control the rate of learning and
facilitates practices sequences. A wide range of motor, intellectual, cognitive, interpersonal
skills as well association effective aspects will been promoted.

4) COMPUTER:

A computer is a machine that manipulates to a list of instructions. As educational medium

the computer allows learners to communicate with each other all over the world via email or
multimedia home pages on the World Wide Web.

Computer can teach at any level of learning, from knowledge and comprehension up through
application, analysis and synthesis. They can be programmed to teach problem solving and
decision making.

Advantages:

 It allows the student to interact in the learning situation.

 Computer can also individualize learning to an extraordinary degree.
 It can also enhance a student’s self-esteem in several ways.
 The computer can replay to the student’s answer with statement.
 Records of student’s performance on stimulations or practice tests can keep on the
computer.
 Computer can also be available to students for more hours than the instructor.
 TRADITIONAL MEDIA/ACTIVITYAIDS

1) EXHIBITIONS

Many times in the school, a department of the school or a class put up their work for showing
it to the people outside the school, and such a show called exhibitions. The pieces of work
done by the students for an exhibition are called exhibits.

Requisites for exhibition:

 The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub themes to focus attention
to a particular concept
 The exhibits should be clean, labelled properly
 The concepts of contrast in colour and size should be used for lying out the
exhibitions
 The exhibits should be so placed so the most visitors can see them
 The place and exhibits should be well lighted
 To capture attention and interest of visitors, both motion and sound should be utilized
 The exhibition should have some exhibits with operative mechanism such as switches,
handles, to be operated by the visitors to observe some happenings.
 The exhibition should be able to relate various subjects’ areas to provide integrated
learning.

Advantages:

 Exhibitions inspire the students to learn by doing things themselves and they get a
sense of involvement
 Exhibitions develop social skills of communication, cooperation, coordination
 Exhibitions foster better school community relations and make community members
conscious about the school
 Exhibitions foster creativity among students.

Disadvantages:

 Requires thorough preparation

 Time consuming
  Require funds or budget.

2) MUSEUMS

Museums is made up of materials used in classroom teaching which many cases are
collected, classified and exhibited by students with or without the help of teacher. The
activities of museum may be incorporated in to a scientific experimental method of teaching.

Definition:

A museum is a building displaying a collection of historical relics, antiques, curiosities,

works of arts, works of science, literature and other artefacts of general interest. Museums
can be useful both for public education and specific class room instructions.

(Wikipedia)

Setting up school museum:

• School should have enough space

• Take the help of students to collect old and new objects and articles

• Accept donations from various organizations who donates the articles

• Students can be guided to prepare the exhibits

• All the collected and prepared articles should be displayed and labelled

• A detailed report book should be maintained giving a brief description of each museum
pieces.

• The museum rooms should be well lighted

• It should be cleaned and maintained timely.

Advantages:

 Stimulates enthusiasm among students as well as teachers.

 Stimulates interest cooperation and participation.
3) FIELD TRIPS

Definitions

According to Hedger ken Field trip may be defined as “an educational procedure by which
the student studies firs and objects and materials in their natural environment.”

(Wikipedia)

Types of field trips: -

Depending on the place of visit and its duration, field trips are mainly of the following four
types, namely:-

a. Local school trips

b. Community trip
c. Educational trips
d. The natural hunt

Advantages of field trip:

Field trip provides learning experience in the real life situation by direct contact with objects,
process, and systems and thus has many advantages which are enumerated as follows:

 It provides accurate information objects, process, and systems in their real life setting.
 It provides meaningful direct experience and hence results in lasting learning.
 The students learning can be easily diverted towards effective learning.
 Field trips are valuable aids to what students are curious about the natural and man-
made process and objects.
 Field trips can effectively supplement the classroom learning through application and
reviewing the experiences of student.

Limitations of field trip:

1. A field trip may be occasional activity which at best supplement some learning
segments of the syllabus.
2. They can be expensive and out of reach for many disadvantaged and poor
students
4) DEMONSTRATIONS

Demonstration method is a concrete visual aid, because of its wide use in the teaching of
nurses. In nursing education, it is used for this purpose and also for clinics, conferences,
laboratory classes, symposia, autopsies, and teaching of health to patients. The demonstration
method teaches by explanation and exhibition. In short, it is a performance to show a process
or activity to others. When a teacher demonstrates, students observe and imitate to learn

Advantages of demonstration:-

The following are the advantages of demonstration method.

1) It activates several senses: This increases learning, because it gives a better opportunity for
observational learning.

2) It clarifies the underlying principles by demonstrating the ‘why’ or ‘how’ of the procedure.

3) It provokes interest by use of concrete illustrations.

4) It correlates theory with practice engages student’s attention and concentration.

5) It encourages student’s participation in learning through questions and answers as the

teacher performs.
5) DRAMATIZATION

Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the class room instruction lively and
interesting. When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students become both the spectators and
participants. This makes learning easy and permanents.

Types of dramatizations

Suitable for class room instruction:-

1) Role-play

2) Play lets

3) Pageant

4) Pantomime

5) Tableaux

Advantages of dramatization:

1)Dramatization gives an added advantage of students working as both observers (spectators)

and doers (participants) unlike in experiment where there are just doers and in demonstration
where there are just observers.

2) Dramatization makes learning a pleasure children love to act and show off.

4) Dramatization develops the social skills required for them such as cooperation, co-
ordination, punctuality, and human relations etc.

5) Dramatization makes students creative, sensitive, and alert.

6) PRINTED MATERIAL

i) Books:

A book is a set or collection of written, printed illustrated or blank sheets, made of paper,
parchment or other material, usually fastened together to hinge attack one side. A single sheet
within a book is called a leaf and each side of a leaf is called a page. A book produced in
electric format is known as an e-book.

i) Magazines:

Magazines, periodicals, glosses or serials or publications, generally published on a regular

schedule, containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising, by a purchase
price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions or all three.

iii) Leaf let:

Simple sheet of paper folded to make a full page of printed matter on simple side.

iv) Pamphlets:

Paper can be folded in to two or three or five, the matter will be printed either on single side
or both the sides.

v) Hand-outs:

The briefing of a session in a single sheet, use simple, clear language with short sentences. If
needed sketches, graphs should be drawn and labelled. Hand -outs may be given well in
advance to orient interested objectives of the presentation or after the completion of
presentation to leave a record of lesson and for follow up.
 MULTIMEDIA

1) TELE CONFERENCING:-

DEFINITION:

“Video tele conference is the most basic form is the transmission of image and speech back and forth
between two or more physically separate location”.(Wikipedia)

USES:-

 Presentation
 Virtual meetings
 Video conference based learning
 General meetings
 Question and answer session
 Onsite trains-Distance learning, online training

COMPONENTS OF VTC:

o Camera
o Video displays
o Microphones
o Speakers

Type of VTC Systems

The two basic types of VTC systems are the ;

1) Dedicated systems

2) Desktop systems.

1) Dedicated System: VTC system is the individual system. These individual systems are
designed to be portable single user solutions with integrated camera, speakers, and
microphone in a compact unit.

2) Desktop systems: Are add-ons to existing PCs. They generally consist of a microphone,
speakers, and camera, but may also include a PC add-in card.
- Dedicated systems have all the necessary components to process the VTC sessions within a
single console. This document will focus on these dedicated systems.

-The categories of dedicated VTC systems cover different operational environments. A large
group system supports large meeting rooms or auditoriums, is fixed to the room, and is non-
portable.

- The second category is the small group system. A small group VTC is designed to support
small meeting rooms, is fixed to the room, is non- portable, and is normally more economical
to deploy.

ADVANTAGES

-Can improve work qualities.

-Increase productivities

-Reduce lost

-Improve communication

-Group can meet more frequently

DISADVANTAGES:

-The initial lost of the equipment and caring the line to transmit conference must prohibited.

-If visual, likes hand written or copied materials are not properly, students may have difficult
time reading them.
 INDEX
S.NO CONTENT PAGE.NO
1. Classification of A.V Aids 5
2. Audio Aids
a. Tape recorder 6
b. Gramophone 7
c. Radio 7
d. Disc Recorder 8
e. Phonograms 8
Visual Aids
3.
(i) Projected Aids 9
a. Slide Projector 10
b. Film Strips 11
c. Overhead Projector 12
S.NO CONTENT PAGE.NO
d. Overhead Transparencies 13
(i) Non-Projected Aids 14
a. Maps 15 -16
b. Cartoons 17
c. Charts 18 – 25
 d. Flash Cards 26
e. Posters 27
f. Graphs 28 - 29
g. Newspapers 30
h. Comic Strips 31
i. Puppets 32 – 33
j. Models 34 – 35
k. Objects 36
l. Display Board 37 – 38
m. Bulletin Board 39 – 40
S.NO CONTENT PAGE.NO
4. Audio- Video Aids
a. Sound Films 41
b. Television 41
c. Video 42
d. Computer 42
5. Traditional Aids
a. Exhibition 43
b. Museum 44
c. Field Trips 45
d. Demonstration 46
e. Dramatization 47
f. Printed Materials 48 – 49
 6. Multimedia
a. Teleconference 50 - 51

Audio aids
Visual aids
Projected aids
Non-projected aids
Audio –visual
Aids aids
Traditional
Multimedia
Radio tape recorder cassette gramophone disc recorder phonogram
slide projector film strip overhead projector transparencies slides
cartoon political map relief map road map railway map route map
tree chart flow chart tabulation chart flip chart strip-tees chart pull
chart pie chart flash cards poster line graph pie graph bar graph
pictorial graph newspaper hand puppet string puppet stick puppet
shadow puppet working model clay model sand model cutaway
model pen pencil sharpener eraser black board roller board
magnetic board green board flannel board magnetic board moveable
board fixed board folded board television sound film computer
video exhibition museum field trip demonstration dramatization
pamphlet book magazine leaf-let teleconference c.d floppy disk
Newspaper magazine field trip string puppet

Shadow puppet bar graph clay model

Disc recorder demonstration