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Chapter 10 - Section 3 Changes in Enthalpy During Chemical Reactions

This document summarizes different methods for calculating changes in enthalpy during chemical reactions. It discusses how calorimetry is used to measure heat absorbed or released during reactions. Bomb calorimetry specifically measures combustion reactions, while adiabatic calorimetry measures temperature changes without heat transfer. Hess's Law states the enthalpy change of a reaction does not depend on reaction steps. Standard enthalpies of formation are used to calculate enthalpy changes based on the enthalpies of reactants and products. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating reaction enthalpy changes using standard enthalpy of formation data.

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71 views4 pages

Chapter 10 - Section 3 Changes in Enthalpy During Chemical Reactions

This document summarizes different methods for calculating changes in enthalpy during chemical reactions. It discusses how calorimetry is used to measure heat absorbed or released during reactions. Bomb calorimetry specifically measures combustion reactions, while adiabatic calorimetry measures temperature changes without heat transfer. Hess's Law states the enthalpy change of a reaction does not depend on reaction steps. Standard enthalpies of formation are used to calculate enthalpy changes based on the enthalpies of reactants and products. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating reaction enthalpy changes using standard enthalpy of formation data.

Uploaded by

Aashi Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aashi Patel

02/24/21

Period 1

Chapter 10 - Section 3 Changes in Enthalpy During Chemical Reactions

I. Changes in Enthalpy During Chemical Reactions


- Changes in ​enthalpy​ occur during ​chemical​ reactions.
1) A change in enthalpy during a reaction depends on many ​variables​, but ​temperature​ is
one of the most important variables.
2) To standardize enthalpies of ​reaction​, data are presented for reactions in which both

reactants​ and ​products​ have the ​standard thermodynamic temperature​ of ​25˚C​ or


298.15 K

II. Chemical Calorimetry


- Calorimetry:​ the measurement of ​heart-related​ constants, such as ​specific heat​ or latent heat.
1) Calorimeter​:​ a device used to measure the ​heat​ absorbed or ​released​ in a ​chemical​ or

physical change.

III. Nutritionists Use Bomb Calorimetry


- A ​bomb​ calorimeter is used to measure ​enthalpy​ changes caused by combustion reactions.

IV. Adiabatic Calorimetry is Another Strategy


- Instead of using a ​water​ bath to absorb the ​energy​ generated in a combustion reaction,
adiabatic​ calorimetry uses an ​insulating​ vessel that doesn’t allow ​energy​ to pass through.
1) As a result, the ​temperature​ of the reaction mixture will ​change​ and can be recorded.
2) Adiabatic calorimetry is used for reactions that are not ​ignited​, such as for reactions in

aqueous​ solutions.
V. Hess Law
- Hess’s Law:​ the law states that the amount of ​heat​ released or absorbed in a chemical reaction
does ​not​ depend on the number of ​steps​ in the reaction.
Aashi Patel

02/24/21

Period 1

Chapter 10 - Section 3 Changes in Enthalpy During Chemical Reactions

1) The overall ​enthalpy​ change in a reaction is equal to the ​sum​ of the ​enthalpy​ changes

for the individual ​steps​ in the process. (like a football play)

VI. Standard Enthalpies of Formation


- Standard enthalpy of formation:​ the enthalpy ​change​ in forming 1 ​mol​ of a substance from
elements​ in their ​standard​ state.
1) By ​definition​, the values of the standard ​enthalpies​ of ​formation​ for elements are ​zero​.
2) Symbol: ​ΔH˚​f

3) Unit: ​KJ/mol

VII. Calculating Enthalpy Change for a Chemical Reaction


- Using a list of standard enthalpies of formation, the enthalpy ​change​ of any reaction for which
there is data available can be calculated using the following equation:

ΔH​reaction​ is in kJ or Joules (moles cancel out)


Aashi Patel

02/24/21

Period 1

Chapter 10 - Section 3 Changes in Enthalpy During Chemical Reactions

VIII. Example
- Calculate the enthalpy​ change for the following reaction. Use the standard enthalpies of
formation listed in Table A-11 on pg. 833-834. ​HCl (g) + NH​3 (g)
​ → NH​4​Cl (s
Aashi Patel

02/24/21

Period 1

Chapter 10 - Section 3 Changes in Enthalpy During Chemical Reactions

IX. Additional Practice


- Calculate the enthalpy change​ for the following reaction. Use the standard enthalpies of
formation listed in Table A-11 on pg. 833-834. ​ N​2 (g)
​ + 3 H​2 (g)
​ → 2 NH​3 (g)
​

X. Calculating a Reaction’s Change in Enthalpy, Sample Prob. E, pg. 356


- Calculate the change in enthalpy for the reaction below using data from Table 2 on pg. 355. ​2
H​2​ (g) + 2 CO​2​ (g) → 2 H​2​O (g) + 2 CO (g)

 
 
 

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