A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

ALGEBRA

1.
a = log5 35 = log 5 ( 5 × 7 ) = 1 + log 5 7 ,
log 5 7 = a − 1

log 5 35 a a
b = log 9 35 = = log 5 3 =
log 5 9 2 log 5 3 , 2b

a 1
log 5 21 = log5 7 + log 5 3 = a − 1 + = ( 2 ab − 2 b + a )
2b 2b

2.
log a b + 3 log a c = 8 , x3
3 log a b + 9 log a c = 24

3 log a b + 2 log a c = 10

So,
7log a b = 14 , log a b = 2 , 2 + 3log a c = 8 , loga c = 2

1 1
log a √bc = ( log a b + log a c ) = ( 2 + 2 ) = 2
2 2
th n
3. d = In ( 33 ) − In ( 32 ) = In3 , a = In3 so n − term is l = a + (n − 1) d thus l = In3 + ( n − 1 ) In3 = In3
n n
S n = ( In 3 + nIn 3 ) = ( n + 1 ) In 3
2 2

4. ( x − 2 ) 2 > 9 ( 2 x + 1 )2 , x 2 − 4 x + 4 > 9 ( 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 ) , 7 x 2 + 8 x + 1 < 0

( 7 x + 1 )( x + 1 ) < 0

1 1
x < − 1 −1 < x < − x>−
7 7
(7 x + 1) − − +
( x + 1) − + + 1
−1 < x < −
sign + − + solution 7 .

x+1 1
− ≤0
5. 2x − 3 x −3 ,

2
x −2x −3 −2x +3 x (x − 4 )
≤0 ≤0
( 2x −3 )( x − 3 ) , ( 2 x −3 )( x − 3 )

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
3 3
x<0 0<x< < x<3 3<x<4 x>4
2 2
+
x − + + +
+
x−4 − − − −
+
2x − 3 − − + +
+
x−3 − − − + 3
0≤x< , 3< x≤4
+ − + − + Solution: 2

6.
( 5
1 − 5 x − 2 x 2 = −2 x 2 + x −
2
1
2 )

4 (( )
5 2 1 25
= −2 x + − −
2 16 ) (( ) )
= −2 x +
5 2 33
4
−
16

( )
2
33 5 33
= −2 x +
8 4 , hence the max is 8 .

7. Let √ 23 − 4 √ 15 =±( √ x − √ y ) , 23 − 4 √15 = x + y − 2 √ xy

60
x= 2
x + y = 23 , xy = 60 , thus y y − 23 y + 60 = 0 ,
( y − 3 )( y − 20 ) = 0 , so, y = 3, y = 20 and x = 20, x = 3

√ 23 − 4 √ 15 =±( 2 √5 − √ 3)
a+b
8. arithmetic mean is 2 , geometric mean is √ ab

( ) ( )
2
16 36 + 12 b + b2
So,
√ ab = ( )
4 a+b
5 2 ,
√6 b =
5 2 ( )
4 6+b
,
6b =
16 6 + b
25 2 ,
6b =
25 4
2 2
2b − 51 b + 72 = 0 , 2b − 3b − 48 b+ 72 = 0 , ( b − 24 )( 2b − 3 ) = 0 thus b = 24

9. p (− 1 ) = 2 (−1 )4 + 7 (−1 )3 + 6 (−1 )2 −a + b = 0 , − a + b =−1 …(i)

3 2
p ' ( x ) = 8 x + 21 x + 12 x + a
3 2
p ' (−1 ) = 8 (−1 ) + 21 (−1 ) − 12 + a = 0 , a =−1 , b =− 2

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
4 3 2
p ( x ) = 2x + 7 x + 6 x − x − 2
2 x 4 + 7 x 3 + 6 x 2 − x − 2 ≡ ( x 2 + 2 x + 1 )( Ax 2 + Bx + C )
2x 4 + 7x 3 + 6 x 2 − x − 2 ≡ Ax 4 + ( B + 2 A ) x3 + ( C + 2B + A ) x 2 + ( 2 C + B ) x + C
A = 2 , C = −2 , B + 4 = 7, B =−3
2
Q ( x ) = 2x − 3 x − 2 = ( 2x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) = 0
1
x = −1, −1, 2, −
Thus the roots are 2
10. Let the remainder be ax +b such that f (x )≡( x +3 )( x−3)Q( x )+ax +b

When x=−3 f (−3 )≡(−3+3 )(−3−3 )Q(3)+−3 a+b=12 , ∴ −3 a+b=12 …..(i)

When x=3, f (3 )≡(3−2 )(3−3 )Q(3 )+3 a+b=0 , ∴ 3 a+b=0 …..(ii)

Thus, a=−2 and b=6 ∴ R( x)=−2 x+6

11. Let the three numbers be a  d , a and a  d .

Thus a  d  a  a  d  27 3a  27 a  9

Hence
a ( a 2  d 2 )  504 since a  9 , we get 81  d 2  56

 d  5 . Hence the required numbers are 4, 9 and 14.

u − v + 2u + 2 v
= 8 3u + v = 8 ( u 2 − v 2 ) = 8 × 1 3u + v =
4
12. ( u + v ) (u − v ) , 6 , 3

( )
2
4 2 4 1 16 1 35
v = 3u − u − 3u − = u2 − 9 u2 + 8u − = − 8 u2 + 8 u − =0
3 , 3 6 , 9 6 , 18

2 2
144 u − 144u + 35 = 0 , 144u − 60u − 84u+ 35 = 0 , ( 12u − 7 )( 12 u − 5 ) = 0

7 5 5 1
u= , v= u= , v =−
12 12 and 12 12

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

{( ( )( )
}
1 1
− − −1

13.
1
√1 + x
= (1 + x )
−
1
2
1
= 1+ − x+
2 ) 2
2!
2
x2 + . . .

x 3 2
=1− + x +...
2 8

( )( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 1 3 1
≈ 1− +

√
1 1 2 4 8 4
x= 1+
For 4 , 4

∴
√ 4 115
≈
5 128 ,
2 115
≈
√5 128 , so
√5 ≈
256
115

n ( n − 1 ) 2 n ( n − 1 )( n − 2 ) 3
( 1 + x )n = 1 + nx + x + x +. . .
14. 2 6

n( n − 1 ) n ( n − 1 )( n − 2 ) n ( n − 1 )
−n= −
2 6 2

n (n − 1) (n − 2)
n ( n − 1) = n + 2
6 , n − 9n + 8 = 0 , ( n − 1 )( n − 8 ) = 0 , n ≠ 1, n = 8

15.
10
Cr( x)
10 − r
( )
2 r
x2
= Ax
,
A = Cr 2 , and ( x )10 − r − 2 r = x 1
10 r

10 × 9 × 8 × 7! 3
A = 10 C3 23 = × 2 = 960
⇒ 10 − 3r = 1 , thus r = 3 7! × 3 × 2 × 1

1 1 1 1 3 2n + 1
+ + +. . .+ 2 = −
16.
3 8 15 n − 1 4 2n ( n + 1 )

1 1 1 1 3 2n + 1
+ + +. ..+ 2 = −
3 8 15 n − 1 4 2n ( n + 1 )
1 3 5 1 11 3 7 11
= − = = − =
For n = 2 , L.H.S =  3 4 12 3 = R.H.S For n = 3 , L.H.S =  24 4 24 24 = R.H.S

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
1 1 1 1 3 2k + 1
+ + +. . .+ 2 = −
For n = k , we have 3 8 15 k − 1 4 2k ( k + 1 )

1 1 1 1 1
+ + +. . .+ 2 +
For n = k + 1 , the L.H.S is 3 8 15 k − 1 ( k + 1 )2 − 1

3 2k + 1 1 3 2k + 1 1
= − + = − +
4 2k ( k + 1 ) ( k + 1 )2 − 1 4 2k ( k + 1 ) k ( k + 2 )

= −
4 k [
3 1 2 k 2 + 5k + 2 − 2k − 2
2( k + 1) ( k + 2) ] 3 1 2k 2 + 3 k
= −
[
4 k 2 ( k + 1 )( k + 2 ) ]
3
= −
[
2k + 3
4 2 ( k + 1) ( k + 2) ] which is true for n=k + 1 for the R.H.S, therefore if its true for
n = 2, 3, . . . , n= k , n = k + 1 then the proof holds for all n≥2 .
z −1 (cos   1)  i sin  (cos   1)  i sin   [( cos θ + 1 ) − isin θ ]
17. L.H.S z+1 = (cos   1)  i sin  = (cos   1)  i sin   . [( cos θ + 1 ) − isin θ ]

cos2 θ − 1 − isin θ cosθ + isin θ + isin θ cosθ + i sinθ + sin2 θ

=
cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + 1 + sin2 θ

θ θ
2 isin cos
2 2
2i sin θ =
θ θ
= 2cos 2 = i tan
2 cosθ + 2 2 2
n n − 12 12
18. We have the term in x
12
is
C 12 ( 2 ) . (3 x )

n n − 11 11
And the term in x
11
is
C 11 ( 2 ) . (3 x)

n n − 12 12 n − 11 11
Equating the coefficients:
C 12 ( 2 ) . ( 3 ) = 4 . n C 11 ( 2 ) . ( 3)

n! n!
.2 (n − 12) .3 = 4. . 2( n − 11 )
Expanding: ( n − 12 ) ! 12 . 11! ( n − 11 ) . ( n − 12 ) !. 11!

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
(n − 9 )
( n − 14 ) 2 1 1 1
2 = 2( n − 14 − n + 9) = =
Simplifying: n − 11 n − 11 , so 8 n − 11 ∴ n = 19

19.
arg ( zz −−2i3 ) = π4 .
arg ( z − 3 ) − arg ( z − 2i ) =
π
4 , for z = x + iy ,

π
arg ( ( x − 3 ) + iy ) − arg ( x + i ( y − 2 ) ) =
4

tan−1 ( x −y 3 ) − tan ( y −x 2 ) = π4
−1

, let
tan−1 ( x −y 3 ) = A , tan ( y −x 2 ) = B
−1

y y −2
−
x−3 x
=1
π
tan ( A − B ) = tan = 1
4 , thus
1+ ( )( )
y
x−3
y−2
x
2 2
xy − xy + 2 x + 3 y − 6 x − 3 x + y − 2 y
=
x ( x − 3) x ( x − 3) ,

2 5 2
2 2
x + y − 5 x − 5 y + 6 = 0 , (x − 2 ) +(y− )
5 26
=
2 4 , thus the locus is a circle with the centre

( )
5 5
, √26
2 2 and radius 2 .

20. Use the polar form: z = r ( cosθ + i sinθ ) where r =|z| , θ = arg z

(
2 2
w = 1 cos π + isin π
3 3 ) ,
w =− + √ i
1
2 2
3

1 √3
(
uw = 2i − + i = −√ 3 − i
2 2 )
u 2i (−1 − √ 3i )
= = √3 − i
w 1
(−1 + √3i )( −1 − √3i )
2
ANALYSIS

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
2 2
dy ( e x + e−x )( e x + e−x ) − ( e x − e− x )( e x − e−x ) dy ( e + e ) ( e x − e−x )
x −x
= = −
dx ( e x + e−x )2 dx ( e x + e−x )2 ( e x + e−x ) 2
21. ,
2 2
dy d y dy d y dy
= 1 − y2 2
= −2 y + 2y =0
dx , dx dx , so dx
2 dx

22.
∫0 √( 4 − x 2 ) dx let x = 2 sin θ , dx = 2 cosθ dθ

π
x = 2, θ =
2 2
∫0 √( 4 − 4 sin2 θ ) ( 2cos θ ) dθ x =0, θ =0
π π π
∫0 2
4 cos θ dθ
2
∫0 2 2 + 2 cos 2θ dθ [ 2θ + sin 2θ ] 0 2 = ( π + sin π ) − ( 0 ) = π

6 −9x 6 − 9x
=
23. 27 x + 8 ( 3 x + 2 ) ( 9 x 2 − 6 x + 4 )
3

6 − 9x A Bx + C
≡ + 2
Let ( 3 x + 2) (9 x2 − 6 x + 4) (3 x + 2) 9 x − 6 x + 4

6 − 9 x = A ( 9 x2 − 6 x + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( 3 x + 2 )
2 o
x : 9 A + 3 B = 0 , x: −6 A + 2B + 3C = −9 , x : 4 A + 2C = 6

Solve to get; A = 1, B = −3, C = 1

6 − 9x 1 −3 x + 1
≡ + 2
( 3 x + 2) (9 x − 6 x + 4) ( 3 x + 2) 9 x − 6 x + 4
2

6 − 9x 1 −3 x + 1
∫ 27 x3 + 8 dx = ∫ 3 x + 2 dx + ∫ 9 x 2 − 6 x + 4 dx
Thus
1
3
(3 x + 2)
1 1 In +c
= In ( 3 x + 2 ) + − In ( 9 x2 − 6 x + 4 ) + c 1
3 6 Or ( 9 x2 − 6 x + 4 ) 6

dy dy dy dx
x
dx
= 1 − y2
( 1 − y 2
)
= x dx ∫ (1 + y ) (1 − y ) = ∫ x
24. , thus

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
1 A B 1 1
≡ + A= , B=
Let ( 1 + y )( 1 − y ) ( 1 + y ) ( 1 − y ) , 1 ≡ A (1 − y ) + B (1 + y ) thus 2 2

1 dy 1 dy dx 1 1
∫ + ∫
2 (1 + y ) 2 (1 − y )
=∫
x 2
In (1 + y ) − In ( 1 − y ) = Inx + C
2
,

1 (1 + y ) 1
In = Inx + C In 1 = In2 + C
2 (1 − y ) , x = 2, y = 0 2 thus C = −In 2
2
1 (1 + y ) (1 + y ) x ( 1 + y ) x2
In = Inx − In 2 In = In =
2 (1 − y ) , (1 − y ) 4 , so (1 − y ) 4
2
x −4
2 2 y= 2
4+4y= x −x y , x +4

dy dv
=v + x
25. Let y = vx , dx dx

(
x2 v + x
dv
dx )
− vx 2 = 3 v 2 x2
,
( v+ x
dv
dx)− v = 3 v2

dv dx 1 x
∫ 3v 2 = ∫ x − = Inx + c − = Inx + c
, 3v , 3y , y=1 , x=1

1 1 x 1
− = In1 + c c =− − = Inx −
3 , thus 3 , 3y 3

26.

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
y
2 x2 =
y = kx , k

h y
v = π∫
h 2
x dy v = π ∫0 dy
0 thus k

[ ] [( ) ]
h
π y2 π h2
v= v= −0
k 2 0 k 2

v= ( )
π 2
2k
h
thus vαh
2

dv dv 2πh πh
A= , = =
dh dh 2 k k , Thus Aαh

dv dv dv dh
= −λ A = . = −λA
dt , dt dh dt

dh dh
A. = − λA = −λ= a constant
dt , so, dt

Thus the depth of water decreases at a constant rate.

∫ dh = −λ ∫ dt , h = −λt + c , for λ = 1
2 ,
1
h = −2 t + c

1
When h = 20m, t = 0 , thus c = 20 h = − 2 t + 20 , for h = 2 , t =36 days

1+
2x √ x 2 + a2 + x
dy 2 √ x 2 + a2 dy √ x 2 + a2 dy 1
= = ∴ =
y = In ( x + √ x + a ), dx x + √ x 2 + a2 dx x + √ x 2 + a2 dx √ x2 + a 2
2 2
27. ,

4 dx d 1
∫0 ( In ( x + √ x 2 + a2 ) ) =
√ x2 + 9 , since dx √ x2 + a 2
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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
4
dx
= [ In ( x + √ x + 9 ) ]
4
⇒∫0 2

√ x2 + 9 0 = ( In 9 − In3 ) = In3

dx
∫ ex − 1 u=e
x x
⇒ du = e dx
28. Let ,

dx du
∫ e x − 1 ∫ u (u − 1 )
 = 

1 A B
≡ +
Let u ( u − 1) u u − 1 ⇒ 1 ≡ A ( u − 1 ) + Bu Solving, A = −1, B = 1

du 1 1
∫ u (u − 1 ) =
∫ u − 1 du + −∫ u du = In ( u − 1 ) − Inu + C
Thus
dx
∫x
∴ e −1 In ( e x − 1 ) − Ine x + C = In ( e x − 1 ) − x + C
=

28.

π 1
V = π ∫0 cos2 x dx
2

π π π
V= ∫ ( 1 + cos x ) dx
2 0
V=
2
[ x + sin x ] π0

2
π π
V = ( ( π + sin π ) − ( 0 ) ) V = cubic units
2 2
dv
π u = x, dx
= sin 3 x

30. ∫0 3
x sin 3 x dx
du
dx
= 1 , v = −3 cos 3 x
1

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

[ ]
π π π
x 1
∫0 3
x sin 3 x dx = − cos3 x
3
3−
∫0 3 − 3 cos3 x dx
0

[ 3 ] [9 ]
π π
x 1
= − cos 3 x − sin 3 x 3 3
0 0

=− ( π9 cosπ − 0) − ( 19 sin π − 19 sin 0)  

=
π
9
4π
1 x 2t
∫π 3
x
dx
sin = 1 1 1
31.
sin
2 Let
2 1 + t 2 , t = tan 4 x , dt = 4 sec 2 4 xdx

√3 1 4 dt
∫1 .
( )
4π
2t 1 + t2 x=3 , t =1
1 + t2 x = π , t = √3
√3 1
2∫ 1 dt = 2 [ Int ] √1 3
t 2 ( In √3 − In1 ) = In3
dy
+ 2 y = e−2 x cos x ∫ 2 dx
32. dx I .F R = e = e2 x

d 2x
( e y ) = e2 x . e−2 x cos x
Thus, dx

∫ d (e 2 x y ) = ∫ cos x dx giving
2x
e y = sin x + c
−2 x −2 x
Thus y=e sin x + Ae
dy dv
=v + x
33. Let y = vx , dx dx

(
x2 v + x
dv
dx )
− vx 2 = 3 v 2 x2
,
( v+ x
dv
dx )
− v = 3 v2

dv dx 1 x
∫ 3 v2 = ∫ x − = Inx + c − = Inx + c
, 3v , 3y , y=1 , x=1

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

1 1 x 1
− = In1 + c c =− − = Inx −
3 , thus 3 , 3y 3

34. dy = ( ydx + xdy ) sec xy

2
dy
dx
= y+x
dy
( 1
dx cos 2 xy )
dy y
= 2 + 2
x dy
dx cos xy cos xy dx
dy
dx
1− 2
(
x
cos xy
= 2
y
cos xy )
(
dy cos2 xy − x
dx cos xy
2
= 2
y
cos xy ) ∴
dy
= 2
y
dx cos xy − x

35. Intercepts: For y = 0, x = −1 , thus (−1 , 0 ) .

dy 3 ( 3 x − x 2 ) − ( 3 x + 3 ) (−2 x + 3 )
= =0
dx ( 3 x − x 2 )2
Turning points:

2 2 2
9x −3x + 6x − 9x + 6x −9 = 0 , 3x +6x − 9 =0 ( x − 1) ( x + 3) = 0

1
y= y =3
x = −3, x = 1 and 3

L x = −3 R L x=1 R

dy + +
− −

Sign of dx

(−3 , 13 ) max ( 1, 3 ) min

As y → ± ∞ , x → 0, x → 3 so, vertical Asymptotes: x =0, x =3

As x →± ∞, y → 0 . y=0 is the horizontal asymptote.

Region table:

x < −1 −1 < x < 0 0< x<3 x >3

x − −
+ +

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
3x+ 3 + + +
−

3−x + + + −

y + −
+ −

TRIGONOMETRY

x
=
2sin (
θ + 105o + θ − 15 o
2 ) (
cos
2 )
θ + 105 o − θ + 15o
+ sin ( θ + 45 o )

2 cos ( ) ( 2 ) + cos (θ + 45 )
y o
θ + 105 + θ − 15 o
θ + 105 − θ + 15 o o
o
cos
36. 2

x 2sin ( θ + 45o ) cos ( 60o ) + sin ( θ + 45 o )

=
y 2 cos ( θ + 45o ) cos ( 60o ) + cos ( θ + 45o )

x 2sin ( θ + 45 o )( cos 60o + 1 )

= = tan ( θ + 45 o )
y 2 cos ( θ + 45 )( cos60 + 1 )
o o

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

37. From the sine rule, a = 2 R sin A , b = 2 R sin B , c = 2 R sin C

a2 + b2 + c 2 4 R2 sin2 A + 4 R2 sin2 B + 4 R2 sin 2 C

=
8 R2 8 R2

1 1
( 1 − cos 2 A ) + ( 1 − cos2 B ) + sin2 C
sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C 2 2
= =
2 2

1
( 2 − 2 cos ( A + B ) cos ( A − B ) ) + 1 − cos2 C
2
=
2 ,
2
( 1 − cos ( A + B ) cos ( A − B ) ) + 1 − cos C
=
2 cos ( A + B ) = cos (180 − C ) = − cosC
( 2 + cos C ( cos ( A − B ) − cos C ) ) ( 2 + cos C ( cos ( A − B ) + cos ( A + B ) ) )
= =
2 2

( 2 + 2 cos C cos A cos (−B ) )

=
2 = 1 + cos A cos B cosC
2y
1 sin 2θ =
38.
y= 2
( a − b ) sin 2 θ
, (a − b )
1 1
x = a 2 ( 1 + cos 2 θ ) + b 2 ( 1 − cos 2θ ) , 2x = ( a + b ) + ( a − b ) cos2 θ

2 x − (a + b )
cos2 θ =
(a − b) ’

2
4 y2 (2 x − ( a + b ))
2
+ =1
Thus ( a − b ) ( a − b )2

2 2 2 2 2 2
4 y + 4 x − 4 x ( a + b ) + a + 2 ab + b = a − 2 ab + b

y 2 + x2 − x ( a + b ) + ab = 0

39.
(
3 1 + tan 2
x
2 ) x
= tan + 5
2

x x x x x
3 tan 2 − tan − 2 = 0 3tan2 − 3 tan + 2 tan − 2 = 0
2 2 , 2 2 2

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

( tan 2x − 1)(3 tan x2 + 2) = 0 x

2
x
tan = 1, = 45 o
2 , ∴ x = 90
o

x 2 x
tan = − , = 146 .31 o o
2 3 2 , ∴ x = 292.62
b c
tan α + tan β = − tan α tan β =
40. a , a

b
−
a −b
tan α + tan β tan ( α + β ) = =
tan ( α + β ) = c ( a − b)
1−
1 − tan α tan β , a

√ √ ( a − b) + b
2 2 2
b
sec ( α + β ) = √ 1 + tan2 ( α + β ) = 1 + =
( a − b )2 (a − b )

41. From L.H.S cos3 x = cos ( 2 x + x ) = cos2 xcos x − sin 2 x sin x

= cos x ( 2 cos2 x − 1 ) − 2cos x ( 1 − cos2 x )

3
= 4 cos x − 3 cos x

Hence, 1 + cos3 x = cos x ( 1 + cos x ) , 1 + 4cos3 x − 3 cos x = cos x ( 1 + cos x )

3 2
4 cos x − cos x − 4 cos x + 1 = 0 , 4 cos x ( cos 2 x − 1 ) − ( cos2 x − 1 ) = 0

1
( cos 2 x − 1 ) ( 4 cos x − 1 ) = 0 , cos x = ± 1 , cos x = 4
o o o o o
x = 0 , 180 , 360 , 75 .5 , 284 .5
42. From the L.H.S

1 1
2 2 ( 1 − cos 2 A ) + ( 1 − cos 2 B ) + sin 2 C
2
sin A + sin B + sin C = 2 2
1
1 − ( cos2 A − cos 2 B ) + ( 1 − cos 2 C )
= 2
1
2 − ( 2 cos ( A + B ) cos ( A − B ) ) − cos 2 C
= 2 , cos( A+B ) = −cosC

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
2
= 2 −( −cosC cos ( A − B ) ) − cos C
= 2 + cos C ( cos ( A−B ) − cos C )

= 2 + cos C ( cos ( A+ B ) + cos ( A− B ) )

= 2 + 2 cos A cos B cosC

−1 −1
43. Let sin x = A , sin A = x , cos x = B , cos B = x

sin ( 2 A + B ) = sin 2 A cos B + cos 2 A sin B

= 2 sin A cos A cos B + sin B ( 1 − 2 sin2 A )

= 2 x 2 √ 1 − x 2 + √1 − x 2 ( 1 − 2x 2 ) = √1 − x 2 ( 2x 2 + 1 − 2x 2) = √1 − x 2

cosec −1 √ = B cosecB = √
1 5 1 5
tan −1 = A tan A =
44. Let 2 , 2 thus 2 and 2 ,

1 2 2 1
sin A = cos A = sin B = cos B =
√5 , √5 , √5 , √5
−1 −1
A − B = cos ( cos ( A − B ) ) A − B = cos ( cos A cos B + sin A sin B )

A − B = cos−1
( 2 1
× +
1
×
2
√5 √ 5 √5 √ 5 ) A − B = cos−1 ()
4
5 as required.

45. ( cos3 x + cos x ) − ( sin 3 x + sin x ) = 0 2cos2x cos x − 2sin 2 xcos x = 0

π
x=
2 cos x ( cos 2 x − sin2 x ) = 0 cos x = 0 , 2

π 5 π 5
2x = , π x= , π
( cos2 x − sin 2 x ) = 0 tan 2 x = 1 , 4 4 , thus 8 8

46. 10 sin x cos x + 12 cos2 x = 5sin 2 x + 12cos2 x

Let 5sin 2 x + 12 cos2 x ≡ R sin 2 xcos α + R cos2 xsin α

12
tan α = o
⇒ 5 = R cos α , 12 = R sin α , thus 5 ∴ α = 67.38

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

R = √5 2 + 122 = 13
5sin 2 x + 12 cos2 x = 13 sin(2 x + 67 .38o ) as required.

10 sin x cos x + 12cos2 x + 7 = 0 , 13 sin(2 x + 67 .38 o ) = −7

o o o o o
2x + 67.38 = 212.59 , 327 . 41 , 2x = 145 .21 , 260 .03
o o
Thus, x = 72.61 , 130 .02
47. From L.H.S:

1
sin 8 θ cosθ − sin 6 θ cos3 θ 2
( sin 9 θ + sin 7 θ ) − 12 ( sin 9 θ + sin 3 θ )
= 1
cos2 θ cosθ − sin 3 θ sin 4 θ 2
( cos 3 θ + cos θ ) + 12 cos 7 θ − cos (−θ )
( )

( sin 9θ + sin 7 θ ) − ( sin 9 θ + sin 3θ ) sin 7 θ − sin 3 θ

= =
( cos3 θ + cosθ ) + ( cos 7 θ − cos θ ) cos7θ + cos3 θ
2 cos 5θ sin 2 θ
=
2cos 5 θ cos 2θ = tan2 θ as R.H.S

GEOMETRY

dx dy
= a secθ tan θ = b sec2 θ
48. x = a secθ , dθ , y = b tan θ , dθ

dy 1 b secθ b
= b sec 2 θ × = =
x = a secθ , dx a secθ tanθ a tan θ a sinθ

−a sin θ
Grad of the normal is b .

y − b tan θ −asin θ
=
Equation of the normal is x − asecθ b
2 2
by − b tanθ = −axsin θ +a sin θ secθ ,

sin θ
by − b2 tanθ = −ax sin θ +a2
cos θ , by + ax sin θ = ( a 2 + b 2 ) tanθ

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

When y = 0,
ax sinθ = ( a + b )
sinθ
2
cosθ
2

,
x=
( a 2 + b 2)
a cos θ so
A ( ( a 2 + b 2)
a cos θ
,0 )
When x = 0 , by = ( a2 + b 2 ) tan θ ,
y=
( a2 + b2 ) tan θ
b so
(
B 0,
( a2 + b2 )
b
tan θ )
sinθ ( a 2 + b 2)
ax sinθ = ( a2 + b2 ) x=
Mid point is When y = 0, cosθ , a cos θ so

M ( ( a2 + b2 ) ( a2 + b2 ) tan θ
2a cos θ
,
2b )
( by 2
) ( )
2
ax by ax
secθ = 2 2 tan θ = 2 2 1+ =
a +b , a +b So locus is
a2 + b2 a2 + b2

c2 dy c2 c2 1
=− 2 =− 2 2 =− 2
y=
49. x , dx x c t t

1
− 2
Hence the gradients of the tangent and normal to the curve are t 2 and t .

c 1
y− = − 2 ( x − ct ) 2
Equation of the tangent is: t t , to get x + t y = 2ct

c
y − = t 2 ( x − ct )
, to get t x − ty = c ( t − 1 )
3 4
Equation of the normal is: t .

2
c
y=
Solve t3 x − ty = c ( t 4 − 1 ) and x simultaneously to get

tc2
t x − = ct 4 − c
3
3 2 2 4
x , t x − tc = ct x − cx
c
3 x = ct , x = −
t x ( x − ct ) + c ( x − ct ) = 0 , thus ( x − ct ) ( t x + c ) = 0 3
so t3

For
x =−
c
t 3
, y = −ct 3
thus the coordinates are
c
Q − 3 , −ct
t
3
( )

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

Equation of the tangent,

2
x + t y = 2ct , when x=0 ,
y=
2c
t thus the coordinates are
R 0,( 2c
t )
The mid point M of PR is
M ( ct2 , 32ct ) and the parametric equations are
x=
ct
2 ,
y=
3c
2t and the
3
xy = c2
cartesian equation is 4 is the locus of the mid point.

5 −2
8 2
|3 7|
3 4 1
= |(10 + 56 + 12 + − 6 ) − (−16 + 6 + 21 + 20 )|
50. 5 −2 2

1 41
A = |72 − 31|= sq units
2 2
2 2 16
−−
3 5
tan θ =| | tan θ =| 15 |

51.
m1 =
2
3 ,
m2 = −
2
5,
2
1+ × −
3 ()( )
2
5 ,
11
15 ,
16
tan θ =| |
11 , θ = 55 . 49o

52.

2 2 2
x + y =r , but x = r cosθ and y = r sinθ

3x
r= 2 2 2
From r = 3cosθ , r , r =3x so x + y =3x is the cartesian equation

dy dy 2a 1
2 2y = 4a =
53. y = 4 ax , dx , dx y at P ( at 2 , 2 at ) , the gradient of the tangent is t , thus the equation
of the normal is −t .

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
y − 2at
= −t 3
Equation of the normal is x − at 2 , to get y + tx = at + 2at

At the x − axis y = 0 , x = at 2 + 2a , thus G ( ( at 2 + at ) , 0 )

For GP = PQ , P is the midpoint of QG , so if Q ( x , y ) , then

x + at 2 + 2 a
at 2 = 2
2 , so x = at − 2a
y +0 y
2 at = t=
2 , y = 4 at thus 4a

( )
2
y
x=a − 2a 2
So the locus is 2a , therefore y = 16a ( x + 2 a ) is the locus.

54. Let C(g, f ) , thus f =3g −1 ….(i)

2 2
Using x + y −2 gx − 2 fy + c = 0

For ( 1, 1 ) , 1 + 1 −2g − 2 f + c = 0 , 2g + 2f − c = 2 ….(ii)

( 2, −1 ) , 4 + 1 −4 g + 2f + c = 0 , 4 g − 2 f − c = 5 ….(iii)

Solving to get
g=
1
10
, f =−
7
10 , thus
C ( 1
,−
10 10
7
)

And √(
r= 1−
1 2
10
+ 1−
−7 2
10 ) (
=
37
10 ) √
( ) ( )
2 2
1 7 37
x− + y+ =
Equation of circle is 10 10 10

ALT:

Let the centre be C ( x , y ) , thus the radius is

√ ( x − 1 )2 + ( y − 1 )2 = √ ( x − 2 )2 + ( y + 1 ) 2
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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
2 2 2 2
x − 2x + 1 + y − 2 y + 1 = x − 4 x + 4 + y + 2 y + 1
1 7
x= , y =−
4 y=2x−3 , Solve with y = 3x − 1 to get 10 10 ,

thus
C( 1
,−
10 10
7
) And
r= 1−
√( 10 ) (
1 2
+ 1−
−7 2
10
=
37
10 ) √
( ) ( )
2 2
1 7 37
x− + y+ =
Equation of circle is 10 10 10

55.

__
y−3 3
PQ = =
Find the eqn of x −6 4 , ⇒ 4 y=3x− 6
__
y −1 4
PS = =−
Find the eqn of x +5 3 , ⇒ 3 y = −4 x − 17 since they are perpendicular.

__ __
Solving the equations PS and PQ simultaneously, we get the coordinates of P as P (− 2, −3 )
__
M ( 2 , 2)
1
Let M be the midpoint of QS , thus the coordinates are .

__
−3 − 2
__ PR = 1
=2
M is also the midpoint of PR , gradient of −2 − 2

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018
y+3
__ =2
∴ Equation of PR : x +2 , giving y = 2x + 1

56. Solve: y +3x =1 and y = 5x −7 , 5 x − 7 + 3 x = 1

To get x = 1, y = −2 thus the coordinates of B ( 1, −2 ) Mid point of BD is ( 3, 4 ) .

AB is parallel to DC so they have the same gradient, m = −3

y − 10
= −3
Equation of DC is x−5 , so y = −3 x + 25

Solve y = −3 x + 25 and y = 5x −7 to get coordinates of C ( 4 , 13 )

The midpoint of BD is equal to the midpoint of AC . So A ( 2 , −5 )

VECTORS

57i)

Let n be the normal vector to PQ and PR .

( ) ( ) ( ) () ( ) ()
→ −2 1 −3 →4 1 3
PQ = 4 − 0 = 4 PR = 2 − 0 = 2
0 −1 1 ,
1 −1 2

()
a
n= b
Let the normal vector be
c , since it is normal to both PQ and PR , then

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

( )()
−3 a
4 . b =0
PQ . n = 0 , 1 c , −3a + 4b + c = 0 …(i)

()()
3 a
2 . b =0
PR . n = 0 , 2 c , 3a + 2b + 2c = 0 …(ii)

Eliminate a ; Eqn (i) +Eqn (ii), 6b + 3c = 0 , c = −2b

2
a= b
Thus −3a + 4b − 2b = 0 , 3

2
a : b : c = b : b : −2b = 2 :3 : −6
The DRN is 3 , n = 2i +3 j−6k

2 × 1 + 3 × 0 + −6 × −1 = d , thus d = 8

The equation of the plane is 2x + 3 y − 6 z = 8

ii)

( ) ( )()
x−3 x−3 2
SN = y − 5 y −5 = 3
z +6 , since SN || n , then z+6 −6 , x = 5, y = 8, z =−12

( ) () √
5 2
ON = 8 SN = 3
Thus
−12 ,
6 so |SN|= 4 + 9 + 36 = 7 units

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

  5  5  10 
     
OA   3  OB  8  AB   5 
 6  1   5
58i) Let   and   then  

 x    5  10 
     
 y    3    5 
z  6    5
Thus       , so
x   5  10 , y  3  5 , z  6  5

2

2 5  10   3  5   46  5   9 , 5

Thus the coordinates are

 1, 5, 4

  1  2 
   
 5  .   1
4 4 9
cos        
ii)
1  25  16 4  1  16 42 21   5.1o

59a) The angle between the line and the plane is equal to the angle between the direction

vector of the line and the normal vector to the plane and is given by
θ=sin−1|
( )
d.n
|d||n|
|

direction vector of the line d = 2i +2j – k

normal vector to the plane n = 2i + 3j + 6k
d .n = 4 + 6 - 6 = 4

|d|=√ 4+4+1=3
|n|=√ 4+9+36=7

Thus
θ=sin−1| ( 3×74 ) |=10 . 98 0

is the required angle.

(b) Vector equation of the line r=− i − 3 j + 4 k + λ (2i + j − 3 k )

Then x=−1+2 λ , y=−3+ λ , z=4−3 λ
Equation of the plane is x – y + 2z = - 5.

Thus −1+2 λ−(−3+ λ ) + 2(4−3 λ )=−5 , ⇒ λ=3

Therefore x = 5, y = 0 , z = -5

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

( 5¿)( 0¿)¿¿
The position vector of the point of intersection is 5i – 5k or ¿
60.
x 1=3+ λ = 4−μ, ⇒ λ+μ=1 ................(i)
y 1=−1+2λ=4+μ, ⇒ 2 λ−μ=5..............(ii)
z1=1−λ=1+2μ, ⇒ λ+2 μ=0 ..................(iii)
Equation (i)−equation (iii) gives μ=−1 ( 5 ¿ )( 3¿ ) ¿ ¿¿
substitute for μ int o equation (iii) gives λ=2 ¿
thus x 1 = 5, y1=3, z1=−1
position vector of the po int of inter sec tion of the two line is 5i = 3 j−k or
¿
Equation of the plane containing the two lines
The normal vector to the plane is perpendicular to the direction vectors of the two lines
Let n = ai + bj +ck be the normal vector to the plane

( a ¿) ( b ¿) ¿ ¿ ¿
Then ¿
( a ¿) ( b ¿) ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
Equation (i ) + equation (ii) gives c=−3b .......................(iii)
combine equation (i ) and equation (iii) gives a=−5b (iv )
Normal component ratio a:b:c=−5b:b−3b
thus n=−5 i+ j−3 k and the equation of the plane is −5 x+ y −3 z=d .
Since point (4, 4, 1) is in the plane then d = 19
∴−5 x+ y−3 x=19 or 5 x− y+3 y +19=0 is the equation of the plane containing the two lines

x−1 y +2 z
= = =λ
61i) Let 3 4 12 , x = 3 λ + 1 , y = 4 λ − 2 , z = 12 λ

( ) ( )
3λ +1− 3 3λ − 2
AP = 4 λ − 2 − 0 AP = 4 λ − 2
12 λ − 1 , thus
12 λ − 1

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

( )( )
3λ−2 3
4λ−2 . 4 = 0
AP . d = 0 , so, 12λ − 1 12

2
∴ λ=
9 λ − 6 + 16 λ − 8 + 144 λ − 12 = 0 , 13

( )( )
6 20
13
−2 − 13
AP =
8
13
24
− 2 = − 13
11
18

|AP|=
√ 2
(−20 )2 + (−18 ) + 112
= √5
13
−1 13 13
, units

ii) 3 x+2 y +z=1 , n = 3i + 2j + k

y−2 z−3 n.d

x−1= = sin θ =
0 3 , d = i + 0j + 3k |n||d| ,

( i + 0j + 3k ) . ( 3i + 2j + k ) 6
= = o
√10 √ 14 √ 140 θ = 30.5

() () ( )
1 3 −2
AP = 2 − 1 = 1
iii)
3 2 1

( )()
−2 a
1 . b =0
let the DRN be a : b : c , thus 1 c ⇒ −2a + b + c = 0

()()
a 1
b . 0 =0
Also n.d=0 , so,
c 3 ⇒ a + 3c = 0 , a = −3c , b = −7c

Thus −3c : −7 c : c = −3 : −7 : 1

()( )
3 −3
r . n = 1 . −7 = −14
2 1

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 A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS SEMINAR SOLUTIONS 2018

Equation is r . (−3i − 7j + k ) = −14

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