CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Personality Theory - A single theory can generate many hypotheses

● Freud combined speculation and clinical evidence to - As the theory grows and changes, other hypotheses
form the first modern theory of personality can be drawn from it, and when tested they in turn
○ Philosophical speculations + primitive reshape the theory.
scientific method - By using deductive (theory to hypothesis)
● A useful theory is found on both scientific evidence then inductive reasoning (results of testing
and controlled, imaginative speculation hypothesis reshapes theory)
What is Personality? Taxonomy
● Personality (early definition): from Latin persona - Classification (of data) according to natural
meaning theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in relationships
Greek dramas; false appearance - Mere classification is not theory
● Personality (psychology definition) : a pattern of - Can evolve from theories after generating testable
relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics hypothesis and explain findings
that give consistency and individuality to a person’s Ex: Big Five taxonomy
behavior
○ Personality theorists have different Why Different Theories?
perspectives about personality ● Theorists must be as objective as possible when
● Traits: contribute to differences in behavior gathering data, but their decisions as to what data are
(consistency over tue and stability across situations) collected and how these data are interpreted are
○ May be unique or the same in some groups personal ones
BUT pattern differs individually ● Usefulness does not depend on agreement with
● Characteristics: unique qualities or attributes others but on its ability to generate research and
○ Temperament, physique, intelligence explain data
What is a Theory? Theorist’s Personalities and Their Theories of Personality
● Theory (science): a set of related assumptions that ● Psychology of science: studies impact of an individual
allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to scientist’s psychological processes and personal
formulate testable hypothesis characteristics on the development of her or his
○ tools for generating research and organizing scientific theories and research
observations ● An understanding of theories of personality rests on
● Implications of definition: information regarding the historical, social, and
1. It is a set of assumptions- cannot be single psychological worlds of each theorist at the time of his
2. Related assumptions- isolated ones can’t or her theorizing.
have internal consistency and nor can ● Evaluation of theories however must be objective
generate meaningful hypotheses rather than subjective likes and dislikes
3. Assumptions- accepted as if they were true What makes a Theory useful?
but not proven facts; validity has been 1. Generates Research- ability to stimulate and guide
established; for useful research (building and further research; roadmap for guidance
reshaping original theory) a. descriptive research- expand existing theory
4. Logical deductive reasoning- used to through measurement, labeling and
formulate hypotheses categorization;
5. Testable Symbiotic relationship bet descriptive research and
Theory and Its Relatives theory
Philosophy
- More broad than theory
- Philosophers pursue wisdom through thinking and
reasoning but are not scientists
- Philosophy encompasses epistemology or the nature
of knowledge which is where theory is related with
- Theory is a tool by scientists in their pursuit
of knowledge
- Deals with “oughts” and “shoulds”
- principles of life cannot be theory
- Theories are built on scientific evidence and
are unbiased
- Theory deals with if-then statements and is
unrelated to morality
Speculation
- Where theories rely on
- Speculation and empirical observation are the two b. Hypothesis testing- indirect verification of
essential cornerstones of theory building theory; theory > many hypotheses > reshape
- Theories 2. Is Falsifiable-
- Not mere speculations - ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed; not
- From empirically gathered data and is close vague
to science - Negative research results = discard
- useful tools employed by scientists to give - Accountable to experimental results; theory
meaning and organization to observations as basis to research and vice versa
- to generate testable hypothesis - Reject ideas though may seem logical
Hypothesis because it is not empirically supported
- Narrower than theory
 - A theory that can explain everything explains
nothing CHAPTER 2 Freud: Psychoanalysis
3. Organizes data- meaningful arrangement otherwise Biography of Sigmund Freud
no direction for further research - cocaine
4. Guides Action- structure for answers to day to day - his understanding was based on personal experiences with
problems; many answers to one question bc diff patients, analysis of own dreams, from his vast readings
approaches - theory followed observation; psychoanalysts cannot be
5. Is Internally Consistent- must be consistent with itself; subjected to eclecticism
logically compatible and scope & limitations defined, - relied more on deductive reasoning than research methods,
operationally defined concepts and terms subjective, small sample from upper middle class to upper
6. Is Parsimonious- simpler and straightforward, no class; did not quantify data nor made observations under
sweeping generalizations to explain all behaviors controlled conditions
Dimensions for a Concept of Humanity - case study approach (hypotheses after facts)
1. Determinism vs Free choice- are behaviors - hysteria, catharsis, fress association, psychical analysis to
determined by forces they do not have control over or psycho-analysis (Anna O)
are they partially free to choose? Or both? - Interpretation of dreams
2. Pessimism vs. Optimism- are people meant to be - made a lot of friends and enemies
miserable or can change and live happily? Note: - believed in sexual abstinence, writer, intelligent
determinism believers tend to be negative except - hated Americans believing that they would trivialize
skinner psychoanalysis by making it popular; “Freund”, unpleasant US
3. Causality vs Teleology- causality says behavior as a visit
function of past experiences whereas teleology is Levels of Mental Life
explanation of future goals; do people act bc of what - Mental life: 1) unconscious (unconscious proper &
happened to them or bc of what they expect in the preconscious) and 2) conscious
future? - These levels are used to designate both a process
4. Conscious vs. Unconscious Determinants of and a location
Behavior- are ppl aware of what and why they are Unconscious
doing or only bc unconscious forces act on them (w/ - drives , urges, instincts beyond awareness but
being aware of them)? motivate our words, feelings, actions
5. Biological vs. Social Influences of Personality- are - Explanation for meaning behind dreams, slips of the
personal characteristics bc of heredity or tongue, and repression
environment? - Often enter into conscious only after being disguised
6. Uniqueness vs. Similarities- is the salient feature of to prevent anxiety-producing memories to enter
ppl their individuality or is it their common awareness
characteristics? Where should focus be: on what - First slip past primary censor -> final censor
makes ppl have similar traits or what makes them (watches passageway bet preconscious &
diff? unconscious) -> conscious
Research in Personality Theory - Once nasa conscious na, pleasant memories
- Primary criterion for usefulness of theory is ability to na sila
generate research - Often childhood sexual and aggressive behaviors
- Cyclic relationship bet theory and data (others from since sila yung usually suppressed/punished
observations) - Childhood sexual and aggressive behaviors ->
- Reliability: are results consistent? punishment and suppression -> anxiety stimulates ->
- Validity: does it measure what it is supposed to repression
measure? - Repression: memories na anxiety-inducing forced into
- Can be reliable but invalid unconscious para di masaktan
a. Construct validity- extent to which it measures - Also originates from Phylogenetic endowment or
hypothetical construct (extraversion, aggressiveness, experiences of ancestors passed down thru
etc.) generations (gap-filler lang)
i. Convergent- mataas sa ibat ibang valid - Like Carl Jung’s collective unconscious
measures w same construct; ex. Personality - BUT Freud only relied on this inherited
tests abt extraversion at sociability and disposition as a last resort; pag di enough
assertiveness yung explanations from indiv experiences
ii. Divergent- low correlations with other - Used this to explain Oedipus complex &
inventories do not measure the construct castration anxiety
iii. Discriminant- discriminates bet 2 groups - Unconscious mind of one person can communicate
Ex. dapat higher scores ng extroverted sa with the conscious mind of the other w/o being aware
introverted of it (ex: teasing or joking but may erotic or hostile
b. Predictive validity- extent to predict future behavior urges behind)
- Yung nasa unconscious laging nagaaim na pumunta
sa conscious pero di na in orig form
- Ex: sobrang hate ng son si father pero
imamask niya ito as ostentatious affection
(exaggerated love) otherwise magiging
sobrang sakit para sa son; opposite at exagg
most of the time sa orig (hate:love)
Preconscious
- Elements that are not conscious but can become
conscious
 - Sources: conscious perception & unconscious
- Conscious perception: kung yung idea naging
conscious for a short period of time pero nagshift din
sa ibang idea
- Alternate be conscious and preconscious;
free from anxiety and images more similar to
conscious that unconscious
- Unconscious: ideas slipped from censor and enter
into preconscious in a disguised form
- Some don’t become conscious bc if so ->
increased anxiety -> activate final censor
and repress anxiety-loaded images -> back
to unconscious
- Pag napunta sa conscious: either as a
dream, slip of the tongue, defensive
measure
Conscious
- Elements you are aware of at any point in time
- The only one wc is directly available to us
- Ideas reach conscious in 2 ways: 1) perceptual
conscious system & 2) from within mental structure
- 1) perceived thru senses if not too
threatening
- 2) nonthreatening ideas from preconscious The Id
and disguised images from unconscious - Most primitive
- Some escape into preconscious by - Not yet owned component of personality
disguising as harmless to evade - Unrealistic, illogical, entertains incompatible ideas,
primary censor remains unchanged, amoral (ex: mother & daughter)
- Pag nareach na yung conscious, - Function: reduce tension by seeking pleasure kahit
images are distorted (defensive tama or hindi; pleasure principle
behaviors & dreams) - Infant is example of id unimpeded by ego and
superego
- It sucks when the nipple is either present or
absent pero nagbebenefit siya in both ways
- Continuous lang yung sucking kasi hindi in
contact w reality
- Operates thru the primary process (has basic drives)
- Secondary process (satisfy pleasure principle blindly)
to be in contact w external world- functions through
the ego
The Ego
- Only one in contact w reality
- Grows out of id during infancy
- Governed by the reality principle
- Reality principle: substitute for id’s pleasures
- Function: Decision-maker/ executive branch
- Partially conscious, unconscious, preconscious;
makes decisions in all levels
- Reconciles id, superego, and external world ->
becomes anxious -> defense mechanisms and
repression
- Becomes differentiated from id when infant
distinguishes self from outer worls
- Always changing; develops strategies for handling id
- Ex: person on a horseback
- w/o own strength; only borrows from id
Provinces of the Mind - Pleasure and pain from parental rewards and
- Explained mental images according to functions or punishment (ego) ->when children learn what they
purposes should and shouldn’t do (superego)
- Interact with three levels of mental life The Superego
- Id: das es or “it” (unconscious) - Moral and ideal
- Ego: das Ich “I” (conscious, preconscious, conscious) - Guided by moralistic and idealistic principles
- Superego: das Uber-Ich “over-I” (preconscious & - Comes from ego; no own energy also
unconscious) - Unrealistic demands for perfection
- Two subsystems: conscience and ego-ideal
- Conscience: from experiences of punishment fr
improper behavior para alam yung mali
- Guilt is the result pag yung ego nanalo over
superego
 - Grows pag nagconform sa paarents kasi - Aim is constant but path is not
baka di na mahalin or disapproval (permanent/temporary or active/passive)
- Ego ideal: from experiences w rewards for good - All pleasurable activity is traceable to the sexual drive
behavior para alam yung tama (Freud); pero mahirap idistinguish kung Eros
- Uses repression (by ordering ego) to control sexual - For example, an infant prematurely forced to give up
and aggressive impulses the nipple as a sexual object may substitute the
- Feelings of inferiority pag di naabot ng ego thumb as an object of oral pleasure.
yung standards ng superego - Sex forms: narcissm, love, sadism, masochism (last
- Walang pake yung superego kung masaya yung ego; two also aggressive driive)
basta perfect dapat kahit mahirap > Narcissism
- Ignorant to impossibilities like the id - Infants: primary narcissism
- Kasi invested yung libido nila sa
ego
- Pag tumanda sinusuko yung ibang
primary narcissm object libido na
kasi interest in other people also
- Puberty: Secondary narcisissm
- back to ego kasi personal
appearance
> Love
- Libido invested in on an object or person
other than self
- Children’s first sexual interest is their mother
- For family members, second type of love
kasi repressed (aim-inhibited)
- Aim-inhibited bc original aim of reducing
sexual tension is inhibited
- Love and narcissism are related kasi pag
love mo yung role model mo
Other notes: > Sadism
● Development of levels varies across individuals - The need for sexual pleasure by inflicting
● Superego dominates: guilt and inferiority pain or humiliation on another person
● Ego and superego both dominate: fluctuations of - Perversion when: destructive aim > sexual
mood aim
● Id: constant striving for pleasure - Sadists need to find others on whom to inflict
● Structure or composition of personality = Levels of pain
mental life and provinces of the mind > Masochism
- Perversion when destruction > eros
Dynamics of Personality - Masochists experience pleasure from
- Motivational principle explaining the driving forces suffering pain and humiliation na gawa lapa
behind people’s actions nila or ng iba
- People are motivated to seek pleasure and reduce
tension and anxiety Aggression
- Motivation comes from psychical and physical energy - Beyond the Pleasure Principle was written by Freud
from basic drives after Sophie’s and loved one’s death
- Basic drives -> psychical and physical energy -> - Elevated aggression to level of sexual drive
motivation - Aim of destructive drive is to return organism to
Drives inorganic state (death); Aim of aggressive drive is
- Trieb referring to stimulus or drive; also instinct but self-destruction
more accurately drive - Aggression in sexual drive forms: present sa lahat
- Constant motivational force - Teasing
- Internal stimulus; cannot be avoided through flight - Gossip
unlike external - sarcasm
- Grouped into: - Humiliation
a. Sex or Eros (psychic energy: libido) - Humor
b. Aggression & Distraction or Thanatos - Enjoyment of people’s suffering
- Originate in the id but controlled - Explanation for wars, atrocities, religious persecution;
- Characterized by: need fot barriers that people have para maging
a. Impetus- amount of force it exerts aggressive (ex. Love thy neighbor as thyself)
b. Source- region of the body na excited or - Kasi unconsciously gusto maginflict ng pain sa iba;
tensed called reaction formations or repression of hostile
c. Aim- seek pleasure by removing excitation or impulses and overt expression of the opposite
removing tension tendency
d. Object- object or person para masatisfy yung - Sexual and aggressive desires ay pumupunta sa
aim unconscious kasi lagi nagpapataasan yung life and
Sex death impulses pero kailangan both sumunod sa
- Aim of sexual drive: pleasure thru erogenous zones reality principle
- Erogenous zones: genitals, mouth, anus Anxiety
 - a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a - The permanent attachment of the libido onto an
physical sensation that warns the person against earlier, more primitive stage of development
impending danger - People who continually derive pleasure from eating,
- Relates both sex and aggression smoking, or talking may have an oral fixation,
- Function: Ego-preserving mechanism kasi signal siya whereas those who are obsessed with neatness and
na may danger; para aware ego sa threats -> flight orderliness may possess an anal fixation.
defense - Nastuck kasi yung next step ay sobrang anxiety-
- Causes repression to reduce anxiety thru provoking
defensive behavior Regression
- Can only be produced by ego - Readily visible in children
- Ego’s dependence w id: neurotic - Once the libido has passed a developmental stage
- Ego + superego: moral pero babalik kasi earlier, safer, more secure yung
- Ego + external world: realistic pattern
- Often exists in combination - Yung libido gusto iinvest sa mas familiar at primitive
- Neurotic anxiety: apprehension abt unknown danger - Ex. pag may kapatid na pinanganak tas ayaw
- Exists in ego but comes from id maagawan ng attention hihingi ng milk bottle or nipple
- Experienced from authority dahil sa - Rigid and infantile like fixation
naexperience before sa parents na takot - Sa adults, adopting to fetal position, staying in bed all
from punishment + hostility day, going back sa mother
- Moral anxiety: Conflict between ego and superego - Temporary lang pero fixations demand a more
- Realistic vs unrealistic needs permanent expenditure of psychic energy
- Morally wrong ba? Projection
- Realistic anxiety: Unpleasant + nonspecific + possible - seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies
danger that actually reside in one’s own unconscious
- Closely related to fear pero hindi kasi di alam - Pag yung internal impulse nagccause ng too much
yung kinatatakutan anxiety, ego copes up by attributing unwanted
impulse to external object or person
- Ex. actions of older women as seduction pero gusto
Defense Mechanisms talaga niya sa unconscious
- Used to protect ego from anxiety - Paranoia is a severe type of projection
- Normal and universal but extremes lead to - Mental disorder; powerful delusions of jealousy and
compulsive, repetitive and neurotic behavior persecution
- Psychic energy ginagamit for establishing and - But sa projection, repressed homosexual feelings
maintaining defense mechanism toward persecutor na former friend of same sex or
- So pag more energy used, less energy left to satisfy sometimes opposite
id impulses;; kaya may ego to establish defense - When homosexual impulses become too powerful,
mechanism persecuted paranoiacs defend themselves by
Repression reversing these feelings and then projecting them
- Forcing threatening feelings into unconscious onto their original object.
- Most basic defence mechanism kasi involved sa - Instead of “I love him” paranoid says
others - I hate him (pero may anxiety pa rin)
- Pag yung id tintry idominate yung ego repression of - He hates me (free of responsibility)
impulses happens - I like him fin, but he’s got it in for
- Consequences:
a. Impulses may remain unchanged in the Introjection
unconscious - People incorporate positive qualities of another
b. Could force their way in conscious thru person into their own ego
unaltered form pero mas intense anxiety na - Ex. gagayahin mannerisms, values and lifestyle ng
c. Conscious pero disguised form to deceive movie star to feel better & di feeling inferior
ego - Oedipus complex as the prototype of introjection
Reaction Formation - Child introjects parents during Oedipal
- Adopting a disguise opposite to original form period -> beginning of superego tapos over
- Exaggerated, opposite, obsessive and compulsive time nagiging mas personalized din
- Young woman hates mother pero di pweds sa society - Para di mahirapan ievaluate yung beliefs
so todo love pero di genuine (all to avoid painful
anxiety) Sublimation
- Freud believed this is limited to a single object
Displacement
- repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a
- Unlike reaction formation, can be on many people so
cultural or social aim.
that original impulse is concealed pero di exaggerated
- Only thing seen as helpful to society (others are
- Galit sa roommate pero nagalit sa pet cat at sa iba
dubious in value) and individual
pero friendly pa rin sa roommate
- Expressed as art, music, literature
- Also replacement of one neurotic symptom for
another (ex. Instead magmasturbate naghugas ng
kamay HAHAHAH); nanaginip na nabunggo yung aso
pero gusto pala madestror parent Stages of Development
- 1) Infantile stage: first 4-5 years; most crucial stage for
Fixation personality formation
2) Latency: 6-7; little or no sexual growth takes place
 3) Puberty- renaissance of sexual life - The term is taken from the Greek tragedy by
4) Genital stage- Sophocles in which Oedipus, King of Thebes, is
5) Maturity- psychosexual development destined by fate to kill his father and marry his
mother.
Infantile Period - Preoedipal: same for boys & girls na akala
- Infants have a sexual life and go through a period of same ng genitals
pregenital sexual development during 4-5 yrs - Oedipal period: complete Oedipus complex
- Exclusively autoerotic meaning incapable of - Feminine nature leads to display of
reproduction unlike in adults affection to father and hostility to
- Both adults and children’s impulses can be satisfied mother
thru organs other than genitals - Masculine nature is opposite
- Divided accdg to organ - Affection and hostility coexist
- Oral phase a) Boy: ambivalence -> castration
- Anal phase complex (from realizing girls do not
- Phallic phase have penis) -> castration anxiety
> Oral Phase (activates phylogenetic endowment)
- Mouth is the first organ to provide an infant with - When dissolved, turned into love + primitive
pleasure (oral cavity/also sucking) superego; identified with mother or father depending
- Early oral activity on which is stronger disposition
- sexual aim is to receive into body the object-choice - Father as model only; does not want to be
wc is nipple him
- also called oral-receptive phase; needs satisfied w/ ● Female Oedipus complex
minimum frustration or anxiety; no ambivalence pa - Penis envy; may last for years unlike
- turns to weaning as they grow older; w ambivalence castration anxiety
towards mother - Wish to be a boy or wish to have a
- then oral sadistic period wherein defense arises man
through teeth (biting, cooing, closing mouth, smiling, - Carried to having a baby (esp a
crying) boy)
- first autoerotic experience is thumbsucking which
satisfies sexual (defense against anxiety) but not Scenario 1
nutritional needs - Fantasizes being seduced by mother ->
- grows older -> sucking candy, chewing gum, hostility bc she brought her into the world
overeating, smoking, sarcastic remarks without a penis -> turns to father bc he can
give her a baby (substitute of phallus)
> Anal Phase - Simple female oedipus complex: sex w
- Characterized by satisfaction through aggressive father + hate to mother
behavior and excretory function - Freud objected to Electra complex (parallel
- Also called sadistic anal phase yung male at female during phallic stage)
- 2 phases: a) early anal b) late anal Scenario 2
a. - Satisfaction by losing or destroying objects - Castration & inferiority realized during
- Sadistic drive >erotic; children aggressive preoedipal -> rebel by
to parents bc of toilet training - a) give up sexuality (male and
b. - Friendly interest w/ feces; pleasure from female nature) then hate mom
defecating - b) cling to masculinity + fantasizing
- 2 consequences from being punished or being man
rewarded behavior by parents - c) father as sexual choice ->
- punished -> hold back feces -> anal undergo simple Oedipus complex
character (being overly neat/possessing Note: choice depends on the degree of
objects & arranging them) *all bc resistant to masculinity developed during preoedipal
toilet training -> anal triad of orderliness, - Simple oedipal complex resolved through
stinginess, and obstinacy masturbation + surrenders desire for father +
- For girls anal eroticism = penis envy; expressed by identifies w mother; mas matagal & mas di
giving birth (parehong “little one”) complete kesa male
- Feces = penis = baby (same shape & - Solved lang kasi di naman pweds yung sex
symbols in dreams) w father and ayaw mawala mother*
- Can develop in both boys and girls - Kasi weaker & mas strict yung
- Passive: masculine qualities (dominance & superego ng girls daw; from
sadism) shattered oedipus complex
- Active: feminine (voyeurism & masochism)
> Phallic Phase Notes:
- 3 or 4 years; Genital area ● Males: oedipus complex -> castration anxiety ->
- Marked by a dichotomy be male and female devt breaks up completely -> no need for psychic energy;
- “Anatomy is destiny”= psychological differences yung energy na nagmamaintain ng oedipus complex
- Suppression of masturbation magiging superego na agad
● Male Oedipus Complex (before phallic) ● Females: castration anxiety -> oedipus complex; only
- Infant boy identifies w father and develops sexual incompletely resolved dahil sa reason stated above*
desire w mother; then first is given up and father is ○ Libido maintains castration complex and
seen as rival relics meaning may psychic energy pa rin na
sana ginamit na lang sa superego
 ○ Girls also do not experience trauma kaya
more slowly and less completely dissolved

Latency Period
- Dormant psychosexual development
- 4th-5th year until puberty
- From when parents discouraged sexual activity tapos
they get punished
- If successful, psychic energy to friends,
school
- Freud said this has roots in psychogenetic
endowment
Genital Period
- Reawakening of sexual aim during puberty
- Not autoeretic; directed to others na
- Reproduction is now possible
- Same status for vagina and penis
- Boys seek vagina & not traumatized
- Genitals as supreme erogenous zone; others serve
as auxiliary
In summary: genital vs infantile
1) Synthesis of eros
2) Elevated status of vagina
3) Reproductive capacity of sexual drive
4) Direct libido to others
But
- eros remains repressed/expressed through
masturbation
- Other organs still pleasure source (smoking,
kissing)
Maturity
- Attainment of physical maturity; psychological
maturity rare bc may develop disorder while growing
- Puberty onwards
- Psychoanalytically mature:
- ego controlling superego;
id + reasonable demands;
ego + expressed honestly;
superego + no incest
- Line among these three mahirap iseparate
- Repressions as sublimations not neurotic
symptoms
- Libido in search for sensual and tender love;
- Would come through childhood experiences
and adolescence
- In control of psychic energy
- Ego as center of consciousness
Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory
A. Freud’s Therapeutic Technique
B. Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique
C. Dream Analysis
D. Freudian Slips