TECHNICAL SEMINAR

ON OPTICAL MOUSE

(AFFILIATED TO JNTU, HYDERABAD AND APPROVED

BY AICTE,NEW DELHI)

PATELGUDA (V),AMEENPUR(MA),
SANGAREDDY(DT)-502319

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE BY

DEPARTMENT
Swarnalatha [Link]
 TECHNICAL SEMINAR
ON OPTICAL MOUSE

(AFFILIATED TO JNTU, HYDERABAD

AND APPROVED BY AICTE,NEW

DELHI)

PATELGUDA (V),AMEENPUR(MA),
SANGAREDDY(DT)-502319

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering

Name:-D. Sri Sai Priyanka

RollNo:-18C71A0516
5. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G
5.1 HARDWARE OF 5G
5.2 SOFTWARE OF 5G

6. FEATURES, ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

FEATURES
ADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS

[Link]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ABSTRACT

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly

helped me in the seminar on “5G Technology”.
I would like to express my gratefulness to ........................, who has given
me the opportunity to carry out this seminar.
Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral
support

Student Name
 CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION TO 5G
TECHNOLOGY

The world has seen a lot of changes in the realm of communication. Today
we no more use landlines. Everyone possesses a mobile phone that functions
24X7. Our handsets not only keep us connected with the world at large but
also serve the purpose of entertainment gadget. From 1G to 2.5G and from
3G to 5G this world of telecommunications has seen a number of
improvements along with improved performance with every passing day.
The 5th generation is envisaged to be a complete network for wireless
mobile internet, which has the capability to offer services for accommodating
the application potential requirements without suffering the quality. The
ultimate goal of 5G is to design a real wireless world, that is free from
obstacles of the earlier generations.
5G technology will change the manner in which cellular plans are
offered worldwide. A new revolution is about to begin. The global cell phone
is around the corner. The global mobile phone will hit the localities who can
call and access from one country to another’s local phone with this new
technology. The way in which people are communicating will altogether
upgrade. The utilization of this gadget will surely move a step ahead with
improved and accessible connectivity around the world. Your office will
shrink into your handset with this cell phone that is going to resemble PDA
(personal digital assistant) of twenty first century.

5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best

technologies and offer priceless handset to their customers. May be in
coming days 5G technology takes over the world market. 5G Technologies
have an extraordinary capability to support Software and Consultancy. The
Router and
switch technology used in 5G network providing high connectivity. The 5G
technology distributes internet access to nodes within the building and can
be deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections. The
current trend of 5G technology has a glowing future.

1. DEFINITION
5G Wireless System is a complete wireless communication with almost no
limitation; somehow people called it REAL wireless world. But till present
day 5G wireless system concept is only theory and not real, so it is not
applicable for use.
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems)
is a technology used in research papers and projects to denote the next major
phase of mobile telecommunication standards beyond 4G. 5G is not
officially used for any specification or official document yet made public by
telecommunication companies or standardization bodies. New standard
releases beyond 4G are in progress by standardization bodies, but are at this
time not considered as new mobile generations but under the 4G umbrella.
The implementation of standards under a 5G umbrella would likely be
around the year of 2020.

2. PROPERTIES
➢
Worldwide cellular phone : Phone calls in any country can be done
easily like a local phone call.

➢
Extraordinary data capabilities : Data capabilities of the 5G system is
much more higher than other generation so you can store more number
of data with less problem in storing them.
➢
High connectivity : Connectivity speed of 5G is almost 25 Mbps.

➢
More power & features in hand held phones : You'll have all features of
PDA & laptops in your mobile phone, which makes it more powerful.

➢
Large phone memory, more dialing speed, more clarity in audio & video
 [Link]

CHAPTER – 2
EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G

ST
1. 1 GENERATION
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An analog or
analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature
(variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity),
voice-only cellular telephone standard, developed in the 1980s. The prominent
ones among 1G system were advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), Nordic
mobile telephone (NMT), and total access communication system (TACS).

Fig. 1G Mobile
• Developed in 1980s & completed in early 1990s
• Based on analog system
• Speed up to 2.4 kbps
• AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched by the US & it
 [Link]

was the 1G mobile system

• Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country

ND
2. 2 GENERATION
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology.
Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched
on the GSM standard in Finland in 1991. 2G network allows for much greater
penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone
networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and
MMS (Multi Media Messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology
holds sufficient security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages
are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in
such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access
(TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the
division of signal into time slots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to
communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different TDMA technologies
are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM (Global
system for mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the
mobile technologies. GSM technology was the first one to help establish
international roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile
phone connections in many different countries of the world’s is based on digital
signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to transfer analogue signals.
GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message
services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy
way to send a message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This
 [Link]

technology is beneficial to both the network operators and the ultimate users
at the same time.
In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very
reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from
a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to reach it. While a
call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that of a 2G
handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having
a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular
curve. As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset
would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2G handset would
fail completely.

Fig. 2G Mobile

Developed in late 1980s & completed in late 1990s

• Based on digital system
• Speed up to 64 kbps
• Services such are digital voice & SMS with more clarity
• Semi global facility
 [Link]

2G are the handsets we are using today, with 2.5G having more
capabilities

2. 3RD GENERATION
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known
as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and
mobile telecommunications services fulfilling specifications by the
International Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G technology is also
able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at better and increased
bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced services to
mobile users. The spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G
technologies. Spectral efficiency is the measurement of rate of information
transfer over any communication system. 3G is also known as IMT-2000.

Fig. 3G Mobile

• Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s until present day

• In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer

networking (WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices
area (cell phone and GPS)
• Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps
• Superior voice quality
• Good clarity in video conference
 [Link]

• Data are sent through technology called packet switching

• Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching

• Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, E-mail, PDA,

information surfing, on-line shopping/ banking, Multi Media
Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc.
• Global roaming

4. 4TH GENERATION
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a
successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The fourth generation (4G) is
a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address future needs of a
high speed wireless network that can transmit multimedia and data to and
interface with wire-line backbone network perfectly just raised in 2002. The
speeds of 4G can theoretically be promised up to 1Gbps.

Some of the applications of 4G are:

I. Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the
subscriber's phone where it can be watched.
II. Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's
phone.
III. Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
IV. Tele-medicine – a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the
potentially isolated subscriber.
V. Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or
traffic conditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to
find nearby businesses or friends.

VI. Mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier

transmission.
VII. Mobile WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access).
 [Link]

Fig. 4G Mobile

• Developed in 2010
• Faster & more reliable
• Speed up to 100 Mbps
• Both cellular and broadband multimedia services everywhere
• High performance
• Easy global roaming
• Low cost

5. 5TH GENERATION
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology
has changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User
never experienced ever before such a high value technology. The 5G
technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G
technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.

The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell
phones is stunning. 5G technologies which are on hand held phone offering
more power and features than at least 1000 lunar modules. A user can also
hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband

internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video

 [Link]

player, large phone memory, dialling speed, audio player and much more
you never imagine.

Fig. 5G Mobile

Next major phase of mobile telecommunication & wireless system

10 times more capacity than others
Expected speed up to 1 Gbps
More faster & reliable than 4G
Lower cost than previous generations

6. COMPARISION OF ALL GENERATION

6.1. Comparision in Tabular Form

Generation 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

Features
Years 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Data 2 kbps 64 kbps 2 Mbps 200 Mbps 1 Gbps
Bandwidth
Standards AMPS TDMA, WCDMA Single unified Single unified
CDMA, standard standard
 [Link]

GSM, GPRS
Technology Analog Digital Broadband Unified IP & Unified IP &
cellular cellular with CDMA, seamless seamless
IP combination combination
technology of of
broadband, broadband,
LAN, WAN LAN, WAN,
& WLAN WLAN &
WWWW
Services Mobile Digital voice, Integrated Dynamic Dynamic
technology SMS, Higher high quality information information
(Voice) Capacity audio, video access, access,
packetized & data wearable wearable
Devices Devices with
AI
capabilities
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA CDMA
CDMA
Switching Circuit Circuit & Packet All packet All packet
Packet

Core PSTN PSTN Packet Internet Internet

Network network
Handoff Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal & Horizontal &
Vertical Vertical

6.2. Symbols
→ WWWW: A World Wide Wireless Web is capable of supporting a
comprehensive wireless-based Web application that includes full
graphics and multimedia capability at beyond 4G speeds.

→ WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing allows many

independent signals to be transmitted simultaneously on one fiber
with each signal located at a different wavelength. Routing and
detection of these signals require devices that are wavelength
selective, allowing for the transmission, recovery, or routing of
 [Link]

specific wavelengths in photonic networks.

→ WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband digital

radio communications of multimedia and other capacity demanding
applications.

→ PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice

telephone network.

→ Spread Spectrum: It is a form of wireless communication in which

the frequency of the transmitted signal is deliberately varied over a
wide range. This results in a higher bandwidth of the signal than the
one without varied frequency.

→ TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for sharing

a medium by several users by dividing into different time slots
transmitting at the same frequency.

→ UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third

generation mobile telephone standard in Europe.

→ WAP: Wireless Application Protocol defines the use of TCP/IP and

Web browsing for mobile systems.

→ DAWN: Advanced technologies including smart antenna and

flexible modulation are keys to optimize this wireless version of
reconfigurable ad hoc networks.

6.3. Summary in Tabular Form

Generation 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Years 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Keywords Analog Digital Global world High data High data
personal standards rates rates

High mobility High mobility

 [Link]

IP Based IP Based
Systems Analog Digital 3G cellular 4G cellular 5G cellular
cellular cellular
Max data Broadband Min data rate:
Analog Digital rate: 2 Mbps access 20-100 Mbps
cordless cordless
Min data rate:
Mobile 2-20 Mbps
Satellite
 [Link]

CHAPTER – 3
KEY CONCEPT

➢
Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone
issues.

➢
Wearable devices with AI (Artificial Intelligence) capabilities.

➢
Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), where a visiting care-of mobile IP
address is assigned according to location and connected network.

➢
One unified global standard.

➢
Dynamic Ad hoc Wireless Networks (DAWN), essentially identical to
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET), Wireless mesh network (WMN) or
wireless grids, combined with smart antennas, cooperative diversity and
flexible modulation.

➢
User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network concept instead
of operator-initiated (as in 1G) or system developer initiated (as in 2G,
3G and 4G) standards.

➢
World Wide wireless web (WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wireless-
based web applications that include full multimedia capability beyond
4G speeds.
 [Link]

➢
Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing: The user can
simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and
seamlessly move between them (See Media independent handover or
vertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by future
4G releases). These access technologies can be a 2.5G, 3G, 4G or 5G
mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN or any other future access technology.
In 5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data
transfer paths.

➢
Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allowing
Different radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently by
Adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission
scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the
spectrum. This dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a
distributed fashion, and relies on software defined radio.

➢
High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) systems.

➢
Group cooperative relay: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is to make
the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell,
especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations.
In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular repeaters and
macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, as
well as by beam division multiple access (BDMA).
 [Link]

CHAPTER – 4
ARCHITECTURE OF 5G

1. TERMINAL DESIGN

Fig. Mobile Terminal Design of 5G

 [Link]

2. COMPARISION WITH OSI MODEL

Let us compare the protocol stack of 5G wireless with the OSI Model using the
fig. below.

Fig. Comparision with OSI Model

3. OPEN WIRELESS ARCHITECTURE (OWA)

Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA

OSI layer 1 i.e. Physical layer & OSI layer 2 i.e. Data link layer define
the wireless technology.

For these two layers the 5G mobile network is likely to be based

on Open Wireless Architecture (OWA)

24
 [Link]

4. NETWORK LAYER
• All mobile networks will use mobile IP.
• Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent).

• A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless networks at

the same time.
• The fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phones.
• Separation of network layer into two sub-layers:
(i) Lower network layer (for each interface)
(ii) Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal)

Fig. Network layer of 5G wireless

5. OPEN TRANSPORT PROTOCOL (OTP)

Transport layer + Session layer = OTP

• Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the transport

layer.

• In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to
network congestion.
• In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio interface.

• 5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is possible to be

downloaded & installed which is based on Open Transport Protocol.
 [Link]

6. APPLICATION LAYER
Presentation layer + Application layer = Application layer (5G)

• Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service) management over variety

of networks.

• Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage of measurement

information in information database in the mobile terminal.
• Select the best wireless connection for given services.

• QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability, will be stored in
DB (Database) of 5G mobile.

7. FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE
Below figure shows the system model that proposes design of network
architecture for 5G mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and
mobile networks interoperability. The system consists of a user terminal (which
has a crucial role in the new architecture) and a number of independent,
autonomous radio access technologies. Within each of the terminals, each of the
radio access technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world.
However, there should be different radio interface for each Radio Access
Technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal. For an example, if we want to have
access to four different RATs, we need to have four different access - specific
interfaces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them active at the same time,
with aim to have this architecture to be functional applications and servers
somewhere on the Internet. Routing of packets should be carried out in
accordance with established policies of the user.
 [Link]

Fig. Functional Architecture of 5G Wireless

Application connections are realized between clients and servers in the

Internet via sockets. Internet sockets are endpoints for data communication
flows. Each socket of the web is a unified and unique combination of local IP
address and appropriate local transport communications port, target IP address
and target appropriate communication port, and type of transport protocol.
Considering that, the establishment of communication from end-to-end between
the client and server using the Internet protocol is necessary to raise the
appropriate Internet socket uniquely determined by the application of the client
and the server. This means that in case of interoperability between
heterogeneous networks and for the vertical handover between the respective
radio technologies, the local IP address and destination IP address should be
fixed and unchanged. Fixing of these two parameters should ensure handover
transparency to the Internet connection end-to-end, when there is a mobile user
at least on one end of such connection. In order to preserve the proper layout of
the packets and to reduce or prevent packets losses, routing to the target
destination and vice versa should be uniquely and using the same path. Each
radio access technology that is available to the user in achieving connectivity
with the relevant radio access is presented with appropriate IP interface. Each IP
interface in the terminal is characterized by its IP address and net mask
 [Link]

Fig. protocol layout for the elements of the proposed architecture of 5G

and parameters associated with the routing of IP packets across the network. In
regular inter-system handover the change of access technology (i.e., vertical
handover) would mean changing the local IP address. Then, change of any of
the parameters of the socket means and change of the socket, that is, closing the
socket and opening a new one. This means, ending the connection and starting
e new one. This approach is not-flexible, and it is based on today’s
Internet communication. In order to solve this deficiency we propose a new level
that will take care of the abstraction levels of network access technologies to
higher layers of the protocol stack. This layer is crucial in the new architecture.
To enable the functions of the applied transparency and control or direct routing
of packets through the most appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed
architecture we introduce a control system in the functional architecture of the
networks, which works in complete coordination with the user terminal and
provides a network abstraction functions and
 [Link]

routing of packets based on defined policies. At the same time this control
system is an essential element through which it can determine the quality of
service for each transmission technology. He is on the Internet side of the
proposed architecture, and as such represents an ideal system to test the
qualitative characteristics of the access technologies, as well as to obtain a
realistic picture regarding the quality that can be expected from applications of
the user towards a given server in Internet (or peer). Protocol setup of the new
levels within the existing protocol stack, which form the proposed architecture,
is presented in Figure (Protocol Layout for the Elements of the Proposed
Architecture). The network abstraction level would be provided by creating IP
tunnels over IP interfaces obtained by connection to the terminal via the access
technologies available to the terminal (i.e., mobile user). In fact, the tunnels
would be established between the user terminal and control system named here
as Policy Router, which performs routing based on given policies. In this way
the client side will create an appropriate number of tunnels connected to the
number of radio access technologies, and the client will only set a local IP
address which will be formed with sockets Internet communication of client
applications with Internet servers. The way IP packets are routed through
tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel, would be served by policies whose rules
will be exchanged via the virtual network layer protocol. This way we achieve
the required abstraction of the network to the client applications at the mobile
terminal. The process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing
based on the policies, are carried out immediately after the establishment of IP
connectivity across the radio access technology, and it is initiated from the
mobile terminal Virtual Network-level Protocol. Establishing tunnel
connections as well as maintaining them represents basic functionality of the
virtual network level (or network level of abstraction).
 [Link]

CHAPTER – 5
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G

1. HARDWARE OF 5G

• It uses UWB (Ultra Wide Band) networks with higher BW at low

energy levels.

• This BW is of 4000 Mbps, which is 400 times faster than today’s

wireless networks.

• It uses smart antenna either Switched Beam Antennas or Adaptive Array

Antennas.
• It uses CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).

2. SOFTWARE OF 5G

• 5G will be single unified standard of different wireless networks,

including LAN technologies, LAN/WAN, WWWW- World Wide
Wireless Web, unified IP & seamless combination of broadband.

• Software defined radio, Packet layer, Implementation of Packets,

Encryption, Flexibility, Anti-Virus.
 [Link]

CHAPTER – 6
FEATURES, ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

1. FEATURES
➢
5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi-
directional large bandwidth shaping.

➢
The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more
attractive and effective.

➢
5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast
action.

➢
The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid
error.

➢
5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which
supporting almost 65,000 connections.

➢
5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled
consistency.

➢
The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.

➢
Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get
better and fast solution.
 [Link]

➢
The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.

➢
The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.

➢
The 5G technology also support virtual private network.

➢
The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of business
prospect.

➢
The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the
peak.

➢
The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available
connectivity just about the world.

6.2 ADVANTAGES
➢
5G provides data bandwidth of 1 Gbps or higher.

➢
5G is globally accessible.

➢
5G provides dynamic information access beneficial to domestic user.

➢
5G is available at low cost.

6.3 APPLICATIONS
➢
Wearable device with AI capabilities.

➢
Pervasive (Global) networks.
 [Link]

➢
Media independent handover.

➢
Radio resource management.

➢
High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station (HAPS) systems.

➢
VoIP (Voice over IP) enabled device.

➢ th
With 6 sense technology.

33
 [Link]

CHAPTER – 7
CONCLUSION

➢
3G- Operator Centric,
4G- Service Centric whereas
5G- User Centric

➢
We have proposed 5G wireless concept designed as an open platform on
different layers.

➢
A new revolution of 5G technology is going to give tough completion to
normal computer and laptops whose marketplace value will be effected.

➢
The new coming 5G technology is available in the market in affordable
rates, high peak future and much reliability than its preceding
technologies.

➢
This technology helps to promotes stronger links between people
working in different fields creating future concepts of mobile
communication , internet services , cloud computing , all pie network ,
and nanotechnology.
 [Link]

References

[1] [Link]/wiki/5G
[2] [Link]
[3] [Link]

35