ARCHITECTURAL BOARD EXAM REVIEW ( DOHA )

Prepared and Complied by Eng’r Wilfredo Enghoy , ASEP , PICE

STRESS , STRAIN AND MATERIAL STRENGTHS

DEFI NITIONS

1._______________________ The quantity that tends to accelerate or change the movement of a body

2.__________________ The basic S.I. ( Systeme Internationale ) unit for force

3._______________________It is the general term applied for all forces which act upon a structure and anything else
which causes stresses or deformations within a structure or part thereof :

4. ___________________These refer to the forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials
, occupants and their possessions , environmental effects , differential movements and restrained dimensional
changes .

5 _______________________It is a term applied to the weight of the materials of construction that is , the weight of
the beams , girders , floorings , partitions , etc.

6._________________________ It refers to the occupancy load ( excluding earthquake or wind forces ) , which is
either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all is called :

7.______________________ unit weight of materials expressed as weight per unit volume

8.) What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of concrete ?

A.) 2400 N B.) 2400 KN C. ) 2400 kg D. ) 2400 lbs
3
9.) What type of concrete when air-dried weighs 1900 kg / m ? ________________________________

10. Density of water : ____________________________

11. Density of steel : ____________________________

12. hat is the weight of a 16mm diam. steel bar 6m long ?

A.) 9.47 kgs B.) 7.49 kgs C.) 7.94 kgs D.) 4.97 kgs

13. ______________________ Intensity of force per unit area of the cross section

14.__________________ is the cohesive force in a body , which resist the tendency of an external force to
change the shape of the body

A is in m2 , mm2 or in2
Stress (S) = force ( P )
Area(A) P is in N , KN or lbs

Stress can be in units of “Pascal” 1 Pa = 1 _N_

m2
6 6 2 6 2
1 Mpa = 1 x 10 Pa = 1 x 10 N but 1 m = 1 x 10 mm
2
m

Hence , also
1 Mpa = 1 _N_
mm2

9 3 6 3
1 Gpa = 1 x 10 Pa = 1 x 10 x 10 Pa 1 Gpa = 1 x 10 Mpa
Also , 1 ksi = 6.895 Mpa
(Eng.) ( S.I.)

1 ksi = 6.895 Mpa

kilopound or kip (Eng.) ( S.I.)
2 2
in in

To convert from ksi to Mpa ?

2
1 kilopound x 1000 lbs x 1 kg x 9.8 N x (1 in) `` = 6.895 N
in2 1 kilopound 2.2 lbs 1 kg. (25.4mm)2 mm2

Examples :
th
 28 day compressive strength of concrete (fc’) Ex. fc’ = 3000 psi = 3 ksi x 6.895 Mpa = 20.7 Mpa

CONCRETE

15. _______________ - Allow concrete to dry slowly by keeping it moist ( hydration ) to attain maximum strength .

17. Compressive strength of fully cured concrete is most directly related to :

A.) sand gravel ratio B.) fineness modulus C.) absolute volume of cement D.) water cement ratio

18. What is the most determinant of concrete strength ?

A.) Water B.) Cement C.) Sand D.) Gravel

19.) ______________________ - A test for the workability of concrete wherein a conical mould is filled with concrete ,
well – rammed , and then carefully inverted and emptied over a flat plate. The amount by which the concrete cone
drops is measured below the top of the mould which gives us a rough idea of the water content of the mix .

20.) _________________________________________These refer to materials used in concrete in combination with

fly ash , raw or other calcined natural pozzolans , silica fumes or ground granulated blast-furnace slag which have a
cementing value in themselves.

21.) _________________________ A material other than water , aggregate or hydraulic cement , used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixture to modify its properties .

22.) ___________________________ - An admixture in concrete , other than water reducer , which can reduce the
requirement of mixing water and can produce a flowing concrete that does not segregate and needs very little
vibration . This admixture produces impermeable , strong concrete but then so fluid that it can easily be pumped.

23.) _____________________________ - A substance , which when added to concrete , mortar or grout , increases
the rate of hydration of the hydraulic cement , shortens the time of setting or increases the rate of hardening .

24) __________________________ - An admixture which slows down the setting the rate of concrete
( lengthening the time of setting ) , added as late as possible but before the concrete is three hours old .

25) When an air entrainment agent is introduced in a concrete mix to produce tiny bubbles in enhancing its workability
A.) the strength will increase B.) the strength will decrease
C.) the strength will not be affected D.) the water cement ratio must be reduced from 10 to 15%
STEEL REINFORCEMENT

 Yield strength of steel ( fy ) : In the Philippine industry ,

Grade 33 ( structural grade ) Fy = 33 ksi x 6.895 = 230 Mpa ( PNS or PS Grade 230 )

white

Grade 40 ( intermediate grade ) Fy = 40 ksi x 6.895 = 276 Mpa ( PNS or PS Grade 275 )

yellow

Grade 60 ( high grade ) Fy = 60 ksi x 6.895 = 414 Mpa ( PNS or PS Grade 410 / 415 )

blue or green

26.) High tensile strength steel grade is color coded as :

A.) White B.) yellow C.) green D.) brown

fa – allowable working stress used in actual design computation

F.S. – factor of safety set by local design codes,for example , (NSCP-National Structural Code of the Phils.)
fult – ultimate strength , compressive strength , tensile strength ( highest value of stress attained )
fy – yield point , yield strength

NOTE : From PNS: Allowable Stress fa or fs

For ductile material PS Grade 230 :
fa = fy such as steel
Fy = 230 Mpa fs = 124 Mpa
F.S. ( 18,000 psi )
fy PS Grade 275 :
Fy = 276 Mpa fs = 138 Mpa
( 20,000 psi )
fa PS Grade 410 :
Fy = 414 Mpa fs = 165 Mpa
(24,000 psi )

For brittle material

fa = fult such as concrete
F.S.
fult

fa

P
A
TWO BASIC TYPES OF STRESS

A.) AXIAL Stress - where force ( P ) is acting along the axis of the member . axis
In other words force ( P) is perpendicular to the cross sectional area ( A ) ,
hence this is also called NORMAL stress
A
P
B.) SHEAR Stress – where force ( P ) acts parallel to the area
Also known as TANGENTIAL stress
FEATURES OF THE STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

27._____________________ - is the change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action of a force

28. _____________________ - is called unit deformation or deformation per unit length

Strain = δc / L = 3mm /1000mm = 0.003 ( unitless )

L = 1000mm δc = 3mm

29. According to ACI Code , if the strain in a concrete specimen reaches 0.003 , it will begin to ____________

30.___________________________________________ - Maximum stress below which the material

springs back to original length when load is released . Below this point ,
the force or` stress applied is directly proportional to the deformation or strain
( Hooke’s Law is applicable )

31.______________________________________ - Maximum stress below which the material

springs back but not to original length but has incurred a permament deformation
called permanent set . Beyond this point , the material is no longer elastic.

32. _____________________________________ - The stress where the material continues to

deform even without increasing the load . The material at some portion shows a
decrease in its cross section .

SH – strain hardening stage – the point where material crystals restructure toresist loads again

33.__________________________________ - the highest point in the stress strain diagram. The maximum value of
stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or rupture.

34.______________________________________ - the stress at which the material totally breaks.

35. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed to be equal to
_______________

36. In the formula , e = PL / AE , E stands for _____________________________________________

37. For normal weight of concrete , the modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec is given by the formula

______________
.
Also , the modulus of elasticity of steel = ________________________
38. It is the condition in which a structure or components is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended
function ( or serviceability ) or to be unsafe ( or its strength ) ______________________

39. The condition at which the structure reaches a limit state . It may be due to deflection , cracking or leakage , but it
usually does not involve rupture ( total breakage of specimen ) __________________________

40. It is the greatest stress which a material is capable of developing without a permanent deformation remaining upon
complete release of stress ________________________________________________.

41.____________________________ The ultimate strength of the material divided by the allowable working stress

42 It is the maximum value of tension , compression or shear respectively that the material can sustain without
imminent failure ________________________________________

43. The amount of energy that can be stored in an elastic material per unit volume without a permanent deformation
( until elastic limit ) _________________________________________________

44. The amount of energy absorbed by a specimen necessary until breakage

________________________________________

45 Ability of steel to be stretched to fine wire without rupture ( breaking ) – _________________________( with less
carbon )

46. Ability of steel to be stretched and regain original shape when forces released - ________________________

[Link] of steel to be hammered or compressed into thin sheets without breaking - ______________________

[Link] term given to the tendency for concrete to continue to strain over a period of time when the stress is constant
___________________

49 Hooke’s Law states that : As a force is applied to a material , the deformation ( or strain ) is directly proportional to
the stresses , but only up to a certain point , called the elastic limit . What happens beyond this point ?

a.) Deformation stops

b.) Material begins to change length faster than the force
c.) Material will break
d.) Other properties like clor begin to change

STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

50._________________ The tendency of a force to produce rotation about a given point ,

computed as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from
the line of action of the force to the point .

51.. _________________________________ It is the moment on the structure as a whole at any given level , due
to wind or earthquake lateral forces

52. An object subject to balanced forces is said to be at rest and in a state of _______________________

Given a Pratt Truss

F = 10 KN
Simply Supported truss
Top Chord - Compression
Bottom Chord - Tension
Top chord
4m

Ah

4m 4m

Av bottom chord Bv
Hinge – joint that will permit rotation but not vertical or horizontal movement

For above truss , the following equations of staitcs can be applied

Fh = 0 = 10 KN = Ah

M = 0 = ( take moment about pt A ) Bv ( 8m ) = 10KN ( 4m) ; Bv = 5 KN

Fv = 0  = Bv = Av hence Av = 5KN

53.) The truss above is called ___________________________________________________________________

since by just using EQUATIONS OF STATICS , one can DETERMINE all the unknown reactions . This is possible if
the number of unknowns is less than or equal to the number of usable equations

If the number of unknowns is more than the number of equations , the reactions cannot be solved by equations of
statics alone ( one needs special methods to solve reactions) . This is called STATICALLY INDETERMINATE .

To determine the degree of statical indeterminacy ,

just subtract the number of unknowns
with the number of equations of statics .

Example :

54. The above truss is STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TO THE _________ DEGREE

55. ______________________________________________________ is the mathematical measure of the ability of

beam section to resist bending or twisting

Formula for Moment of Inertia for rectangular section

bh3 / 12 where b is the dimension parallel to the axis or line where beam bends about

56._________________________________ it determines the column’s resistance against buckling as it is used in

computing the slenderness ratio.
The formula is given as

Where I – is the moment of inertia of section and A is the area of the section.

57.________________________________ is equal to effective length

of a column divided by radius of gyration

58. ___________________________________The load at which a perfectly straight member under compression

assumes a deflected shape

59. What does slenderness ratio determine ?

A.) Effective length B.) Buckling C.) Effective Depth D.) Max ht . of column
60. If the ratio of the height to the least lateral dimension of
an upright compression member is less than 3 , this element
is called __________________________ ( fails by crushing )

61. _______________________________ A column where

the ratio of the height over least lateral dimension is greater than 10
( fails by buckling )

62.) A column that fails due to a combination of buckling and crushing when overloaded .
A.) Long column B.) Short column C.) Intermediate Column D.) Pedestal

63. What happens to a short column ?

A.) Elongates B.) Buckles C.) Deforms ( “Crushes” ) D.) Deflects

64. The point in an element where it changes curvature

is known as the ______________________________________

65 _____________________________The distance between

the point of application of a direct load to a column and the centroid of its cross section

66.. ___________________________________ The distance between the supports of a column.

67.._____________________________________The distance between inflection points in a column when it breaks is

called :

68. In the formula for slenderness ratio , Kl / r , what does K stand for ? ____________________________________

69. A structural member whose primary function is to carry loads parallel to its longitudinal axis ; _______________

70. A structural member whose primary function is to carry loads transverse ( perpendicular )
to its longitudinal axis ______________________
BEAMS

71. _________________ The upward resistance of a support such as a wall or column against the downward
pressure produced by loads in a member such as a beam or truss .

72______________ The distance between two structural supports

73.) _____________________________________ type of beam that is

supported by a hinge at one end and a roller at the other end .

74) ______________________________A beam that projects beyond

one or both supports is called :

75.) ______________________________________A type of beam that

is supported at one end only , as in a beam that is embedded in a wall .

The above beams are called statically determinate beams

76. _________________ Forces that act parallel to each other ,
of same magnitude but opposite in direction

77. ____________________The reactive element usually found at the fixed

end which can be represented by a pair of equal forces oppositely directed
producing pure rotation

78.) ______________________________ - It is a structural member

which is supported at one end and the other end is projecting beyond
the support or wall .

79.)_____________________________ - It is the type of beam wherein

no rotation nor vertical or horizontal movement can occur at either end .

80.) _____________________________- It is a beam with two or more spans.

The last three beams are called statically indeterminate beams because the
equations of statics ∑Fv = 0 ,∑Fh = 0 and ∑M = 0 are insufficient to
solve all the unknowns

81.) A fixed beam is indeterminate to what degree ? _________

CONCEPTS OF BEAM INTERNAL FORCES

Consider a simply supported beam with a concentrated load at midspan,

P
a
L/2 L/2

x
a’
P/2 P/2

82._________________________________________- is the algebraic sum of unbalanced transverse forces acting to

the left side ( or right side ) of the cut section
F

V =( - ) F

V = ( + ) P/2
P/2
Relative Beam Movement Corresponding
to Sign of Shear
Considering left side of the cut section
Upward loads produce positive shear (+)V
L R
R L Downward loads produce negative shear (-)V

Positive shear Negative shear

83) ________________________________________- is the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces acting on
either side of the section of a beam about an axis through the center of the gravity of the section.

F
d M = ( - ) Fxd
x
P/2 M= +(P/2)x

Relative Beam Curvature Corresponding to Moment

+ M -- M

84) _________________________________________ - a point in the moment diagram where it changes from

positive to negative moment or vice versa and the value of the moment at this point is zero.

85) ______________________________ In reinforced concrete beams ,

the position at which the tensile reinforcement is bent upward .
( usually at L / 4 from support where L – is clear span )

BENDNG STRESS

86. ___________________________________________is used as a mathematical measure of resistance for flexural

or bending stress. It is computed as

Where I – is the centroidal moment of inertia of the section

and c – distance of the outermost fiber to the centroid .

Consider this beam , B Q

P A

A’ B’
At section A - A’ ( + Moment ) Maximum Flexural or Bending stress ( fb or Sb ) is found at
f b MAX the outermost fiber ( that is , at the top & bottom of the beam )

fb max = M c
(C) c I
NA
(T) where
M – bending moment ( maximum )
c - is the distance of the outermost
fiber to the neutral axis .
I - is the moment of inertia
Neutral Axis ( “NA”) ( flexural stress is zero , neither tension
nor compression ) Rearranging fbmax = M
I/c
Or fbmax = M
S
Where S is section modulus

87) To determine the required section modulus , S , the maximum moment , Mmax , should be :
A.) Multiplied by the maximum allowable bending stress
B.) Divided by the maximum allowable bending stress
C.) Multiplied by allowable deflection
D.) Divided by modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia
88.) What resists bending stress ?
A.) Section Modulus B.) Rigidity C.) moment of Inertia D.) all of the above

89.) The bottom of the footing is in compression or tension ?

______________________

90.) The distance from the compression side to the centroid

of the steel reinforcement is called ____________________________

91.) What type of failure occurs when the column or wall punches through the footing ?
A.) Flexural B.) Buckling C.) Sliding D.) Shear

92.) Formula for punching shear

93.) Formula for beam shear

94.) What is the effect of torsional shear stress ?

A.) Shrinkage B.) Bending C.) Twisting D.) Expansion

DEFLECTION

95.) What deformation does a beam contain ?

A.) Deformation B.) Deflection C.) Elongation D.) Compression

96.)The deflection of a simply supported beam

with concentrated load at midspan is

[Link] deflection of a beam is

A.) directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia
B.) inversely proportional to the modulus of elasticity and length of the beam cubed
C.) inversely proportional to the modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia
D.) directly proportional to the load imposed and inversely to the length squared

98.______________________________________________ - is the constant which, within the proportional limit,

expresses ratio between the unit stress to the unit strain. It is the measure of the STIFFNESSES ( or abilities of the
different materials of construction to resist deformation under stress within proportional limit.)

99.) Wood beams are not as stiff as steel or concrete . What type of failure is of major concern here ?
a.) Shear b.) Deflection c.) Compression d.) Buckling

100.). It is an instrument which is used for gauging any deflections of a structure

A.) Accumulator B.) Seismograph C.) Deflectometer D.) Depthometer

101.) ___________________________ is the upward deflection introduced to the member to offset anticipated
deflections due to dead loads

SEISMIC TERMS

102.) ___________________ - a natural phenomenon caused by the slippage of adjacent plates of the earth’s crust
and the subsequent release of energy in the form of ground waves .

103.) ___________________ - The exact point ( also known as the focus ,

several miles below the surface of the earth , where the seismic stress
is maximum due toslippage of the plates .

104.) ___________________ - The point on the earth’s surface

directly above the focus or region where an earthquake originates .
105.) ____________________________ - is the measure of the energy released by an earthquake ( measured by
the Richter scale )

106.) ____________________________ - is the measure of the damage level of an earthquake ( as categorized by

Mercalli Scale ).

107.) _________________________________________– A measure of an earthquake intensity interpreted through a

subjective rating based on the observed damage to structures and other physical effects . This scale ranges from I to
XII with the upper rating being the most severe with each scale having a verbal description of the effects and damage
of an earthquake .

108.) ___________________________ - it is an instrument which measures the velocity and acceleration of

earthquake in the ground .

109.) ___________________________– a machine providing useful quantified seismic data such as the acceleration
of the building or the ground usually placed at the basement , mid-portion and near the top of the building .

110.) ___________________________ - An instrument which measures the actual displacement of the ground with
respect to a stationary point during an earthquake .

111.) ____________________ – the time in seconds for a building to complete one full side – to – side oscillation ,
which is dependent on the mass and stiffness ( or slenderness ) of the building .

112.) ___________________________ - The loss of the load carrying ability of loose fill ( such as sand ) during
earthquake

113. ___________________________- is a three-dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of

members interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal
diaphragms or bracing systems

114._____________________________________ – is a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying

space frame .

115. ________ – is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure .

116. _______________- is the space between levels.

Story x is the story below level x.

117. ____________________________ – is the displacement

of one level relative to the level above or below .

118. ________________________________________- is the story drift divided by the story height.

119. ________________________________- is a story

whose strength is less than 80 percent of the
strength of the story above.

120. _________________________________ – is a story

whose lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent
of the stiffness of the story above .

121. ________________________________- is a wall designed to

resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall
( sometimes referred to as a structural wall ).

122. __________________________ – is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system

( including horizontal bracing system ) acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements .
( as an example , R.C. slabs )

123. ___________________ – is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a
structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system .

124. ____________________________________________ – also known as tie or collector , is the element of a

diaphragm parallel to the applied load which collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements
or distribute loads within the diaphragm. Such members may also take axial tension or compression .
130.____________________________ – is the secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced
by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame .

131. ___________________________________- are the effects of the structure due to earthquake motions acting in
directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration.

WALL

131) ___________________________ - A wall capable of supporting an imposed load from above

132.) ___________________________ - A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall .

133___________________________________________A wall either free-standing or laterally braced that bears

against an earth or other fill surface:

134What forces does a curtain wall resist ?

A.) Its Own weight B.) Its own weight plus wind load C.) Wind load D.) Live Load

135When wind forces are transferred from the diaphragm into the shear wall , where does the shear wall transfer the
forces?
a.) Connectors B.)Columns C.)Foundations D.) Beams

PILES

136.)_________________________________– a vertical post of pile which carries the weight of the foundation,
transmitting the load to a structure to the bedrock or subsoil without detrimental settlement.

137.)___________________________ – a pile driven at an inclination

to the vertical to provide resistance to horizontal forces. Also known as brace pile or spur pile .

138.)._____________________– a mass of reinforced concrete cast around the head of a group of piles to ensure
that they act as a unit to support the imposed load.

139.) ____________________– a watertight , cylindrical or rectangular chamber used in underwater construction to

protect workers from water pressure and soil collapse .

140.) ________________________ -A temporary dam-like water-tight structure around an area of water or water –
bearing soil , constructed which excludes water from the site of the foundation during its excavation and construction .

141.) __________________________ - A watertight pipe 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter with a flared top used in
depositing concrete under water .

142.) _________________ - is the deepened portion of a column or rafter designed to accommodate the higher
bending moments at such points and usually occurs at the column and rafter connection .

143.) .__________________________ – A reinforced concrete beam framed between columns at ground level (
grade elevation )carrying the wall to these columns , therefore serving as a foundation for the superstructure ..

144.) .___________________________ – a long , straight beam that functions essentially as a cantilever beam by the
insertion of two hinges in alternate spans.

145.) ____________________________ - Beams which are placed lengthwise under the bridge which carry the
loads from the floors to the beams.

PRESTRESSING

146.) ________________________________ - Reinforced concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced
to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from loads

147.) ________________ - A steel element such as wire , cable , bar , rod or strand , or a bundle of such elements ,
used to impart prestress to concrete

148.) ________________________ The temporary force exerted by a device that introduces tension into pre-
stressing tendons
149.) ________________________________ - Concrete members permanently loaded to cause internal stresses
that are opposite in direction to those caused by both live and dead loads. The concrete is held in compression.
Tension is placed on the reinforcing prior to the placing of concrete .

150.) ___________________________ is the method of introducing a jacking force in which tendons are tensioned
after the concrete has hardened enough to sustain this jacking force

151.) __________________________ In prestressed concrete , friction caused by unintended deviation of

prestressing sheath or duct from its specified profile.

152.) __________________________ - The type of incidental friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified
prestressing tendon profile

153.) A type of beam failure initiated by crushing of concrete . At this point , the steel strain will be less than the yield
strain . Hence the steel stress will be lower than its yield strength . This type of failure occurs when there is more
reinforcement than that required for balanced condition .
A.) Cracked section B.) Under-reinforced section C.) Balanced condition D.) Over-reinforced section

154.) It is a condition in which the concrete reaches its full compressive strength when the steel reaches it yield
strength. This condition in strength design is called
A.) Under-reinforced design B.) Over-reinforced design C.) Balanced design D.) None in the list

155.) Concrete will be poured in two batches . What steel members should be provided beyond the first
batch so that there is sufficient bonding for the next batch of concrete to be poured ?

a.) Key
b.) Dowels
c.) Tendons
d.) Rebars

156 Which load carried by structural steel can be accurately calculated ?

a.) Live Load

b.) Wnd Load
c.) Lateral Load
d.) Dead Load

[Link] is the best way to protect structural steel members from fire ?

a.) Coat with cement

b.) Install sprinklers at closer distances
c.) Cover with steel cladding
d.) Apply sprayed-on fire proofing material

158. What happens when concrete has no steel reinforcement ?

a.) Becomes lighter and therefore more ideal for beams

b.) Crumbles under tensile loads
c.) Becomes more rigid
d.) Resists fire better

159. What concrete member is used to bridge the top of doors and windows so that they do not bear the weight of the
CHB ?
a.) header
b.) jamb
c.) lintel
d.) bridging

160. What is the minimum size for stirrups in mm. diameter ?

a.) 16
b.) 6
c.)10
d.) 12

What are cross ties ?

161. What is the minimum concrete cover for column reinforcement in mm ?
a.) 60
b.) 38
c.) 25
d.) 6

162.) Wind pressures , directions and timing are constantly changing . However , for purposes of calculations . what
type of load is wind considered?
a.) Combined
b.) dynamic
c.) Static
d.) Rotating

163) In a truss system , the straight members form a number of triangles . What type of stresses are they subjected to
?
a.) Compression
b.) Tension
c.) Torsion
d.) Either Tension or compression

164) In Figure 1, the influence lines of the foundation intersect , causing danger of settlement and crack formation .
where is this likely to happen ?
a.) When rooms in a building are too small
b.) Stairs built too close to the toilet
c.) Renovation of structures
d.) New buildings built adjacent to the old buildings

165) In concrete columns, what do steel reinforcement bars need to keep them from buckling outward ?
a.) Binders
b.) Ties
c.) stiffeners
d.) stirrups

166.) Under what type of load will column tend to buckle ?

a.) Shear
b.) Tension
c.) Axial Compression
d.) wind Load

167.) Which of the following criteria for bundled bars,do NOT apply ?
A.) Bars larger than 32 mm shall not be bundled in beams .
B.) Bundle bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties .
C.) Group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to three in any one bundle .
D.) Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points
with at least 40 db staggered .

168.))When the ratio of short span to the long span of a slab is less than 0.50 , slab is a:
A.) one-way slab B.) slab on fill C.) two-way slab D.) cantilevered slab

169One-way concrete slab are used when :

A.) the slab is being supported by two parallel beams
B.) the slab has no cantilevered portion
C.) the concrete slab is reinforced on the near bottom side
D.) the concrete slab is sloping to all the side

[Link] symbol is used for a square groove weld ?

A.) B.) C.) D.)