Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, locale of the study,
respondents of the study, data gathering instrument, validity and
reliability of the research instrument, data gathering procedure,
analytical schemes, and statistical tools.
Research Design
The design used in this study was descriptive-correlational which
was appropriate in determining the teachers’ pessrformance as
influenced by the challenges encountered and the coping they were
adapting. Descriptive correlational design aims to describe the
relationship between the selected demographic profile of the respondents
and the extent of challenges and l cmxcevel of coping of newly hired
teachers assigned in far-flung schools.
Descriptive research (Creswell, 2017) is fact-finding with adequate
interpretation. Beyond simply data gathering, it involves analyzing,
classifying and tabulating data about prevailing conditions, practices,
beliefs, cause and effect relationships and then making appropriate
interpretation about such data.
It is the nature of this study to assess the condition of things in
their current state. In the same way, it delves into the relationship
among variables that are considered in the study as well as the influence
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of one variable to another. It is within this context that the researcher
considered it most suitable to use the descriptive research design.
Locale of the Study
This study was conducted far-flung schools of in 10 Districts in the
Schools Division of Himamaylan City, Negros Occidental.
It comprises of 38 elementary schools, 11 Secondary High Schools
and 6 Integrated Schools. The schools are situated in the mountainous
areas of the said City and Division where transportation, teaching
environment and physical facilities are the major problems encountered
by the newly-hired teachers.
The Schools Division of Himamaylan City was signed last June
2018 through the effort of the Local Government Unit and Deped
personnel in order to be separated under the Division of Negros
Occidental. At present it was located at the Old City hall of The
Himamaylan City in front of the Himamaylan Public Plaza. There were
about 1, 200 Teachers both elementary and secondary schools in the
Division. One of the recent achievements of the Division last school year
2019-2020 when 4 elementary schools converted in to integrated schools
to cater learners specially those living in far-flung areas.
Although it was a newly built Division, it was awarded as Best in
Water Innovation in the year 2019 and Regional SBM Wins top 5.
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Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were the 62 newly-hired teachers
assigned in far-flung areas in 10 Districts in the Schools Division of
Himamaylan City.
Total enumeration of the newly-hired teachers as described in the
definition of terms are those teaching 3 years and below with permanent
plantilla and appointment. No sampling technique will be utilized.
Table 1
Distribution of Respondents
Population Percentage
Schools
(N) (%)
A 5 8.06
B 6 9.68
C 8 12.90
D 4 6.45
E 7 11.30
F 11 17.74
G 3 4.84
H 12 19.35
I 6 9.68
Total 62 100.00
Data Gathering Instrument
A self-made questionnaire was instituted to gather the data needed
in this undertaking. This instrument was subjected to the jury for
validation. A standardized instrument on teachers’ performance was
used to gather the data needed. Likert Scale of 1-5 will be used to
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determine the extent of challenges and the level of coping. The
instrument was divided into two (2) parts:
Part I, the profile of the respondents which will elicit data on the
respondents’ age, civil status, highest educational attainment, and length
of service.
Part II which will elicit the data on the challenges they encountered
and coping. There will be 3 (three) areas that contains (10) items each or
a total of thirty (30) items for the challenges encountered and thirty (30)
items for coping mechanisms. Each Item is rated on the scale of 1-5,
with 5 interpreted as Always, 4 as Often, 3 Sometimes, 2 as Rarely, and
1 as Almost Never.
Part III is the teachers’ performance based on the rating stated in
the Deped Order No. 2, s. 2015 to be measured as: Outstanding- 4.500-
5.000, Very Satisfactory - 3.500- 4.499, Satisfactory - 2.500-3.499,
Unsatisfactory- 2.500- 1.499, Poor- below 1.499.
Validity
The research instrument for challenges and coping adapted with
demographic profile was subjected to validity by three experts using the
criteria of Good and Scates (1954). Cristobal (2015) defines validity as
the ability of an instrument to measure what it purports to measure.
These jurors were chosen based on their educational
qualifications, position in their organizations, and their expertise or
specialization in the field related to the research problem at hand.
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The first validator is a Chief of Schools Governance and Operations
Division at the Schools Division of Kabankalan City. He graduated her
Doctor of Philosophy major in Educational Management at University of
St. La Salle, Bacolod City. Second validator is a Chairperson of the
College of Education at Carlos Hilado Memorial State College. A PhD
holder major in Educational Management at University of St. La Salle,
Bacolod City. An expert of research and a part time teacher of the Project
Free for Graduate Studies at University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City.
Third validator is a Ph D in Educational Management, a Senior
Education Program Specialist for Planning and Research in the Schools
Division of Himamaylan City. Fourth validator is Ph D in Educational
Management, a Senior Education Program Specialist for Planning and
Research in the Schools Division of Kabankalan City. The 5th validator is
a Ph D in Educational Management, an Education Program Specialist in
Schools Governance and Operations Division of the Schools Division of
Kabankalan City.
Likewise, suggestions from the thesis adviser and the panel
members will also be considered for the modification of the test
instrument.
To determine the validity of the research instrument, the
researcher adapted the criteria developed for the evaluation of survey
questionnaires set forth by Carter V. Good and Douglas E. Scates. The
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interpretations were as follows: Excellent (4.04 – 5.00); Very Good (3.28 -
4.03); Good (2.52 – 3.27); Poor (2.51 – 1.76); Very Poor (1.00 – 1.75).
Reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency, accuracy, stability,
dependency, and predictability of the research instrument. A reliable
measuring device is one which, if used for the second time, will yield the
same result as it did for the first time (Creswell, 2017).
Since the research instrument was a self-made, the reliability will
be established. To establish the reliability of the research instrument, the
Cronbach Alpha will be used. The Cronbach Alpha was used whenever
the researcher has items that are not scored simply as right or wrong
(Santos, 2016). Cronbach Alpha is a measure of internal consistency,
that is, how closely related a set of items are as a group. It is considered
to be a measure of scale reliability. A "high" value for alpha does not
imply that the measure is unidimensional. Reliability coefficient of 0.70
is considered “acceptable” in most research situations. A trial-run will be
administered to 30 newly-hired teachers assigned in the far-flung areas
of the Division of Kabankalan.
Reliability
Challenges Coping
Case Processing Summary
Case Processing Summary
N %
N %
Cases Valid 30 100.0
Cases Valid 30 100.0
Excludeda 0 .0
Excludeda 0 .0
Total 30 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
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Total 30 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in
the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Reliability Statistics Cronbach's
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
Alpha N of Items .710 30
.724 30
Data Gathering Procedure
Before conducting the study, the researcher will make sure that all
the suggestions and recommendations of the panel members during the
pre-oral will be complied. The researcher will be conducted the validation
and reliability testing of the test questions.
The researcher asked permission from the School
Heads/Principals of the public elementary and secondary schools in the
10 Districts in the Schools Division of Himamaylan City, as well as the
Schools Division Superintendent (SDS).
Upon approval, the researcher scheduled the administration of the
questionnaire in order to avoid inconvenience and unpreparedness on
the part of the respondents. Since pandemic still existing, the researcher
created a link so that participants will automatically send their answer
via google sheet. The test scores and other data will then be retrieved,
tallied, tabulated and interpreted.
Analytical Schemes
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This study employed three analytical schemes based on the
research objectives which are descriptive, comparative and relational.
Objective No. 1, the descriptive analytical scheme will be used
to determine the profile of the Newly-Hired Teachers assigned in the
far-flung schools in terms of the following variables: Age, Sex, and
Length of Service.
Objective No. 2, the descriptive analytical scheme will also be
used to determine the extent of challenges encountered of the newly-
hired teachers assigned in the far-flung schools according to the
areas: Mode of Transportation, Physical Facilities/Water and Food
Supplies and Teaching Environment/Resources
Objective No. 3, the descriptive analytical scheme will likewise be
used to determine the extent of challenges encountered of the newly-
hired teachers assigned in the far-flung schools when they are grouped
according to the aforementioned variables.
Objective 4, the descriptive analytical scheme will be utilized to
determine the level of coping the newly hired teachers assigned in the
far-flung schools according to the aforementioned areas?
Objective 5, descriptive analytical scheme will be utilized to
determine the level of coping of the newly hired teachers assigned in the
far-flung schools when they are grouped according to the aforementioned
variables.
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Objective 6, descriptive analytical scheme will be utilized to
determine the level of performance of the newly-hired teachers assigned
in the far-flung schools when they are grouped according to the
aforementioned variables.
Objective 7, the comparative analytical scheme will be utilized to
determine on whether or not significant differences in the extent of
challenges encountered of the newly-hired teachers in the far-flung
schools when they are grouped and compared according to the
aforementioned variables.
Objective 8, the comparative analytical scheme will also be used to
determine level of coping of the newly-hired teachers in the far-flung
schools when they are grouped and compared according to the
aforementioned variables.
Objective 9, the comparative analytical scheme will also be used to
determine level of performance of the newly-hired teachers assigned in
far-flung schools when they are grouped and compared according to the
aforementioned variables.
Objective 10, the relational analytical scheme will be used to
determine on whether or not significant relationship exists between the
extent of challenges encountered of the newly-hired teachers assigned in
the far-flung schools and the level of performance.
Objective 11, the relational analytical scheme will be used to
determine on whether or not significant relationship exists between the
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level of coping of the newly-hired teachers assigned in the far-flung
schools and the level of performance.
Objective 12, the relational analytical scheme will be used to
determine on whether or not significant relationship exists between the
extent of challenges encountered and the level of coping of the newly-
hired teachers assigned in the far-flung schools.
Statistical Tools
The data are to be analyzed in relation to the research objectives
presented in Chapter 1.
Objective No. 1 will use the frequency and percentage distribution
to determine the profile of the Newly-Hired Teachers assigned in the far-
flung schools in terms of the following variables: Age, Sex, and Length of
Service.
The frequency of a particular observation is the number of times
the observation occurs in the data. The distribution of a variable is the
pattern of frequencies of the observation. Frequency distributions are
portrayed as frequency tables, histograms, or polygons. Frequency
distributions can show either the actual number of observations falling
in each range or the percentage of observations. Percent distribution is a
measure of how a metric (such as total revenue) is distributed among the
component parts that make up the total (Manikandan, 2014).
Objective No. 2 will use the mean to determine the extent of
challenges encountered of the newly-hired teachers assigned in the far-
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flung schools according to the areas: Mode of Transportation. Physical
Facilities/Water and Food Supplies and Teaching
Environment/Resources.
According to Bruce & Bruce (2017), the most basic estimate of
location is mean, or average value. The mean is the sum of all the values
divided by a number of values. Mean, also known as arithmetic average,
is defined as the value of which we get by dividing the total of the values
of various given items in a series by the total number of items.
The following were the description of the results:
Mean Score Range Verbal Interpretations
4.50 – 5.00 Very Great Extent
3.50 – 4.49 High Extent
2.50 – 3.49 Moderate Extent
1.50 – 2.49 Low Extent
1.00 – 1.49 Very Low Extent
Objective No. 3 will also use the mean to determine the extent of
challenges encountered of the newly-hired teachers assigned in the far-
flung schools when they are grouped according to the aforementioned
variables.
Objective No. 4 will utilize the mean to determine the level of
coping of the newly-hired teachers assigned in the far-flung schools
according to the aforementioned areas.
The following were the description of the results:
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Mean Score Range Verbal Interpretations
4.50 – 5.00 Very High Level
3.50 – 4.49 High Level
2.50 – 3.49 Moderate Level
1.50 – 2.49 Low Level
1.00 – 1.49 Very Low Level
Objective No. 5 will also utilize the mean to determine the level of
coping mechanisms of the newly-hired teachers assigned in the far-flung
schools when they are grouped according to the aforementioned
variables.
Objective No. 6 will also utilize the mean to determine the level of
performance of the newly-hired teachers assigned in the far-flung schools
when they are grouped according to the aforementioned variables.
Mean Score Range Verbal Interpretations
4.50 – 5.00 Outstanding
3.40 – 4.49 Very Satisfactory
2.50 – 3.49 Satisfactory
1.50 – 2.49 Unsatisfactory
Below 1.49 Poor
Objective No. 7 will employ the Mann-Whitney U test to determine
on whether or not significant differences in the extent of challenges
encountered of the newly-hired teachers in the far-flung schools when
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they are grouped and compared according to the aforementioned
variables.
Mann-Whitney U test is used to determine whether two
independent samples have been drawn from the same population
(Panneerselvam, 2015). Mann-Whitney U test is a non-parametric
alternative to the t-test for the difference between the two-independent
means (Johnson and Cubby, 2014). It is the test that is use to compare
two population means that are not equal or equal. It is also used for
equal sample size, and to test the median of two population. If the p-
value is less than or equal to 0.05 level of significance, then reject the
null hypothesis. Accept the null hypothesis, if the p-value is greater than
0.05 level of significance.
Objective No. 8 will employ the Mann-Whitney U test to determine
on whether or not significant differences in the level of coping of the
newly-hired teachers in the far-flung schools when they are grouped and
compared according to the aforementioned variables.
Objective No. 9 will employ the Mann-Whitney U test to determine
on whether or not significant differences in the level of performance of
the newly-hired teachers assigned in far-flung schools when they are
grouped and compared according to the aforementioned variables.
Objective No. 10 will use the Spearman Rho to determine on
whether or not significant relationship exists between the extent of
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challenges encountered of the newly-hired teachers assigned in the far-
flung schools and the level of performance.
Spearman Rho (r) is also called Spearman Rank Order Correlation
coefficient, is a non-parametric measure of strength of association that
exists between two variables measured on an ordinal scale.
The computed p-values will be interpreted using the following
guide:
a. Significant if p-value is less than or equal to 0.05 level of
significance.
b. Not significant if p-value is more than 0.05 level of significance.
Objective No. 11 will use the Spearman Rho to determine on
whether or not significant relationship exists between the level of coping
of the newly-hired teachers assigned in the far-flung schools and the
level of performance.
Objective No. 12 will use the Spearman Rho to determine on
whether or not significant relationship exists between the extent of
challenges encountered and the level of coping of the newly-hired
teachers assigned in the far-flung schools.
