Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter is the presentation of the review of the theoretical and
conceptual framework of the study, related literature, together with the synthesis
of state-of-the-art and gaps of the study.
Foreign Literature
According to Huffman, et. Al (2016) the performance of computer
technology has grown to come to be an essential part of contemporary life and it
immediately impacts communication, education, entertainment, and work.
Computer literacy has been recognized to be valuable for senior high school
students as it is not just aiding and gaining knowledge of the process, it provides
students with a tendency that will be required in their future work life.
According to Ümmühan Avcı & Esin Ergün (2019) Teachers can evaluate
students' needs and promote learning by closely monitoring student involvement
levels. High levels of student participation can be said to improve students'
engagement with online courses. Learning problems in online learning settings can
thus be avoided. It could have consequences for students' online learning
processes, as well as instructional designs, which play a key role in boosting
students' success in online learning settings.
Republic of the Philippines
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According to Aitokhuchi, et. al (2014).The academic performance of
computer literate students is more complimentary than those who are not.
Academic success is accomplished when a balanced use of internet tools was
taken by senior high school students for their coursework leading to a significant
influence of internet use or academic performance.
According to Lulu (2009), as cited by Michael (2018), computer literacy is
the ability of a person to operate a computer and its system with ease. It is
considered as the knowledge and skill to utilize computers efficiently, with some
range of skill level. Some valuable components of computer literacy are knowledge
on how to operate a computer, how it works and know how to solve problems using
it. However, computer literate always connotes less than the skill to use multiple
applications such as Microsoft Word, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft
PowerPoint, and Outlook for a certain task.
Afolakemi (2008) as cited by Mamadu (2014) stated that computer literacy
is the skill to use computer hardware and software in order to accomplish work. It
is also the skill to use computers for academic purposes. However, computer
literacy has a connection to computer anxiety that affects the way they use
computers. It is discovered that a positive attitude in using computers is required
in being a computer literate person.
Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
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Local Literatures
According to Manny B. Atoy, Jr, et. Al (2020) The extent to which students
can utilize the potential benefits of information from the online world is largely
determined by their ability to develop a set of skills that will enable them to be
effective users and decision-makers. It highlighted the importance of prior
knowledge, ICT resources, and infrastructure in the development of information-
type abilities; there is still a need to identify other variables in information science.
According to Garcia (2016) Despite the Philippine government's increased
budget allocations, the state of Philippine education is nearly at the bottom of the
Southeast Asian ranking. Last year, the World Economic Forum rated the
Philippines 86th out of 140 nations in terms of elementary education and health,
according to an article published by [Link]. Long-standing issues such as a
lack of resources and a shoddy infrastructure can all contribute to the country's
poor performance. The Philippine Department of Education has long
acknowledged the importance of information and communications technology
(ICT) in improving education in the country.
According to Cruz (2015) “The mantra of basic education, and also higher
education, is that the educational system intends to produce “holistically developed
Filipinos with 21st-century skills,” according to the report. Whether individuals born
before 1997 like it or not, technology is a part of these 21st-century skills.”
Republic of the Philippines
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According to Glenny E. Laping (Laping, 2016) wrote in an article for [Link]
that the sole concern on his mind before attending the Global E2-Educator
Exchange in Budapest, Hungary is, "Why employ technology in the classroom?"
The following are the responses she received from a Microsoft Innovative Educator
Expert in the Philippines:
1. Technology is a way of life. It is everywhere in this computer age.
2. Students use technology improperly and unproductively.
3. We must provide guidance.
4. Free educational tools are easier and faster to use than traditional tools.
E2 introduced a new free educational Microsoft applications and tool that
could help teachers accelerate the teaching and learning process.
According to Philippine Star (Philippine Star, 2006), In ICT, the advantage
of students over professors was discussed. Students today have a basic
understanding of chatting, online games, and other computer-related programs,
although most teachers do not. This is due to a lack of training among teachers,
who are unable to teach students about computers.
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Related Studies
According to the study of Onuoha (2019) ICTs have had an impact on the
field of education, affecting learning and research as well as the general processes
of transfer of knowledge and receipt. ICTs have the ability to innovate, accelerate,
enhance, and deepen skills, as well as to motivate and engage students,
educators, and anyone else who shares knowledge. It is also mentioned that much
has been said and reported regarding the impact of technology on communication
habits, particularly computer-enabled devices. As computers and technological
applications became increasingly prevalent in society, concerns about the need
for computing and ICT skills in everyday life arose.
In the study of Laguador (2013), It is stated that the academic world should
encourage extracurricular computer technology activities that will help students
understand the benefits of having high functional computer literacy without
compromising end-user health. Parents and guardians are concerned about
having computer units at home and some laptops to use in school for educational
purposes is reasonable, but they must monitor their children's virtual entertainment
activities and advise them to consider the negative health effects of spending long
periods of time in front of a computer.
Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
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In a survey of ICT literacy among students, Amua-Sekyi and Asare (2016)
discovered that pupils possessed Internet accessing skills, word processing skills,
email sending skills, presentation skills, database searching skills, and other
abilities. They claim that surfing the Web for information will make students' work
easier and foster connections with global education. They also claim that having
word processing skills and being able to interact via email will allow students to
quickly create and produce papers that are relevant to their academic needs. The
finding also indicates that ICT skills have a significant impact on students since
they allow them to save time when developing or revising study materials, as well
as create documents that are more appealing to others, among other advantages.
Theoretical Framework
The study will be anchored on Achievement Motivation Theory by Atkinson
& Mc Clelland (1961) which relates personal attributes and background to a desire
to succeed and the competitive drive to fulfill high standards. It also illustrates how
an individual's traits and his or her desire to achieve anything in life are inextricably
linked. It also takes into account a person's competitive drive to achieve
established objectives.
According to Bhasin (2018) Internal factors such as eagerness,
perseverance, timeliness, and self motivation, as well as numerous external
factors (also known as environmental factors) such as pressures, expectations,
Republic of the Philippines
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targets, and so on, set by relevant organizations, family members, or society,
govern an individual's motivation to achieve something in life or the dire need to
achieve a specific goal. According to the achievement motivation theory, a
person's desire to accomplish something and the reason for his or her overall
motivation to reach a goal originates from within and is highly tied to the individual's
need for power and affiliation.
ACHIEVEMENT
AFFILIATION POWER
Figure 1. Model of Theoretical Framework
Figure 1 shows the Three Main Motivators from the Achievement Motivation
Theory. In McClelland's Human Motivation Theory, it states that everyone has one
of three main driving motivators: the need for achievement, affiliation, or power.
Republic of the Philippines
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These motivators do not come naturally to us; we acquire them as an
outcome of our culture and lifestyle choices. Each of these three forces is present
in some form in everyone, but one of them will be the primary drive for each person.
According to the theory, each person's primary source of motivation falls
into one of the three categories.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of this study will be anchored on Achievement
Motivation Theory proposed by Atkinson & Mc Clelland (1961) as cited by Moore
(2010) which explains that an individual's motivation to achieve something in life
or the pressing need to achieve a specific goal is governed by a combination of
internal factors such as willingness, determination, punctuality, and personal drive,
as well as a variety of external factors (also known as environmental factors) such
as pressures, expectations, targets, and other factors set by relevant
organizations.
Respondents’ Profile: Academic Performance
Gender Computer
Year Level Compliance with Task
Related Skills
Computer Related Skills
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework
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Figure 2 presents the conceptual framework of the study. First, the
respondent's profile, which is an independent variable, will be given in terms of
age, gender, and year. The dependent variable academic achievement will
therefore be explained in terms of task compliance. Intervening variables, such as
computer abilities, will connect the independent and dependent variables. Finally,
the researchers will figure out how independent and dependent variables are
related.
Synthesis of State-of-the-Art
In conceptualizing the research, the related literature that were
conscientiously coordinated and presented guided the researchers. Computer
literacy and student’s academic achievement explored in the study of Onuoha
(2019) and Laguador (2013). It appears to be very creative, and the findings
convey the necessity of adequate computer abilities in students' academic
performance. According to the study and survey of Amua-Sekyi and Asare (2016).
To properly prepare students to live and act in certain ways in which they are
growing up, educational content and structure must effectively integrate
technology.
Michael (2018), Onuoha (2019) concluded that computer literacy between
students and teachers are strong, which has surely influenced teaching, learning,
Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management
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and research, as well as the overall processes of transfer of knowledge and
receiving.
Gap of the Study
After a review of the literature it was discovered that computer literacy had
been studied by researchers in the Philippines and other nations even before the
twenty-first century. Studies solely look at the advantages of being computer
literate in the workplace and in school, with respondents BSHM Students of
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges. To address the existing gap and provide an
in-depth understanding of the phenomenon, the researchers will employ a
quantitative method in measuring the computer literacy level and finding its
relationship to academic achievement of BSHM students of Camarines Sur
Polytechnic Colleges. The researchers will also find the factors that affect the
computer literacy level of the respondents.
