2018-DSE BIO PAPER 2 HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AND ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY HONG KONG DIPLOMA OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION 2018 BIOLOGY PAPER 2 11:45 am ~ 12:45 pm (1 hour) This paper must be answered in English INSTRUCTIONS (1) There are FOUR sections, A, B, C and D in this Paper. Attempt ALL questions in any TWO sections, (2) Write your answers in the Answer Book DSE (C) provided. Start each question (not part of a question) on a new page. (3) Present your answers in paragraphs wherever appropriate. (4) Illustrate your answers with diagrams wherever appropriate, (5) The diagrams in this paper are NOT necessarily drawn to scale. OFHTRRFAH RMN Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority All Rights Reserved 2018 Not to be taken away before the end of the examination session 2018-DSE-BIO 2-1 1SECTION A Human Physiology: Regulation and Control Answer ALL parts of the question. 1(@) Ina study of the effect of consuming different liquids on urine production, three groups of healthy persons were asked to follow the same pattern of physical activity and dietary intake, After that, Group A consumed 1300 mL alcoholic beverage, Group B consumed 1500 mL. water and Group C did not consume any liquid. Their urine was collected and its volume measured at 60-minute intervals over a period of 240 minutes. The results are shown in the graph below: Key: ——— Group A: each person consumed a 1500 ml. alcoholic beverage ~ Group B: each person consumed 1500 mL water 1+ Group C: did not consume any liquid 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 ‘Average volume of urine collected (mL) 100 0 x 0 720 180 240 liquid consumption ‘Time (min) () With reference to the hormonal control of osmoregulation, explein why Group C had a much lower average volume of urine produced than Group A and Group B. (S marks) Gi) (@) With reference to the results of Group A and Group B, what is the overall effect of consuming alcoholic beverages on urine production? (1 mark) (2) Based on (il) (1), deduce one possible effect of alcohol on the hormonal control of osmoregulation. (i mark) Gil) Explain why the participants should avoid doing vigorous physical activity during the study. (@ marks) 2018-DSE-BIO2-2 21(b) Nowadays, many weather forecast apps list ‘rea feel’ temperature in addition to air temperature. The real feel temperature is the temperature which takes into account multiple factors influencing the effectiveness ‘of heat loss fiom the human body. The higher the effectiveness, the lower is the real feel temperature, The table below shows the real feel temperatures at different air temperatures and relative humidities (other environmental conditions remain the same): Air temperature (°C) 0 50 60 70 30. 90 100. Relative humidity ) ‘Note: Real feel temperatures are highlighted in grey. (i) Describe the effect of relative humidity on the real feel temperature, Explain this phenomenon with reference to the effectiveness of heat loss from the body. @ marks) (i) How does the effect described in () change at higher air temperatures? Explain this phenomenon ‘with reference tothe effectiveness of heat loss from the body. G marks) Gi) Other than relative humidity and air temperature, suggest two environmental factors that may affect the real feel temperature. Explain your answer. (4 marks) (iv) People who are engaged in outdoor work or activities are advised to drink plenty of water when the Hong Kong Observatory issues the Very Hot Weather Waring. Based on your biological knowledge, suggest an explanation for this advice, (mark) 2018-DSE-BIO 2-3 3 Goontotheneitpage ‘>SECTIONB Applied Ecology ‘Answer ALL parts of the question 2{@) (The concentrations of copper and cadmium per unit biomass in marine phytoplankton and its consumer, filte-feeding bivalves, were determined in a study. Their concentrations are shown in the table below: Copper (arbitrary unit) | Cadmium (arbitrary wnit) Concentration in phytoplankton (Cp) 20 0.6 ‘Concentration in bivatve (Cd) 16 12 [cb/Gp Ratio 08 2 (Q) Calculate the Cb/Cp ratio for cadmium. (mark) (2) Whats the implication of a CivCp ratio greater than 1? (mark) G) Compare the Cb/Cp ratios for copper and cadmium. List two possible reasons for the difference. @ marks) (ii) Briefly describe an experiment to study the effect of different concentrations of cadmium on the mortality of bivalves, G marks) (Git) Cadmium in rechargeable batteries is one ofthe sources of c2dmium pollution in the environment Suggest two possible ways to reduce such pollution. @ marks) 2018-DSE-BIO 2-4 420) Invertebrates that live on, in and near the seabed are important components of the coastal ecosystem. These invertebrates feed on organic matter. The diagram below shows the effects of jreasing amounts of ‘organic pollutants from household sewage on the invertebrate community in a harbour in terms of the umber of species, abundance (total number of organisms) and total biomass: a w Gil) Gy) Species, abundance and biomass (arbiteary unit) number of abundance ‘Amount of organic pollutants Explain why the invertebrate community expands when the amount of organic pollutants inereases at Stage A. (2 marks) It is found that the proportion of larger invertebrates in the community declines in Stage B as the amount of organic pollutants continues to increase. (1) With reference to the graph, give evidence to support the above statement. G marks) @) Suggest why the increase in the amount of organic pollutants will lead to a decline in the proportion of larger invertebrates in the community at Stage B. G marks) Although the abundance and biomass of invertebrates continues to increase at Stage C, the ‘community is deteriorating. State a piece of evidence from the graph to support this statement. (1 mark) Suggest one property of the dominant species in the invertebrate community at Stage C. (1 mark) 2018-DSE-BIO 2-5 5 Goontothenetpage >SECTION C Microorganisms and Humans ‘Answer ALL parts of the question. 3@) ‘Trillions of microorganisms live in the human intestine, Most of them are non-pathogenic and play an important role in many functions in the human body, including food digestion, defence against pathogens ‘and vitamin production. wa Gi) What is the ecological relationship between humans and these microorganisms in the intestine? Explain your answer. (@ marks) ‘According to the World Health Oxganization, probiotics are microorganisms that confer health benefits on humans. However, a large amount of probiotics has to be ingested so that a sufficient number can survive gastric digestion and reach the intestine (0) _Youare given a flask of cultured probiotic bacteria and a 37°C incubator. In order to design fan investigation to estimate the number of probiotic bacteria that can survive gastric digestion, suggest two other pieces of information that are required to simulate, in a laboratory setting, the physiological conditions in the stomach. ‘@ marks) (2) Describe how you can estimate the number of living probiotic bacteria at the end of the experiment. (4 marks) (3) It is believed that patients who have completed course of antibiotic treatment should consume food that contains probiotics, Suggest why this may protect patients from infection. (G-marks) 2018-DSE-BIO2-6 63(b) _Anexperiment was conducted to study the effects of compounds X and ¥ on the growth of a fungal colony. Paper discs with different dosages of compound X or Y were placed on nutrient ager plates previously inoculated with a fungal colony. The appearance of the fungal colony at the beginning of the experiment and after three days are shown in the diagrams below: At the beginning After three days Plate paper dise with water uy Li fungal colony paper disc with 5 eX paper dise with 20 ug X fi Gy ~ paper dise with 10 ng X Plate I paper dise ‘with water CQ We & ~ paper dise with 5 ue Y paper dise with 20 ug ¥ ty Wi paper disc with 10 ug ¥ @ —_ Deseribe the effects of compounds X and ¥ on the growth of this fungus. (B marks) (Im another experiment, the fungus was incubated for 1 hour with compound X or Y. After that, a ‘green fluorescent dye which cannot pass through cell membranes was added. Green fluorescence stained the nuclei of the fungal cells exposed to compound X while no fluorescence was detected in fungal cells exposed to compound Y. (2) With reference to the results, suggest the possible action of compound X on the fungus. (2 marks) (2) Based on your answer in (1), suggest why clear zones were present in plate I after three days as shown in the diagram above, (2 marks) (iii) Aseptic technique should be used during the inoculation of the fungus on the agar plate. Explain the importance of this. (mark) (iv) This fungus occurs commonly in air and grows on our household goods. Suggest one possible daily use of compound X in our household products. (1 mark) 2018-DSE-BIO2-7 7 Gaontothenentpage ‘>This page is blank. 2018-DSE-BIO 2-8 8SECTION D Biotechnology ‘Answer ALL parts of the question. 4(@) (Sohn suffers from a genetic disorder that leads to difficulty in blood clotting. One way to treat John is infusing blood. Give tivo disadvantages of this treatment @ marks) (ii) Twas found that John’s problem is caused by a defective gene that fails to produce a certain liver protein for blood clotting, Scientists have proposed gene therapy to treat this genetic disorder. The diagram below shows two possible gene therapy approaches: Approach 1 Approach It viral vectors transfer the normal gene into liver stem. obtain liver cells outside the body stem cells S_KY introduce a viral vector into the body to transfer the normal gene into liver cells cculture and select liver stem cells containing the normal gene, then transplant them back to the patient (1) Explain why stem cells should be used for the gene therapy in Approach {l, (2 marks) 2) With reference to the information in the diagram, explain why Approach IL is a better option in terms of the potential hazards of gene therapy to John. (4 marks) 2018-DSE-BIO 2-9 9 Goontothenadpage >4(0) The diagram below shows the change in temperature during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle: 100 stage 1 sof sot} Ss whe Stage Il f 60 Stage t_/ 2 30 é é& wh > ‘Time (min) () Which stage corresponds to DNA denaturation? Explain your answer. (3 marks) Gi) Mary planned to amplify a fragment of DNA using PCR. The following diagram shows the annealing of primers during PCR. ‘The sequence of DNA strand X is shown below and the ‘corresponding sequences of regions f and II are highlighted: region I region IT ise — ST —— DNA extension primer I primer _DNAxtension oe» ST ‘Sequence of DNA strand X: no. of bases TGGCGCTGGG CGCAATGCGC GCCATTACCG AGTCCGGGCT GCGCGTTGGT 50 acccatarcr [GGGIAGIOGS STACEACGAT] ACCGAAGACA GCTCATGTTA 100 TATCCCGCCG TTAACCACCA TCAAACAGGA TITTCGCCTG CTGGGGCAAA 150, COAGCGIGGA CCGCTTGCTE CAACTCTCTE AGGGCCAGGC GETGAAGGGC 200 AATCAGCTGT TGCCCGTCTC ACTGGTGAAA AGAAAACCA CCCTGGCGCC 250 CAATACGCAA ACCGCCTCTC CCCGCGCGTT GGCCGATICA TTAATGCAGC 300 TGGCACGACA GGTITCCCGA CTGGAAAGCG GGCAGTGAGC GCAACGCAAT 350 TAATGIGAGT TAGCTCACTC ATTAGGCACC CCAGGCTTTA CACTTTATGC — 400 region I TTCGGCTCG TATGTTGTGT [GGAATTGTGA GCGGATAACA ] ATTTCACACA 450 2018-DSE-BIO 2-10 10Mary designed the following primers forthe PCR: Primer: CGGUAGUGGG avaccaccau DNAsxteasion Primer: CCTTAACACT CGccTaTTGT PNAsxtension 2) There is one type of mistake in each primer. Write the correct primers to be used. (2 marks) (2) What is the predicted size (in terms of number of base pairs) of the PCR product? (1 mark) (iii) Mary used the following plasmid as a vector to carry the PCR product to transform bacteria, The plasmid contained: @) an ampicillin resistance gene; (1) aZ gene encoding an enzyme that converts substance X to blue compounds; (AI) some restriction sites within the Z gene ampicillin resistance gene restriction sites Zgone After the transformation of the bacteria, Mary grew the bacteria on agar plates containing both ampicillin and substance X. Blue and white bacterial colonies were formed. (1) What is the purpose of adding ampicillin to the agar plates? Explain your answer. (2 marks) (2) Explain which type of colony (blue or white) contains non-recombinant plasmids, ic. without DNA insert (4 marks) END OF PAPER, Sources of materials used in this paper will be acknowledged in the booklet HKDSE Question Papers published by the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority at later stage, 2018-DSE-BIO 2-11 ul