26

VARIABLES

 Variables are symbols usually letters of the English

alphabet used to represent the unknown number or
quantity that changes its value in a particular
problem or discussion.

 Example: x, y, z, etc.
 27
CONSTANT

 Constant refers to a symbol that does not change its

value.

 Examples:

e = 2.7182818284590…

-26

3
5

0
 28
COEFFICIENT

 In general, when two o more symbols are multiplied

together to form a product, then each symbol is
called a coefficient.
 Numerical Coefficient is the constant factor
attached to the variables in term.
 Literal Coefficient is the variable multiplicative
factor (including its exponent) attached to the
constant in a term.
 29
COEFFICIENT

 Examples:
Numerical Literal
Coefficient Coefficient

2y 2 y
x2y5 1 x2y5
-4b2 -4 b2
 30
TERM

 Term refers to the part of an algebraic expression

separated by a plus (+) or minus (-) sign.
 A term may contain a constant and variables, or just
a constant.

 Example:
 8x – 4y + 4 has three terms namely 8x, -4y and 4.
 x2 – y2 has two terms namely x2 and –y2
 31
TERM

 Terms that have the same literal coefficients are

called similar terms; otherwise they are called
dissimilar terms.

 Examples:
 Similar terms:3x2y, -4x2y, -0.25x2y
(common literal coefficient is x2y)

 Dissimilar terms: -3p, p2q, 2pq2 r

 32
POLYNOMIAL

Polynomial is an algebraic expression

 containing one or more terms
 in which the variables are raised to whole number
exponents;
 no variable in a radical sign,
 no fractional powers, and
 no variable in the denominator of any fractions.
 33
POLYNOMIAL

 The following algebraic expressions are polynomials.

 xy
𝑎+𝑏−𝑐

7
 6a2b4 – 3a4b6
 20x – 5
 5x + 5y
 34
POLYNOMIAL

 The following algebraic expressions are not

polynomials. Why?
2𝑎−3 is not a polynomial because the exponent of its
variable is a negative integer
5 is not a polynomial because there is a variable in the
𝑎−
𝑎 denominator

𝑥 is not a polynomial because there is a variable in a

radical sign
1
3𝑥 2 is not a polynomial because the exponent of the
variable is a fraction
 35
Degree of a Term

 The degree of a tem in one variable refers to the

exponent of the variables.

Examples:
In the polynomial a3 + a2 + a + 8
 The degree of the first term a3 is 3.
 The degree of the second term a2 is 2.
 The degree of the third term a is 1.
 The degree of the last term 8 (constant) is 0.
 36
Degree of a Term

 The degree of a term in more than one variable is

the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term.

Examples:
In the polynomial 2x4y5z2 – 2x3y4z
 The degree of the first term 2x4y5z2 is 11
 The degree of the second term –2x3y4z is 8
 37
Degree of a Polynomial

 The degree of a polynomial is the degree of its term with

the highest degree.
Examples:
1. In the polynomial 2x4y5z2 – 2x3y4z
 The degree of 2x4y5z2 is 11
 The degree of –2x3y4z is 8
Thus, the degree of the polynomial is 11.

2. The degree of the polynomial a3 + a2 + a is 3.

3. The degree of the polynomial 2a3 – a2b2 + 5b is 4.

 38
Kinds of Polynomials

 Monomial is an algebraic expression consisting of only one

term.

Examples:

abcdwxyz
5b
-cd
3𝑥 2 𝑦
 39
Kinds of Polynomials

 Binomial is an algebraic expression which consist of only

two terms.

Examples:

8𝑎2 𝑏 4 − 6𝑎4 𝑏 6
12x – 4
5x + 3y
9–g
 40
Kinds of Polynomials

 Trinomial is an algebraic expression which consist of three

terms.

Examples:

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
q – 2r – 3z
6𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 2 − 4𝑎3 𝑏 3
 41
Kinds of Polynomials

 Multinomial is an algebraic expression, which consist of

more than three terms.

Examples:

3𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 5𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 4𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐
𝑥𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 4 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 4𝑥 4 𝑦 2
 42
Exercises

A. Write POLYNOMIAL if it is a polynomial. If not,

explain why it is not a polynomial.
1) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2

2𝑦
2) − 𝑥3
𝑥

3) 3 𝑥 + 5𝑦
3
4) 2𝑥𝑦 + 2
3𝑥+1
5)
2
 43
Exercises
B. Determine the type of polynomial, the degree of each term, and
the degree of the polynomial. Copy the table except the example.
 44
Addition of Polynomials

 In adding polynomials, only similar terms can be

combined. The numerical coefficients are added and
the literal coefficients or the variable part are copied.
 Similar terms are terms with the same variable part.
1. 6y - 8y + 2y ; the terms 6y, -8y and 2y are similar
2. 2x² - 3x² - x² ; the terms 2x², -3x², -x² are similar
3. 5x - 4x²y + 7x² y + 4 ; only the terms -4x²y and
7x²y are similar
4. x² y – 3x²y² + 8xy² ; there are no similar terms in
the expression
 45
Addition of Polynomials

1.6y - 8y + 2y ; the terms 6y, -8y and 2y are similar

Hence, we can combine the three terms, 6y - 8y + 2y = 0
2. 2x² - 3x² - x² ; the terms 2x², -3x², -x² are similar
Hence, we can combine the three terms,
2x² - 3x² - x² = - 2x²
3. 5x - 4x²y + 7x² y + 4 ; only the terms -4x²y and 7x²y
are similar, hence, 5x - 4x²y + 7x² y + 4 = 5x + 3x² y + 4
4. x² y – 3x²y² + 8xy² ; there are no similar terms in
the expression, hence, the expression can’t be further
simplified.
 46
Addition of Polynomials

1. (4x + 3) + (6x – 2) + (2x + 3) = (4x + 6x + 2x) + (3 – 2 + 3)

Solution:
Adding horizontally
(write similar terms in one grouping symbol)
(4x + 3) + (6x – 2) + (2x + 3) = (4x + 6x + 2x) + (3 – 2 + 3)
= 12x + 4

OR
Adding vertically (write similar terms in one column)
4x + 3
6x – 2
2x + 3
12x + 4
 47
Addition of Polynomials

2. (3x² + 2x + 8) + (4x² + 2xy - 3y²) + (-5x + 2)

Solution:
Adding horizontally
= (3x² + 4x² )+ (2x – 5x) + (2xy) + (-3y²) + (8 + 2)
= 7x²- 3x + 2xy - 3y² + 10
OR
Adding vertically
3x² + 2x +8
4x² + 2xy - 3y²
-5x +2
7x² - 3x + 2xy – 3y² + 10
 48
Subtraction of Polynomials

 In subtracting polynomial, change the sign of each

term in the subtrahend and follow the rule in
addition.
(3x + 4) – (2x – 1)
minuend
subtrahend
2x will be changed to -2x
-1 will be changed to 1
Hence, we have 3x + 4 – 2x + 1
 49
Subtraction of Polynomials

1. (3x + 4) – (2x – 1)
Subtracting horizontally:
(3x + 4) – (2x – 1)
=3x + 4 – 2x + 1
= 3x – 2x + 4+ 1
=x+5
OR
Subtracting vertically:
3x + 4
-2x + 1
x+5
 50
Subtraction of Polynomials

2. (8x – 3y + 9) – (7x + 2y) – (-3x – 12)

Subtracting horizontally:
(8x – 3y + 9) – (7x + 2y) – (-3x – 12)
= 8x – 3y + 9 – 7x – 2y + 3x + 12
= 8x – 7x + 3x – 3y – 2y + 9 + 12
= 4x – 5y + 21
 51
Subtraction of Polynomials

2. (8x - 3y + 9)- (7x + 2y) – (-3x - 12)

Subtracting vertically:
8x – 3y + 9
–7x –2y
3x +12
4x – 5y + 21
 52
Addition & Subtraction of Polynomials

3. (-x² + 2x – 4) + (3x² – 2xy + 5y²) – (9x² – 8)

Adding & Subtracting Horizontally:
(-x² + 2x – 4) + (3x² – 2xy + 5y²) – (9x² – 8)
= -x² + 2x –4 + 3x² – 2xy + 5y²– 9x² + 8
= -x² + 3x²– 9x² + 2x – 2xy + 5y²– 4 + 8
= -7x² + 2x – 2xy + 5y² + 4
 53
Addition & Subtraction of Polynomials

Adding & Subtracting Vertically:

(-x² + 2x – 4) + (3x² - 2xy + 5y²) – (9x² - 8)

-x² + 2x –4
3x² – 2xy + 5y²
-9x² +8
-7x² + 2x – 2xy + 5y² + 4
 54
Multiplication of Polynomials

 In multiplying polynomials, multiply the numerical

coefficient of every term using distributive law,
following the rules in multiplying integers and laws
of exponents.
 55
Multiplication of Polynomials

1. 4x (7y + 2) = 4x (7y) + 4x (2)

= 28xy + 8x

2. -7x (5x – 3y + 7) = -7x (5x) – 7x (-3y) – 7x (7)

= - 35x² + 21xy – 49x

3. (2y – 6)(3y² + 5y + 3)
= 2y (3y² + 5y + 3) – 6(3y² + 5y + 3)
= 6𝑦 3 + 10y² + 6y – 18y² – 30y – 18
= 6𝑦 3 – 8y² – 24y – 18
 56
Multiplication of Polynomials

4. 3(x + 4)² = 3(x + 4)(x + 4)

= 3 (x² + 8x + 16)
= 3x² + 24x + 48

5. (2x – 3y)3 = (2x – 3y)(2x – 3y)(2x – 3y)

= (4𝑥 2 – 12xy + 9𝑦 2 ) (2x – 3y)
= 8𝑥 3 – 24𝑥 2 y + 18x𝑦 2 – 12𝑥 2 y + 36x𝑦 2 – 27𝑦 3
= 8𝑥 3 – 36 𝑥 2 y + 54x𝑦 2 – 27𝑦 3
 57
Division of Polynomials

 Division of a Polynomial by a Monomial

 In dividing a polynomial by a monomial, divide each

term of the polynomial by a monomial applying the
rules on dividing integers, and for the variable part,
laws of exponents.
 58
Division of Polynomials

45𝑎2 𝑏5
1. = −𝟏𝟓𝒂𝒃𝟐
−3𝑎𝑏3

18𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 −27𝑥+9 18𝑥 3 6𝑥 2 27𝑥 9

2. = − − +
3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥
𝟑
= 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗 +
𝒙
4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 +12𝑥 2 𝑦 3 −6𝑥𝑦 4 +5𝑦 5 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 12𝑥 2 𝑦 3 6𝑥𝑦 4 5𝑦 5
3. = + − +
−4𝑥𝑦 2 −4𝑥𝑦 2 −4𝑥𝑦 2 −4𝑥𝑦 2 −4𝑥𝑦 2
𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝟓𝒚𝟑
= −𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + −
𝟐 𝟒𝒙
 59
Division of Polynomials

 Division of a Polynomial by a Binomial or another Polynomial

 In dividing a polynomial by another polynomial, you may use
the long method of division as in division of whole numbers.
1. First arrange the terms of the dividend in descending order.
Then divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of
the divisor. Write the quotient above the dividend.
2. Multiply the quotient obtained in step one by the divisor.
Write the product below the dividend of similar terms.
3. Subtract the product obtained in step 2 from the dividend.
Bring down the next term of the dividend as the new
dividend.
4. Repeat Steps 1 to 3 until all the terms of the original
dividend have been divided by the divisor.
5. Express the remainder as a fraction if there is any.
 60
Division of Polynomials

2𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+7
1.
𝑥−2
37
2𝑥 2 + 9x + 15 +
𝑥−2
x – 2 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 – 3x + 7
–(2𝑥 3 –4𝑥 2 )
9𝑥 2 –3x
–(9𝑥 2 –18x)
15x + 7
–(15x–30)
37
 61
Division of Polynomials

 An alternative method is using the “Synthetic Division”, an

abbreviated way of dividing a polynomial of the form (𝑥±𝑐).
 We can simplify the division by detaching the coefficients.

2𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+7
 Using the same example
𝑥−2
 Step 1: Write down the constant of the divisor with the
sign changed.
The divisor is 𝒙 − 2. The constant is −2.
Changing the sign, we have 2.
2
 62
Division of Polynomials

 Step 2: Write down the numerical coefficients of the

dividend. (Remember to add a coefficient of 0 (zero)
for the missing terms).
The dividend is 𝟐𝑥 3 + 𝟓𝑥 2 − 𝟑𝑥 + 𝟕.

must be in descending order

𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑐
2 2 5 −3 7
 63
Division of Polynomials

 Step 3: Bring down the first coefficient.

2 2 5 −3 7

2
 Step 4: Multiply 2 by the divisor 2 and add to the
next coefficient.
5+4=9
2 2 5 −3 7
2(2)=4
4
2 9
 64
Division of Polynomials

 Step 5: Repeat step 4 for all the coefficients.

−3 + 18 = 15
2 2 5 −3 7
9(2)=18 4 18
2 9 15
30 + 7 = 37
2 2 5 −3 7
15(2)=30 4 18 30
2 9 15 37
 65
Division of Polynomials

Since the dividend 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7 has degree 3,

the quotient has one degree lower, that is of degree 2 which
implies that the first term of the quotient has literal
coefficient of 𝑥 2
2 2 5 −3 7
4 18 30
2 9 15 37
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
2𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −3𝑥+7 𝟐 𝟑𝟕
Hence, = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 +
𝑥−2 𝒙−𝟐
 66
Division of Polynomials

𝑦 3 +4𝑦 2 −9
2. =? 𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 2 − 9 → 𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 2 + 0𝑦 − 9
𝑦+3

𝑦3 𝑦2 𝑦 𝑐
−3 1 4 0 −9
−3 −3 9
1 1 −3 0
𝑦2 𝑦 𝑐 𝑟
𝑦 3 +4𝑦 2 −9
Hence, = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝟑
𝑦+3
 67
Division of Polynomials

3. Divide (27𝑥 3 - 8𝑦 3 ) by (3x – 2y)

 Solution:
9𝒙𝟐 + 6xy + 4𝒚𝟐
3x - 2y 27𝑥 3 –8𝑦 3
–(27𝑥 3 –18𝑥 2 𝑦)
18𝑥 2 𝑦
–(18𝑥 2 𝑦–12𝑥𝑦 2 )
12𝑥𝑦 2 –8𝑦 3
–(12𝑥𝑦 2 –8𝑦 3 )
0
 68
Exercises

 Do the indicated operation. Show complete process.

1) 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 3 − 𝑥 + 8
2) 6𝑎2 − 3𝑎 + 4 + 2𝑎2 + 5 − 9 − 7𝑎
3) 3𝑥 2 + 5 − 𝑥 2 + 5
4) 8𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 2 𝑦
5) −3𝑥 3 2𝑥 − 4
6) 2𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 − 5
7) 3𝑥 + 5 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 10
8) 78𝑚8 𝑛8 ÷ 6𝑚𝑛8
9) 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 ÷ 𝑥 − 2
10) 5𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 8 ÷ 𝑥 − 6