N-W.F.P.

University of Engineering and

Technology Peshawar

Design of Steel Structures

CE-409

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@[Link]

N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and

Technology Peshawar

Lecture 02: Introduction to Steel

Structures

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@[Link]

1
 Topics to be Covered
y What is Steel?
y Mention of Iron in Holy Quran
y Steel Making process
y Treatments and processes affecting steel
properties
y Mechanical
M h i l properties
ti off St
Structural
t l StSteell

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 3

What is Steel?
y Steel is an alloy in which iron is mixed with
carbon and other elements.
y An Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or
more elements, at least one of which is a
metal, and where the resulting material has
metallic properties.
y An Alloy usually has different properties
(sometimes significantly different) from
those of its components.
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Mention of Iron in Holy Quran

y Iron is mentioned in the Holy Quran 6 times:

1 Surah Bani Israil (17:50)
1.
2. Surah Al Kahf ( 18: 96)
3. Surah Al Anbiya.. (21:22)
4. Surah Saba (34:10)
5. Surah Qaf (50:22)
6. Surah Al-Hadid (57:25)
CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 5

Mention of Iron in Holy Quran

Al-Hadeed (Sura 57:25)

We have indeed sent Our messengers with clear proofs, and sent
d
down with
i h them
h the
h book
b k andd the
h balance,
b l so that
h people l may
uphold equity. And we sent down iron in which there is strong
power, and benefits for the people; and (We did it) so that ALLAH
knows who helps Him and his messengers without seeing (Him).
Surely ALLAH is Strong, Mighty.
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 Steel Making Process

[Link]

CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 7

Steel Making Process

Chemical Reactions in Blast Furnace

Iron (III) Oxide + Carbon Monoxide Æ Iron + Carbon Dioxide

Fe2O3(s) +3 CO(g) Æ 2 Fe(s)+3 CO2(g) (At 1500o C)

Calcium Carbonate Æ Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide

CaCO3(s) Æ CaO(s)+CO2(g)
This oxide helps
p to remove some of the
acidic impurities from the ore

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 8

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 Steel Making Process
Chemical Reactions in Blast Furnace

Calcium Oxide (g) + Silica (s) Æ Calcium Silicate (l)

CaO(s) + SiO2(s) Æ CaSiO3 (l)

The metal that leaves the Blast Furnace contains between 4%

and 5% Carbon and is brittle. This carbon and other impurities
are removed in the next step.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 9

Steel Making Process

Removal of Impurities by Oxidation
o The Bessemer process named after its
Inventor Henryy Bessemer who invented
the process in 1855

o The key principle is removal of excess

carbon and impurities by injection of
oxygen through molten iron

o Oxidizing excess carbon and impurities

also keeps the metal molten.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 10

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 Steel Making Process
Making Steel Rolled Shapes

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 11

Treatments and Processes Affecting

Steel Properties

o Quenching
Quenching refers to heating steel to below a critical
temperature, holding that temperature and then rapidly
cooling it in a desirable medium such as air water or oil to
obtain desired hardness property.

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 Treatments and Processes Affecting
Steel Properties

o Tempering
Tempering refers to heating steel above a critical
temperature, then cooling it rapidly to freeze it in a very
hard state followed by rewarming it to an intermediate
temperature to give a hardness suitable for the job
intended.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 13

Treatments and Processes Affecting

Steel Properties

o Annealing
Heating (usually up to 1150o F) followed by
cooling of steel in solid state to relieve the
residual stresses and to enhance ductility.

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 Treatments and Processes Affecting
Steel Properties

o Killed Steel
It indicates that the steel has been completely
deoxidized by the addition of an agent such as
silicon or aluminum, before casting, so that there
is practically no evolution of gas during
solidification. These are characterized by a high
degree of chemical homogeneity and freedom
from porosity.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 15

Treatments and Processes Affecting

Steel Properties

o Rimmed Steel
A low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to give
a continuous evolution of carbon monoxide while the
ingot is solidifying. Incomplete oxidation allows the metal
at the top of the ingot to remain liquid while solidifying in
formation of a bottom and side rim of virtually pure iron of
considerable thickness virtually free of voids. Sheet and
strip products made from rimmed steel ingots have very
good surface quality.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 16

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 Treatments and Processes Affecting
Steel Properties

o Work Hardening

An increase in strength and hardness attained by

stressing the steel to cause plastic deformations at lower
temperatures.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 17

Effect of Carbon percentage

on Steel Properties
o Carbon has a major effect on steel properties. Carbon is the
primary hardening element in steel. Hardness and tensile
strength increases as carbon content increases up to about
0 85%
0.85%.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 18

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 Effect of Carbon percentage
on Steel Properties
Type of Steel %age of Carbon

Mild Steel Up to 0.25%

Medium Carbon Steel 0.25% to 0.45%

High Carbon Steel 0.45% to 1.50%

• Adding metals such as nickel

nickel, chromium
chromium, and
tungsten to iron produces a wide range of alloy
steels, including stainless steel and high speed
steels.

CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 19

Mechanical Properties of
Structural Steels

o Most widelyy used standards for structural

materials are American Society for Testing &
Materials (ASTM) Standards.
o ASTM specifications for structural steels
generally identify the Process by which steel
is to be made, chemical composition, and
tensile requirements.

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 Mechanical Properties of
Structural Steels

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 21

Mechanical Properties of
Structural Steels
o Yield strength is usually taken to be that stress which
leaves the specimen with a permanent set of 0.2%
when specimen is unloaded or stress corresponding to
0 5% elongation (strain)
0.5%

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 Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

o Yielding is a discontinuous
phenomenon.
o In tension test it begins with sudden
appearance in specimen of one or more
narrow slip bands called Flow Lines.
o Slip bands are plastic regions separated
by completely elastic regions.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 23

Mechanical properties
of structural steel
Stiffness: The resistance of structural
component to deformation.

• Material
• Length
• X-Section

Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 24

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 Mechanical properties of
structural steel
Stiffness: Variation with Geometry and Material.

Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 25

Mechanical properties of
structural steel
Stiffness: Variation with Geometry and Material.

Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 26

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 Mechanical properties of
structural steel
Strength: The max load which a structure or
structural component can resist
resist.

Toughness: The ability of a structure or

structural component to absorb energy.

Fatigue is a progressive, localized permanent

damage under fluctuating repeated stress.

Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 27

Mechanical properties of
structural steel

Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 28

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 Mechanical properties of
structural steel

Material A is more Stiffer but less Tougher than Material C

Material A has more strength than Material C
Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 29

Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

o Specification A6 outlines general requirements for Rolled

Steel plates, shapes, sheet piling, and Bars for structural
use.

o Specification A370 outlines the procedures for Mechanical

testing of steel products.

o Standard specimen called Coupons cut from shapes, are

used in tensile test to establish properties of material.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 30

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 Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

ASTM A36 Mild ASTM A572

Composition & Property (low-carbon) Grade 50 steel
steel
Minimum Ultimate Tensile Strength,
g p psi 58,000 - 79,800 65,000 min
Properties Yield Strength, psi 36,300 50,000 min.
Elongation 20.0% 18% min
Chemistry Iron (Fe) 99% 98%
Carbon (C) 0.26% 0.23%
Manganese (Mn) 0.75% 1.35%
Copper (Cu) 0 2%
0.2% --
Phosphorus (P) 0.04% max 0.04%
Sulfur (S) 0.05% max 0.05%
Silicon -- 0.4%
Vanadium and Columbium -- 0.02 – 0.15

CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 31

Comparison of Mechanical Properties

Wrought Iron and Steel
Property Wrought Iron Steel

Elastic 190Gpa 190 – 210 GPa

Modulus (27Mpsi) ESU2(27-30 Mpsi)
Yield Strength 210 MPa 280-1600 MPa
(30ksi) (40-232ksi)
Ultimate 340 Mpa 340- 1900 MPa
Strength (49ksi) (49-275ksi)
% Elongation 35 3 40
3-

CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 32

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Slide 32

ESU2 Please confirm the conversion from Pa to Psi.

Engr. Shahid Ullah, 9/9/2008
 Types of Steel Shapes
Standard Rolled Shapes

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 33

Properties of Steels Used for

Buildings and Bridges

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 34

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 Properties of Steels Used for
Buildings and Bridges

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 35

Properties of Steels Used for

Buildings and Bridges

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 36

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 Uses of Various Steels

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 37

Uses of Various Steels

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 38

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 Types of steel structures
Tension Members

y Primarilyy occur as:

z Chord Members in trusses:

z In diagonal bracing in bracing systems;

z Cable elements in suspension roofs, main cables of

suspension bridges and suspenders.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 39

Types of Steel Shapes

Typical Tension Members

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 40

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 Types of steel structures
Compression Members
y Primarily occur as:
z C l
Columns iin b
buildings;
ildi
z Chord Members in trusses and diagonal members
in end panels of trusses
z Stability is an important consideration in design and
behavior of compression members
z Area is generally spread out to maximize Radius of
Gyration

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 41

Types of Steel Shapes

Typical Compression Members

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 42

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 Types of steel structures
Beam Members
y Primarily loaded transverse to the longitudinal axis and resist
loading by flexure
y X-sectional area is located as far from the neutral axis as is
practical
y Commonly W shapes are used in most cases
y For deeper beams I-shaped sections made by welding plates
are commonly used
y For smaller loads and spans open-web joists are commonly
used
y Instability due to lateral Torsional Buckling is an important
consideration

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 43

Types of Steel Shapes

Typical Beam Members

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 44

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 Types of steel structures
Typical Beam Members (Contd.)
Open-Web Steel Joist
• Economical & popular
pop lar for Roof & floor framing.
framing
• Bar joist are supported by bearing walls or steel girders.
• Floor of thin concrete reinforced in both directions with
rebars or welded wire fabric.

CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 45

Difference between W
and S shapes

W shape: Have wide flanges, efficient in resisting moments so used primarily as beams
S shape: Have wide webs, efficient in resisting shear (used in the past as railway tracks)

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 46

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 Symbolic Representation of
Various shapes
y W30x90:
¾ W represents shape of the section, I section in this case
¾ 30 is the depth of the section in inches
¾ 90 is the nominal weight in lb per ft
y L3x2x1/2
¾ L represents shape of the section, angle
¾ 3 is the length of one leg, inches
¾ 2 is the length of the other leg, inches
¾ ½ is the thickness of the angle, inches
CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 47

Types of steel structures

y Classical Skeleton framing

y Steel truss
y Rigid frames
y Arches
y Domes
y Cable supported Roofs

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 48

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 Types of steel structures
Classical skeleton framing

yC
Classical
ass ca syste
system suppo
supported
ted by bea
beams,
s,
girders and columns.
y Beams: W or S shapes, Channel shapes
for roof purlins.
y Columns: generally W shapes

CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 49

Types of steel structures

Classical skeleton framing

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 50

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 Types of steel structures
Steel trusses
y Triangular rigid
structure
y Most common
double pitched roof
trusses:
y Fink & Pratt.
Pratt
y Most common flat
trusses: Pratt
&Warren
CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 51

Types of steel structures

Steel trusses

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 52

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 Types of steel structures
Steel trusses
y No span limit
y Often prefabricated
y Used with wood or steel purlins to
support the roof.
y Bracing: if resting on masonry walls:
z Diagonal bracing in alternate bays
z Continuous struts(angles, channels)

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 53

Types of steel structures

Steel trusses: Example of steel truss with built up members

Truss Bridge

Built-up Members
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 Types of steel structures
Steel trusses

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 55

Types of steel structures

Rigid Frame

• For large unobstructed floor areas and ceiling

heights.
• Spans generally 40ft to 100ft
• Members are connected by bolting and welding
• Members: W shapes or web plates fillet welded to
flange plates
• Connection
C i to foundation
f d i with i h a base
b plate(bolted)
l (b l d)

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 Types of steel structures
Rigid Frame

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 57

Types of steel structures

Braced Frame

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 Types of steel structures
Steel arch structures
y Used in field houses, exhibition halls,… with span
over 300ft
y Most common type: three hinged arch

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 59

Types of steel structures

Steel arch structures

Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 60

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 Types of steel structures
Steel arch structures
yLateral bracing;
yDiagonal
g bracing
g in curved surfaces between arches

yLateral bracing of ribs with purlins or trussed purlins.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 61

Types of steel structures

Steel Domes
y Used for large circular areas: Assembly
halls gymnasium,
halls, gymnasium field houses
houses….
y Spans up to 400ft in diameter
y Structural members:
z Perimeter (Tension ring)
z Domes and rings are supported by columns
braced laterally or by bearing walls
z Purlins supports the roof deck and span between
ribs
CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 62

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 Types of steel structures
Steel Domes

CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 63

Types of steel structures

Steel Domes

Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 64

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 Types of steel structures
Cable supported roof

Chicago O’Hare International Airport Restaurant

• Reinforced concrete compression ring 190’dia

• Ring is supported on 26 RCC columns 58ft above ground
• Tension ring W-shape 13’ dia
• Sag of cables 10.5’
• Ends of cables are anchored to the two rings
g
• Roof deck: precast RCC slabs 3.5” thick which fit between
cables with projecting ends of reinforcement hooking over the
cables.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 65

Types of steel structures

Cable supported roof

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 66

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 Types of steel structures
Cable supported roof

Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 67

Examples of Famous steel

structures

Eiffel Tower,, Paris

y The World’s tallest

structure at
times(990ft).
y Was originally built
to last 20 years.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 68

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 Examples of Famous steel
structures
James R. Thompson
Center,, Chicago
g
y The building is enclosed by 17
story curtain walls.
y The diameter of rotunda is 160ft
y The rotunda projects as a cylinder
and its top resembles a drum
without
ith t a d
dome slanting
l ti ttowardsd
plaza.
y Office spaces are between
rotunda’s walls and outer skin

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 69

Examples of Famous steel

structures
The Geodesic Dome at Walt Disney World
y Spaceship earth is a huge golf ball,
standing 180 ft
ft.
y The structure is designed to withstand
wind speeds of 200 mph
y Structure: steel framing clad with
faceted aluminum panels, and stands
on 3 pairs of steel legs.
y Site was mostly swamp
swamp, filled with
much, organic material with 95% water
content.
y As a solution, 2.5 million cubic yards of
soil was removed and replaced by
clean material
CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 70

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 Examples of Famous steel
structures
Indoor Football Facility,
University of Illinois, Urbana

y The roof structure is

semi-parabolic dome
y A large single arched
box truss spans the
length of the field and
supports
t 1/2 off rooff
load.

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 71

Examples of Famous steel

structures
• 110 Stories Tall
• Total Height = 1725 ft
• Based on revolutionary Bundled
Tube Design
• Rigid outer walls act as walls of
hollow tube
• There are 9 tubes in all
• The number of tubes reduces with
height
• Designed
D i d bby llate Fazl-ur-Rehman
F l R h
from Bangladesh
• Supported by 114 piles

CE-409: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 72

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