Modern Physics Hans C. Ohanian - Apendice2
Modern Physics Hans C. Ohanian - Apendice2
Conversion
Factors
The units for each quantity are listed alphabetically, but the SI unit is always listed
first. All numbers are adapted from 'American National Standard; Metric Practice"
published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1982.
Angle
1 rarlian: 5?.30' :3.438 x'103': *rev:2.063 x 10s"
1 degree O:1.745 x 10-2 radian: 60': 3600" :
I minute of arc (') :2.909 x 10-a radian: #':4.630 "$rev
x 10-5rev:60"
1 revofution (rev): 2n radian: 360" :
2.16O x l}a' :
t'296 x 106"
l second of arc ("):4.848 x 10-6 radian: cu*L" : t' :7'716 x 10*7rev
Length
1 meter (m): 1 x 10104: 100cm: I x 101sfm: 3'281ft: 39'37in':
1 x 10-3 km: 1.057 x 10-16light-lear: I x 106¡rm:
6.214 x 10-ami: 1.094yd
l angstrom (A):1 x l0-rom:1 x 10-8cm:1 x 10sfm:
3.281 x l0-10ft: I x 10-alm
I centimeter (cm): 9.61m : 1 x 10sA: 1 x 1013fm: 3'281 x 10-2ft :
0.3937in. : 1 x 10-skm : 1.057 x 10-t8light-!ear : 1 x 104¡rm
1 fermi(fm): 1 x 10-1sm: 1 x 10-13cm: 1 x 10sA
I foot (ft) : 0.3048 m : 30.48 cm : l}in.: 3.048 x 10s ¡rm :
1.894x t0-ami:áyd
1 inch (in.) : 2.540 x 10-2m : 2.54cm : #ft : 2-54 x lQa pm: iryd
I kilometer(km):1x 103m:1 x 105cm:3.281 x 103ft:
0.6214mi : 1.094 x 103 yd
1 light-year : 9.461 x 101s m -- 9.461 x 1017 cm :9.461 x 1012 km :
5.879 x 1012mi
462
'srodlupro^E
ql 6ZZ9'0 to '8.¡ ZELSO$ punod..Ár?reqtodu,, ro ..,\(o¡,, eq¡ .punod,.srodnprro^?,, eqt sl sF{Ix
eUz-0I x ltg'€ : euc000l : €1u€-0I x 1 : $ ¡e¡¡¡ ¡
€Ur-0I x L8L'9 : €tur 6€'9I : €tu s -0I x 6t9'l : (s'ul) qrul rlqnc I
srelll ¿€'gz : dulgzLl: €u¡cr0l x ztg'|,: €ruz_0I x lEg'z: Gu) po¡ rlqnr I
rellle_0I x 1 : r.ulr_01 x z0l.g
: s{s-01 x lt'i'E: su¡e-QI x ¡ - (ttuc) ¡otorupuec JlqnJ I
s¡elll €0I x 1 : r'u!e0l x Z0l'9: eilI€'9€ : rulcnQf x ¡ : (rul) ¡eteur cÍlnc I
elunlo^
AJry: zw79f9: ztur-0I x ZSfg: (z'ul) qcü! a¡snbs I
z'vlwI : {trco'67,6: zttr z_ol x 062.6 = \(rr¡\)roo¡ e¡Bnbs I
z'ulo9slo: zue _0I x g¿0'I :.zrur_0I x ¡ : (rruc) ¡otouqluec erBnbs I
¿nc'.z-$I x I : ztuez-Ql x I : u¡utl I
:
z'ulc0l x 0gg'I zlJg'}l
z(urr0l x I : \(zrü\)¡eleru o¡unbs :I
-
se¡Y
'ss"u-ql ¿I'Z€ : E,0I x 6SV'l : 8{ 69'tI : EnIs I
tnls.-0I x 80I'g : swru-uol lJoqs ry: ssutuJzogl
: le-0I x 989l:Eg',Egv: E{g€g?'0: *(sseu-q1) sseru-punod ¡
s8nls Z9'89 : ssglrr-uol lJotls Z0I'I
: ss?ru-gle0l ,x gOZ'2,: Ee0I x I : E\)t€oI x I : (t) uot cpteu I
tn¡s , _0I x Zgyg : sserü-uol iloqs e _0I x ZOI.I
i, : ssPu¡-ql€_0l x 902'7,: ss€Iu-'zo z_01 x 17,9't
='le-0l x I : n EzOl x VZ0'9 ='E>le-0I x I = (E) ruelE 1
E,z-ol x 9099'I :Er n-01 x g099'I : (n) l¡un ssurr¡ rlurolu I
tn¡s._0I x Zgg'g: ssprü-uol uorls €_0I x ZOl.l = ss€u-qlS0¿.¿
-ssBtü:zoLZ'g€: le _0I x I: t000I : nez0l x vzo.g: \(E¡\)uu.r8o¡¡¡ ¡
ssBl^tr
sÁ?p l?erepls V7'ggt,: urursgl x 69z'9
II sOI x 991'8 : s[ep vz'998: s x gg-['e : \(rÁ\)rua.{ ¡
¿0I
r^e _0I x 0tL'z
- ulu¡ sol x 9ll'l : qi6'tz : Áep EL66'O: s x
o0I glg'g = ,tup Ise¡epfs I
ruaÁ e-gl x 106'I : q+: Áep x W69: s09 : \(u¡u\)e¡nu¡ur ¡
o-0I
.rÁo-0l x WT]: uttuO9 : Íep!:
s009€: (q).rnoq ¡
r^€_0I x gEL'z,
: s,{eP perep.rs €00'I : ulu¡0t?I :\nZ: stol x 0t9'8 :,(Ep I
rÁr_0I x 69I'€ : Áup lea¡spls s_0I x I9I.I
- uru+: qry: Áepr_0I x LS|I: (s) puocos ¡
eul!J
II¡rry : 'ul9€ : It : l..ruott'16: ttt?16'0 = \(pÁ\)pru,{ 1
P 09LI : tu{ 609'I
sJolzeJ -: lJ08Z9: ulcs0l x 609'I - rurol x 609'I : (Fu) el.Itu etnlBts I
uo$te^uo7 z'cldv 'uls_0I x LE6.E: {q_OI x fgz-e
t9? : tuco_0l x I : Y$I x I : us_Ol x ¡ : (rur/) ¡eleruo¡clru .ro .uo.rc¡ur ¡
464 Density
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) : 1 x 10- g/cm3
3 :
APP.2: Conversion 1
: 1.940 x 10-3 slugft3
Factors :
6.243 x tO-, lb-mass/ttt I.ef á x 10- 5
lb-mass/in.3
1 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm') : t x f 03 kglm3 : 62'431b-massft3 =
10-2lb-mass/in.3 : 1'940slug/ft3
¡.Ot:
"
1 lbmass per cubic foot (lb-massft3): l6'02kglm3
:
1.602 x l0-2 glcm3 : 3.108 x 10-2 slug/ft3
1 slug per cubic foot $lugft3) = sll'4kelÑ = 0'5154g/cm3 : 32'17lb-mass/ft3
Spe.d
1 meter per second (mA) : 100cm/s :3'28rft/s : 3'600km/h :
2.237míh
1 centimeter per seconil (cm/s) : 0'01 m/s :3'281 x 10-2 ft/s
1 foot per seconrl (ftls) : 0'3048m/s : 30'48cm/s : 1'097kmA :
0.6818 mi/h
1 kilometer per hour (km/h) = 0'2178m1s : 27 '78cmA: 0'9113 ftls :
0.6214milb
1 mile per hour (mi/h) : 0'4470 mls : 44j0 cm/s : l'467 ftls: 1'609 km/h
Acceleration
1 meter per second squared (m/s2¡ = 100 cm/s2
:3'281ft/s2 :0'1020 gee
1 centimeter per second squared (cm/s2) 0.01 m/s2 : :
3.281 x l0-2ftls2 1'020 x 10-3gee :
I foot per second squared (ft/s'z) 0'3048 m/s2 30'48 cm/s2 : : :
3.108 x 10-2gee
1 gee : 9.807 m/s2 : 980.7 cm/s2 = 32'17 ftlsz
Force
'a'
1 newton (N) : 1 x 105 dynes : 0'1020kp :022481b
J,
1 rlyne: 1 x 10-5N: 1.020 x 10-6kp =2'248 x 10-6lb
i
ii
I kilopond, or kilogram force (kp):9.807N =
9.807 x 10s dYnes :2.2051b
1 pound 0b):4.448N :4.¿AB x 105 dynes:0'4536kp
1 short ton :
8.896 x 103N :
8.896 x 108 dynes :907.2kp: 20001b
Energy
I joule (J) :9.478 x 10-4Btu:0.2388ca1 = 1 x 107ergs =
6.242 x 1018eV : 0.7376ft'lb : 2.778 x 10-?kW'h
I British thermal unit (Btu)* : 1.055 x 103 J :252.0ca1 =
1.055 x 1010 ergs : 778.2 ft'lb : 2.931 x 10-4 kW'h
l calorie(cal)t : 4.187J:3.968 x 10-3Btu --4.187 x 107ergs:
3.088ft'lb : 1 x 10-3kcal : 1.163 x 10-6kW'h
1 erg: I x 10-?J :9.478 x 10-7Btu:2.388 x 10-8cal:
6.242 x 101r eV :7.376 x 10-8 ft'lb: 2.7'78 x 10-14kW'h
*This is the "Intemational Table" Btu; there are several other Btus'
iThis is the..International Table" calorie, which equals exactly 4.1868J.There are several oüer
4'184J'
calories; for instance, the thermochemical calorie' which equals
(=) seqll€nbo ueql reqlBj (e) seruepuodser
e¡ueq :1u?JelJIp eJu (nuo) sllun tllou
-JoJ s¿ pepJefieJ aq lsnu¡ sllun eseql Suoure sdlqsuoqeloJ I¿eJ eql
.(nsa) slrun JrlstsoJlJele .slrun IS uI senlluenb tultsle eql.Jo suolsueulp aql*
-3euro4ce¡e pue
lueJJnc Jo nluo ro 'oJodu¡?q? I'0
<+tuoJrnc Jo nse ro 'se¡edtuelels o0I x 866'Ze(y) aredue ¡
luo¡¡nJ rlrlr?lg
etwqr Jo nule lo '.quolnocqe I'0
+ oEr€qc Jo nse ¡o 'squrolnoclels o0I x 866'Z + (J) quolnor I
*eBrBqJ clrlralg
3¡1tuc 1'g
: ztu/Nz0l x €€€'I
: \(E¡1ullu\)'{¡n¡¡oruJo retorulllltr¡ ro '¡rol I
x s68',9: tul"z-0I x 908'9
,uc/d¡z-0I x wo'L: rurc/seu,{Po0I
8¿96'0 : u¡t€
z.w:lqlzz'vl: .tuc/seu,{p sOI x ¿08'6
: ralarupuar erenbs red puodo¡¡¡ 1
zu/No0I x ¿08'6: (.tuc/d>1)
.'ur/q¡r_0I x 0St'I
: zu/qle -0I x 680'¿: Sgurcs-ol x I09'l: Iule¿-0I x 698'6
. : zu/N ¡'g : (.urc/au'{p) ro¡aur¡luec a'runbs rad au'{p 1
r¡ol0I
: z'ullgltl6l'o: :¡JlqlgS'17.: .ruc/seu'(po0l x €[€'I
: url?z-0I x 9It'I : zu/N€0I x €E['I : (8gun) '{¡nrrau¡Jo ralotülluor I
z'u\lill}L'vl -- zlJlqleOI
x gll'7': .urc/seufpeOI x-EI0'I
: 3Htuc00'9¿ : zu/N s¡I x €I0'I : (rule) araqdsour¡u 1
rrol€-0I x I09'¿ : .'ut/q¡o-0I x OS''I
: ,qlq1r-01 x 680'z: ,ruc/seufpgl : Egtuco-0I x I09'¿
: url€ e-OI x 698'6 : '\(.ru/¡\)laleu¡ o¡unbs rad uo¡'üau ¡
\(e¿\)¡ucsud 'ro
aJnsserd
dqtte'l -- slql.Ug'LEL: s/¡eca'gg¿: A4.eOI x I : (.'\{>l) ll¿^{oll{ I
s/ql.U0SS : s/¡ec I'8¿I : l,l\;SVL: (dq) ra'uodasroq 1
dqr-oI x 8I8'I: s/s8:e¿oI x 99t'I
: s/lec8€¿g'0:1$,99€'I : G/qf 'U) puocas 'rad punod-¡oo¡ 1
deor_0I x l?t'l: s/ql.U8-0I x 9LE L
s/1ecr-Ol x 88€'z: ¡4.¿-0I x 1: (s/8ra) puocas 'rad 8re 1
-
dq, -oI x sI9'9 : s/ql'u 880't
: s/8ror0l x L8¡r: (s/1ec) puocas red alrol¿r I
^4,¿8I't:
dq€-ot x wtt: s/ql.ugLtlo
x I : silerS8tz'O:1¡¡\) ¡¡u,r,t ¡
= s/sE¡e¿01
r0Arod
QI .ilsOI x 99g'T':
sSrorr0l x 9'€: I€Ósol x 86S'8
: üfti-ltt : f nOI x 009'€ : (q'lt >D rnoq-$¿^ro[I I
rI.¡\\\\I¿-0Ix gg't: Aosr0l x vgv'9: sErer0I x 9St'I
slo]1eJ :Iec6t7,E'O: n16e : f 99€'I : \(qt'U\)punod-¡oo¡¡
-0I x S8Z'I
uolsJe^uo) :z'ddv QI.Uor-0I x z8I'I
: Ere., f : (A.0) rp^-uortrala I
-0I x z09r: or -0I x 209'r
99?
466 Electric Potential
Electric Field
l volt per meter (V/m)+3.336 x 10-s statvolt/cm+1 x 106 abvolts/cm
Magnetic Field
1 tesla(T), or weber per square meter (Wb/m)2ol x 104 gauss
Electric Resistance
I ohm (O)+ i.113 x10- 12 statohm, or esu of ¡esistance +
1 x 10e abohms, or emu of resistance
Electric Resistivity
I ohm-meter (O'm) + 1.113 x 10- 10 statohm-cm + 1 x 1011 abohm-cm
Capacitance
I fara¡l (F) <+8.988 x 10r1 statfarads, or esu of capacitance+
1 x 10-e abfarad, or emu of capacitance
Inductance
I henry (H)+ 1.113 x 10- 12 stathenry, or esu of inductance+
1 x 10e abhenrys, or emu of inductance
LgV
.,{leroog er¿ JoJ salü¿u eqJ'luourale 3q1 3o seldrues 8uu¡ncco flprnleu uI punoJ se
pcrueqJ rrccueuv erp ,(q papueuruocer esoql 601-t0I slueuele
sess¿Iu cftuol¿
sedo¡osr pre,res ¡o eJnlxrtu ¿ Jo sesseru aSere,te eql luese:der s:eqrunu Jerllo II¿ :luaura1e eql ¡o edolost u^\ou{-lseq lo olq€ls lso{u aql Jo
sI Iuolloq eql ]E
eqt elouep sesoqluered ur srequn¡.urol¿ euo Jo (n ut) sseur er¡',4¡e,rqerueile 'Jo elolu euo ¡o (sruer8 ut) ss¿Iu eql ''o'I 's.rou )tluow eql
r¿qur¡uaq¡-.raqunu turo1o aqlst do1 oql t¿ requnu eq'xoq qcee u1'(tr66l) t¿il'0S O'^a¡'s,\(q¿..'seluedoJdalrluedJo pe¡depy*
^1al^au,,tuo{
9! =@ '@= @=.
¡JS b=
E b= !E
==
E-e) :=E ;-z F--
¡=='=
3=T N p=ñ
= oÉ9 ! = 5-o bF
{= o- ^=@ :Fg
b= :E.
go a=- Eí !ó, -E cr!
3?z o=tr,
N6
==> --@
l>@ g-3
I'J 3 l+ :J o=
o= Ig t.
6 q
33u¿
= N
¿.o g @=
F=-
N=
3=1 bE' N='
S=¡ @-- 5=N
x-S F= -9 !sg-'
t-=
@=
:l=E
@P
N=
HÉ= -=-
t=- !=J ¿3= Z
!
8=E --o .^=s --B
o-v,
>: =o
ñE ;^= =<-
r^= s
6=z
3-!
-=-
:J= a=g *-É F=3 ==o
=
E-.E
a=
3=H s
A=¿- N='
s o
J:=! I
z :=r EE=
! N
F=E o5*
¡= q=* -34
b=. i^ ¿=. 6=
=.
e=.>
e-= i;=o
!
^=. t
N
I
..35 D: <o !
ñ= i^=
B.
N=
d=E) uE"' ;=3 ñ=
ñ- == ñ-o :
35
! N
E=€ l
s
:{= @= 93
o=
H=o --r S5¡ =* d
=- O! o_@
=
N U
:J=
-= PA ó-'
35o 3>
5C
ó
ñ€ 3=c:
6 o
d=s !i <o óo .lr
N= N=
ó=. -= F=. ¿!=
@N
t{=ñ NO
6=-
Ncg
-=3
!
5=
o= !=
¿o=
$
o !
t€=! B= ñ ü=cl
3-r E==
N
N-'o
é=-
éP
NÑ
{É N=
:9
.=S S
m
o=' É
N! U' q, o
€E= r5 C? \
! .q
N-o
5=<
ó=
g-!9
ñ=- d=8
!=
!=
ñ=
u,
@=
É
S
z
=52 3-a ñ;-! 5Z
=o I
G-É <= ri-E N=
OO
3=¿i !.r @= s
2.=
é=5 ==
--
g=
=o
o=d "'=0
=
U'
t tr,
N= g-=
P5
s x
t> lh¡ ó= 3= \\-É: gE ts S
l-.
lo
o@ !lo ¡N
o (N
to NS o=
r= 35-
lo lo o* ;^é
tq is= P= E=
:-=t @)< --- € €-F NO
rT
IS
APPENDIX 4
The lsoto0es
(excite;
The following table lists all the known isotopes and all the known isomers
nuclear statesl with a lifetime of one second or longer. The table is reproduced fror
Laboratory, 1990)'
fhe Nuclear Wattet Cards by J. K. Tuli (Brookhaven National
The first column of each page lists the atomic number Z, the chemical sym-
bol, and the mass number A for each isotope or isomer (the letter m after the mass
number indicates an isome¡).
Thesecondcolumngivesthespinandtheintrinsicparity(+or-)of
the nucleus.
The third column gives the difference A between the atomic mass of the isotope
and A x (1 u), express"d in M"V. Since 1 MeV is equivalent to 1.073544
x 10-3 u, the
atomic mass is
ls,1+=fiffiüj|+.i$¡rylitim, llqíf#í
160, the value of A is
For example, for -4.131MeY, so that
The fourth column gives the abundance for naturally occurring isotopes or
the half life for artificially produced isotopes. The italíc number on the right
gives
the uncertainty in the last decimal, e.g., for '60 the abundance is 99.7627o and its
uncertainty is +0.01 7o.
The fifth column gives the decay modes. Most of the symbols in this column
for isomeric tran-
are self-explanatory. t stands for electron capture or B* decay'.IT
sition from on" state to another, SF for spontaneous fission, and combined
"*óit"d followed by a delayed, secondary decay'
symbols, such as ep, for an initial decay
468
'(9661'.{:olu:oqu-I pIIoA nalrnN
I€uort¿N uerr.eg¡oo.rg\) 4n¿ ;¡'y f,q spto3 uror3 petnpo-lde¿
t é
| ,1¿0.0 r99 0e- +0 9e
-B. Ztpt9¿8 9r8 82- +¿/E qt ¿úBtt 096 9- +0 ,z
I%tz, ¿t6 6¿- +0 zt s t¿ Lt, gql S +Z/9 0?
I :Z91.0 989 92- +¿/t te I%9¿6 L¿0 8- +0
'0
9t0'92- +0 |%LZ0 LtL 9 +¿/t ¿¿ t¿
?- 6'220.96
2t s z¿9.¿ 9i0 6¡- +¿/r IT t z8t 06 LrI L +0
.3 9s8¿II t90 tI- +0 3 zsz¿Ll lgL r +¿/t 610¿
%Lr9t'3 0t 3
t ss@¿gtqzl0 agI f e- 0.zLqI 6IC g +0 8l
ol .3 0l +0 8¿
d3 'l 0t su 0 601 08r'9r -z/t Ll
sozz 8I ¿uss d¿ ¿t zzl 686 eZ +0 9r AN OI
'1"09\-d'-l I s rr.n ^e\ 0009 q2 L¿
Z|tu-í.':d ¿s¿ló a09t 8t 9Z
z1t u-t.'-ú 8 s 9U 0 s0?0 ¿- 0t 00ee II 9?
zÍt!_g _9. sE 09¡! s00s'zI- 6t -t 08 su Ott e0t9 L
-8, il s t9.0 eott eI- 8t -d tI s t¿ z 09t t, +\(¿/9'¿/t\)t¿
'¿
-ú. flstc? a0e6 8I- LE -t , s t¿1 ¡68¿ ¿ +(i'e) z¿
-8. t s 9.9 tgz'02- 9C -d 07s8sIt Lto 0- +¿/9 t?
-8. t s t.L1 L98 t¿- +¿/r s0 -d ¿s0011 ¿I0 0- +z 0z
-8, Isetzf L99 tZ- +I tt %001 Lgr't- +¿/t 6r
-8. Zr p tt.gz Bte 9?- +z/l 3 9ü¿¿60t t¿8 0 +I 8T
-g tt p ¿9z tl soe r?- +I 3 9ls6it9 tS6 I +Z/9 Ll
trr'l¿- +z/f IC d 0z Aa\ 0t 089 0r -0 9¡
3 t o'a0t
g6t.? all¿ 0¿- +I 00 d e^4fi0I 0¿¿ st (!z/!)
3 ilsoilt 196 9I- +z/Í d s0r9 cc \(-¿\) ,lsT
I qsocn/r
ol J OSor'ñ
r9t ¿- +t 8¿ t4B9 u-l '-l 9e su I9 s06¿ BI +0 tz
agl¿ 0- +¿/r '
d¿3 'd3 ,r sE i;J s09¿ II ztt, !-d -l l8 su z8 s0tg lI tz
9? I. 9t s 92 z +0 ¿¿
s080 ¿z 9¿d9I 0}'6 \(+¿/9\)
s09g q-
0t s zt t sgo 8 tz
+0 8e -t. 0is¿gt¡ gti¿ t +0 0z
s000 ¿- LT -t Is169Z ¿oo t +¿/g 6r
%}t>u-d'-1. 9 s 9r.0 30t9 ¿I- +0 9e |%0¿0 ¿81 0- +0 BI
-8, ZJs810 006t tl- 9C I %8t0 0 609 o- +z/9 Ll
-s.
_q 0z s L¿¿ a?66 6I- +0 t0 t z9L'66 LtL' +0 9T
8l s- 8r.9 a9g9 0z- tt 3 9t s t¿ zzl ss8'z -z/t qr
-0. , ^ ¿Ll I80 tq f 8/ s 909 0¿ 900 8 +0 tl
-t cq0¿qI 096 2¿-
'¿- +z/ e te dl'l 0esú068 er|r? ( z/t) er
I zjl.t ttt r¿- +n 0t d 092 ia>I 00, 090 2e +0 ?I 08
|%L9t 968', r¿- +?ll zgtu-l'-l ¿sul¿
z6t rz- +0
e066' Ie ¿z
3 er %t¿.¿6
s 9I t 8¿ %rg!-d' d tt su 96 s0gl 9¿ l¿
g8t ZI- +z/s u-fl ' -l 9e su 00I
grt L- +0
s08B I? 0¿
9? 06 sw 062
I flste¿¿
qr .3 tsq0¿? LZB t +z/ 9 'í-!d '-fr I¿8 9I 6f
03 gg s0 z0I ss¿ 0r +0 -s zt sú tzg ¿II'C] _I 8I
soeg t¿ "¿96 u-d ' -d ,stltl tLB L -Z/t Ll
d3,3 gsog +0
%¿too'0D-d'-l zstt L z89 q -z Ir
?z !s rT z %Lt'l rof 0 ¿/t 9f
LT z %t9 66 cg8 Z +I tI
s090 9 r0 9e f tu9966 qrc 9 -z/t cr
ao¿t 0- qe Btc ¿I +I Zt
í23i-&"-!, 3,'.3'og e09z e- tt
ztl tut3'3.o 9l su 000' I I
0t Lan lL 0 068 t2 -¿/r Il
4019 8- c0 s00¿
4, tsooe a06I I I- +f
6t 0I N¿
-ú. 9¿ s ttg dL96 -t s0¿0 ¿e +0 0¿
rt- +\(¿/9'¿/tl IT s009
-ú. 9s09c 0 068 9I- +e 0e \-l'-d. zc 6I
-t 9u9q9 srz o¿ su 99 026 1¿ +0 8I
Sr- +z/9 6? IV EI -ú il sü ¿02 seo tz Ll J9
apon.{¿cao .".T:ii;r (^afi) !¡ y :t
.Ig z apoyi ,{ece0 ecuepunqV (^aH) !l
edolosl v"ls z
JO ¿/TT V aoolosl -i
Iñ
I zt w rlr¿ z 198 9r- +e a¿ I
%001 L6r' Ll- +¿/9 Lz %8 86<u-l'-d. B s LrL 169 et +0 O 9I r
3
6l zgtt 9 z86 II- +0 ugz -ú, 9 s-6tt'z e¿8 6 +Z/l st ,,
3 -ú 0, 0tL9 0¿0' t +0 SS
I
t -s clt,r'L 0l¿ Zt- ^
,%0tl qz|r
zt^ s tgl L S16 8- +z/g Eá -¿/l CI;
. z8¿0 0D1 86 +0 ¿T -u
'%81 3 %¿B J,l
9Z su c ItI I¿T'O +l arz 3 0zr ú%06
99t.,0z og9 or ¿/t rI
%q00 0 D|r,3 tstqo¿ sso 0- +t ,z OI : '¿
d3 D?l dl
. lr 69s99¿6r 669',ql +0
6suggul 016 Bu (-z/t) 6
ts¿t0 L9L'9 o .D 09
d¿3 'd3 '3 9' su 0¿ a0'0 BI zz Iv cT otz sc +0 I39
s0B9 tI ^aI s090
'60 69 6r
:::Lr{
u-l ' -fl 0l su 0z s0tt +0 9Ctt B
s0B?'u I BI
%Lt !-d ' -d 0e su 06 4060 9 et
-tl sore cr \(-¿/t\) LI
u sorr ¿e (-0)
%t zt-l '-l 0z sü 021 406¿ 0- +0 ¿t 9I
-d zsc?0 e00' c- u-d'-d 9 su B'B OL6'BZ qI
IC
-t li su gcc a0¿0 6- +0 0t .4 elsuIgI t99 eu -¿ 1l
-t ?l s 0e'I EB¿¿'OI +¿/t. 6¿ %8¿ ju-l -l 9/ su 9C ¿l zgs 9r -¿/t CI
-d tq160¿ 610 SI- +O B¿ z89 tbt-l'-l e sü 0¿.02 6St el +r zí
-d ilu¿9t6 989 tl- +Z/r LZ z%I0B 899 8 -¿/t If
z zto rr rlz 9r- r0 9z z%661 0s0 zI +e OI
| %00 01 26t 8r- +¿/9 9¿ DZo . tz^a\tg0 gtt zt -z/t 6
DZT b?'1. g sú 0¿¿ 0¿6 ¿z +z
t %66 81 ee6 il- +0 tz I
3
ll s ¿It II t Lr'9- +¿/t tz D.q z La|]/.,f 0L8',LZ \(-¿/t\) L g9
f 6 s ¿g8'e ¿6t 0- +0 ¿z -d t süz, 00I '0t +0 tl
'tzt'43 '3 6 sú u
of, sI0¿uI tr6 0r
t¿ - +( ¿/9'¿/t,\) 000 9t, +(Z/9'Z/l )tI
OLg'LI
+0 0¿ 7yt ¿l Zt >u-í.'-l 0t sü , t¿ LLo 92 +0 zl
u-d '
-l 9sugl 9t
%t t,D-t -g I s IS tI tLl 0z +z/r IT
n¿-l'ú d'-d 0lsu99 0s9 9? -t I ,{ o0t,Iq.l L09 Zl +0 OI
%¿t v¿-l ,t %001 Lrt'rr ¿/t 6
'%¿9 +0
u-d ' -d p¿ ¿tLeB9 It6 t B
tsu¿B \\Lft¿ 6e
z¿ l !¿-l . I tp6¿t9 89¿ 9r z/t L
'%6t,v-l'-l r su z'cl oqs 9I o¿ D Ila{26 tLt, 8l +0 I ag'
z6 o uz-d zL¿\\ 0 bu-d
'%Lt.v-l'-l r su 0 ¿l á0l0.Zr \(¿/t\) IE '!-l'-d I su ¿.8 0r \-z/t) II 006
29900 0 D-t u Ilat{zl 0t8 ce OI
'%Lt l \z-g D¿u-g
'z\t,u-d'-d asuBt aoct +z 0t 'ZS 6ru-d.'-d r sú t g¿l 196 rz z/t 6
%zz v-d '-Íl ztsú6tt oqg z8 ¿/t DZ-g _0 I sü 8É8 916 0? +¿ I
%89 0u d'-l tsu906 oil I- +l 8¿ z%926 ¿06 rr -¿/t L
'att 0!-d'-1. 9 s0 loe aoqg s- +z/9 . ¿,¿9. 1 qBo t¡ +r I
-B 6s¿L0l 106 9- +c 9¿
oD og9 rI -z/t I
.-t Is¡69 ose 6- +¿/9 ^anqIt 0¿l 92 z t t'tt
zg0 oi-t 'JI ¿su0z0z 8t6 L- +I utz . q lJoqs fJa^ 0I8',0t
-t ?l q 0696 tI 0zr'8- +l l¿ .tslv-d'_d 9l su 0 6II 86q Ie
u .+0
Ztg 6 +Z/t 0t 09I 0rr'92 -lz/e)
3 +t
8809 ¿ 98I 9-
tt ^:¿00r -t 9t sú
^al¿ 908 ¿69 It +0
f tsBfzz 6g|z +¿/t uD
. a^efi09.0 06r rr -z/t
%lzv3 3
8Z sú 6 Ltt 6e8 9 +z
d
t 2c98666 66 t¿r'z +0
¿sc00 8?6 ?r 6I 6 %¿CI000'0 116 il +z/l
d sozt.9z 8I ¿N II 0r8 92 -¿ ¿t
a000 II +0 8¿ I 9ÍttzÍ 096 rr +¿/r t
4096 9 | %910 0 gtl +r
tI z
sadoloq aq! :,'ddv -1, 09 su otz 0tr'0 +0 92 I z9BB 66 68¿ L rz/l I HI
-t I sü 209 090 2 +\(¿/t'z/t\\ qz aN 0I -l zú,ot r¿o g +z/r I u0
apoW dsca0 aJuppunqy (^ar{) Ll epoH drca0
69V v.tÁ z e¡u?punqV (^alt) lt
JO Z/ TJ, V aoolosl v .I3 2
ro z/tJ v SOOlOS¡
I-
l
I
l3 l5
133'
(5/2+.1/2+Y57.880
n%'#.'lo
9.0 s 2
P-'l-nffi
p-, p-n
c, tp<0.¿3%
eér
89
(4-
(i,/.¿\:
l9/z+ )
) -?6.430s 7.8 \
-80,580 l.l8 h t0
-80.580 1.9 hh2 5
1 a
t
t
?8 ' (3/2-)
38 S¡ 77 89m
0+ -63.450s 2.5 h 3 rg0 8+ -82.659 14.60 t
?9 ' -65.340s 2.25 ñ t0 ¿ 90m -82.534 lB.8^syI t.3 IT
8ó (t/2-\
b+ -70.190 106.3 na t5 ¡ 9l s/2+ -86.640 6.8'10' ¿
A Tl/Z or Iso t
r IsotoDe Tt/2 or Isotope
. ZE
474 Z El-A ¿r
A
(MeV) Abu¡dance Decay Mode Z EI A Jr (MeV) Abundance Decay Mode
{B-) 80.870 3.4 s 5f
APg. 4: The lsotopes - ,118
47 As
t8m
(1)
tg (1 /2+\
-79.580
79.45?
-78.590
3.76 s
2.0s2
2.1s t
t5 P
P-5,IT4|Z
B-
49 ln 1,24ú
125
1 25n
(s/z\+ -80.420 2.33 s
(t/2 \ Bo.¿40 t?.2 s 52r
sl
20
1
-75.7?0 1.23 s 3 P- (8-) -??.Br0 1.63 s
3+
0.32 s 4
(9/2+) -17.660
1
Isoto
Isotope
. a. 'll/z or lsotope
- L 'lI/2 or zEl
7 EI A Jr (Mev) Abu;rdance DecaY Mode Z EI A (Mev) Abundance Decay Mode
Jr
4 (7 53 I
48 Cd r30 0+ 0.20 s P-,P-\E4\ 50 Sn f28m ) -81.239 6.5 s 5 IT
49 In -63.870s ¿, ¿p t29 (3/2+) -80.620 2.4 n p- 1
100
t29n ltt/z:\ -80.585 6.9 m p-, rr0.00022
l0l -68.360s
tsq 0+ -80.130 3.'12 ñ '4
102 (5) -70.580s 23s4 ¿
f30n (7-l -7B.183 1.7 m t
103 l9l/2+\ -74.607 t
65s7 tsl 4-
5+ 76.080s 5
1.84 ú -77.380 39 s 2
t3tn (3/21) -71.380 6l s 2
104 ¿
104n -76.080s 5 IT
15.7 s
132 0t s
(9/2+) -?9.493 7 t
5.07 ñ -76.610 40 f fr-
105
(l/2,) 48s6 lT tss (7/2-\ -7t.tgo r.44 s 4 B-, l-^0.08%
t05m
106
'?+ -?B.Btg
6.2 ú 1
-80.617 t 134 0r .67.230s |.04 s 2 P-, P ¡ t1z
106m ( 3 )+ B0.588 5.2 m t ¿ 5l Sb 104 -59.380s
107 9/2+ -83.568 32.4m3 ¿ 105 -63.930s
l07n t/2- 82.890 50.4 s /2 6 lT 106 -66.520s
108 7+ -84. I l2 58.0 o t 107 -70.770s
10Bn 2+ -84.082 39.6m7 ¿.
g/2+ l0B -72.510s 7.0 s 5
r09 -86.487 4.2tr1 lo9 (5/2+) -',t6.253 17.0 s 7
l09m t/2- -85.837
(tó/2+\ -84.3't7
1.34 m 7 lT ilo 3+ -77.530s 24 s I
(5/2r) -80.840s ?5 s,
10gm 0.21 s / lT lÍ
110 2+ 86.410 69.1 d 5 t rr? 3l -81.603 51.4 s t0
ll0 7+ -86.410 4.9 h / ¿ ll3 5/2+ -84.424 6.67 m 7
llt s/2+ -88.391 2.8049 d I ¿lT tt4 3+ -84.680 3.49 m 3
5/2+ B? .004 32. 1 m 3
lllm t/2 -87.854 7.7n2 l 15
1t? r+ -87.995 14.97 n t0 t567, P- 4+% I 16 3+ -86.819 15.8 m I
I l2n 4+ -87.838 20.56 B2 6 IT ll6m 8- -86.436 60.3 n 6
113 9/2+ 89.368 4.32 tl7 5/2+ -88.644 2-80 h t
t l3m r/2- -BB.976 1.6582 h 6 IT r18 i+ -87.998 3.6 0 I
114 r+ -88.5?l ?1.9 s 8-99.5%,.0.5% llSm 8- -87.786 5.00 h 2
l14m 5+ -BB.38l 49.51 d y/ 25 1195.V.,t4.42 tlg 5/2t 89.475 38. I h 2
115 9/2+ -89.539 4.4l,lot12 l- t20 1+ -88.423 15.89 n 4
95.'l% l20o B -88.423 5.76 d 2
f /5m r/2- -Bs.203 4.486h4 1'.195%,p-5% 12t 5/2+ .89.591 57.362 15
116 1+ -88.252 14.10 s 3 ¡-99.9é2, t22 2- -8B.327 2.10 d I97.-tr,.2.4% 1
2- 23.80% | 0
113 7/2! p- 115 7 /2- '-81.442 8.302 5
111 (3-) 146 0+ -80.935 17.t9% I
t15 h- 147 5/2- -78.156 10.98 d t p-
| 16 (2-) 118 0+ -11.418 5.792 3
| 16ñ 16I p- 119 5/2- 74.385 |.72 !\ 1 p-
t1? (i/¿!) 8-,IF-\nn 0.i0+%
t50 0+ -73.693 >1.10'" y 2p-
118 \2 ) -63.810 1.05 s t F-n0. ll%
t5l (3/2'l+
5.642 3
-70.956 12.44 n 7 B-
,49 -61.?90s 1.2 s 4 p-, pP-¡
t52 0+ -70.160 ll.4 m2
a 3l
t
trt^ rí/r,¡., -84.195 20st IT l39m (l/2)-
-?7.351 180 ms 20 IT, ¿'¡
136 0+ -86.500 o.tgz I 140 1+
-78.380 9.2 s 2 t
t37 3/2+ -85.910 9.0h3 t l40n 7-
-78.380 ¡_v¡h¡ t
137n lI/2- -85.656 34.4h3 tT99.222, l4l 5/2+ a0.472 20.90 n 5 ¿
t 0.782 142 1+ -81.090 40.5 s 5 t
l3B 0+ -87.574 0.25% I t43 5/2+ -82.970 265d7 r
139 3/2+ -86.973 137.640 d 23 ¿ 144 5- -Bt.425 363d t4 t -
l39r Il/2- -86.219 54.8 s t0 IT 145 5/2+ -Bt.2t8 17.7 y 4 t.a3'10-'Z
110 0+ -88.088 88.4y, 10 146 3- -79.458 5.53 i 5 € 66. 12, l- 33.9:
141 7/2- -85.445 32.50 l. 5 p- 147 /2+ -79.052 2.6234 y 2 P-
t12 'O+ -84.542 >5.10'"^d y
7
2.65 ñ /0
165 5/?- -64.530 10.36 h 1 a 166 -56. 1 r0
l.4l n l0
a
166 0+ -64.933 33.62 2 166m (3-
(q-)
) -56.076 t 5A%, lT 422
167 7/2+ -63.298 22.952 13 166n -56.067 2.12 n t0 t>807,, l1<202
167m l/2- -63.090 2.269 s 6 IT 167 7
(6-)
/2! -57.470 51.5 m t0 t
168 0+ -62.998 26.82 2 168 -57.090 5.5 m / ¿
169 t/?- -60.930 9.40 d 2 B- l68n 3+ -56.870 6.7 n 4 t > 95%, 1T <52
r70 0+ -60.117 14.92 1 169 7
r/2-
/2+ -58.078 34.06 h 5
s
¿
f?t 5/?. -5'.7.7?7 7.52 h 3 p- I 69m -58.04S 160
2.00 d
t0 IT
t72 0+ -56.491 4S.3 h 3 p- t70 0+ -57.311
0.67 s l0
3 ¿
t73 (7/U-) -s3.660s 1.4 m t p"- 170m 4- -57.218 I?
174 0+ 3.3 m 2 t7r 7 /2+ 57.834 8.24 d 3
'19s2
€
6.71 d I
P- 99
Ip-'1 , tT ztz
154 (9+) -54.700 3.30 s 7 902, t 107
177
l'17n
/?+
7
?3/? -5t.424 160.9 d 3
155 -56.730 32 s 7 >94%, s<ffi I?B ¡(+) 50.338 ¿8.4 n 2 p-
156 2- -56.980 83.8 s /8 99.91%, q 0.092 lTBm (9-) -50. 1 18 23.1 m 3 p-
156n -56.980 19 s 3 179 (1 -49. u0
/2+) 4.59 h 6 p
157 l/2+ -58.890s 3.5 n 2 180 3+,4+,5+ -46.690 5.7 n p"-
l5B 2- -58.900s 4.02 ñ t0 (7 /2+) 3.5 m 3
1
37 3e
¿
t 0 .15% (5/2 ) 53.470s 2.05 n 5 t
t71 r/2+ 59.?r7 1.92 y 1 p- 167
168 0+ -55. ?90s 25.95 n 20 t
172 2- -57.382 63.6 h 2 (5/2)- -54.810 3.24 ñ 4
173 (t/2+) -56.265 8.24 h I 4 169
170 0+ -56.210s 16.01 h r3
¿
t
l'74 4 )-
( -53.870 5.4 ú 1 B' t7l (7 /2+) 55.430s lz.t h t
t75 (l/2+) -52.300 15.2 m 5 p- 172 0+ -56.390 1.B7 y
4
3 t
176 4+ )
( -49.700s 1.9 m / p
173 t/2- -55.290s 23.6 b / ¿
177 130 s 40 174 0+ 55.851 2 .0.10'c y
70 Yb 151 ( l/2+) 41 .960s !1.6 s ¡, ¿p 0.1627" 2
151n (ti/2:) -41 .960s :1.6 s ¿, ¿p 175 5/2- -54.4BB 70d2 ¿
t52 0+ -46.640s 3.1 s 2 t 176 0+ -54.582 5.2062 4
153 -47.270s 4.2 s I a50%, ¿ 50% 177 52.892 18.6062 3
154 0+ 50.220s 0.402 s 17 ax98z, t?2% 177n ziiz+ 5l.577 1.08 s 6 IT
lc¡ -50.700s l.'72 s 12 a B4%, t 16Z t77 ú 37 /2- -50. 152 51.4 m 5 IT
156 0+ 53.410 26.1 s 7 t 90%, a I0% 178 0+ -5?.446 27 .2972 3
l5? (7 /2-) -53.630s 38.6 s /0 t 99.5%, a0.52 178m 8 51 .299 4.0 s 2 IT
158 0+ -56.022 1.57 n 9 ¡, c!0.0032 17Bm l6+ -50.000 31 y t IT
159 {5/2) 55.900s 1.40 m 20 t 179
:ttx -50.475 13.629a. 5
160 0+ -58. 160s 4.8 n2 ¿ 179m 50. 100 lB.6? s 3 IT
161 3/2- -57 .900s 4.2 n2 t 17gm 25/2 4S.369 25.1d 3 IT
r62 0+ -59. B50s lB.87 n t9 t lB0 0+ -49. ?91 35.100% 6
163 -59.370 11.05 n 25 ¿ 180m 8- -48.649 5_t h l IT> 98.6%,
164 0+ -60.990s 75.8 n 17 t p-<t.47
165 5/2- -60.175 9.9 h 3 t 181 r/2 47 .416 42.39 d 6 p
166 0+ -61 .589 56.7 h f ¿ 182 0+ 46.062 9'10' y 2 p
167 -60.596 1'L5 ñ 2 t 1B¿n 8- -44.889 61.5 m 15 p 5B%, l't 42%
168 0+ -61 .575 0. t3% | 183 (3/2-) -43.290 t.067 h 17 p-
169 ? /2+ 60.371 32.022 d I t l84 0+ -41 .500 4.12 h 5 p-
169m 60.347 46sz IT 73 Ta 156 -26.230s
110 0+ -60.770 t5'7 -30.030s 5.3 ns /B s>'17%
l7l 59.314 14.32 2 158 -31 .370s 36.8 ns 16 a932, t'l%
172 0+ 2t.92 3 159 -34.820s 0.57 s lB o802, t 20%
t73 57.558 t6.t?% 1 I 160 -35. B50s 1.4 s 2 c
t74 0+ -56.951 3l.B% 4 161 -38.980s tE95Z, a-5%
175 -54.702 4.19 d t p- 162 -40.060 3.52 s 12
l7B 0+ 53.501 t2.7% 1 163 -42.600 11.0 s I ¿i99.82, q!0. A:
l76m (8-) -52.451. ll.4 s 3 t't> 90%, p- < r0% 164 -43.320s 14.2 s 3 ¿ 99.982, q 0.04:
177 9/2+ -50.996 1.9 h t p- 165 -45.850s 31.0 s /5 c
38 ,{o
zl
%r-01'r'Ixb'33 /q0u 06¿¿c- +0 98I I 'D 0Z su It so8¿ 0z- +0 igl
zz>Il %66 B ú o'et s¿ot 9e- t ¿/.Í ) ug8l D'? ¿ s0z9 9I- tgl s0 9¿
l ,eu60¿ solq'gt- \+z/6) !9] d rser s06¿ ¡c ¿6I
%100 otD '3 ¿t- +0
3
z u t Ll sogt ge
sq99 ,,::l d eu86 ogt rt-\(+¿/t'+¿/t\)16l
.11 9 s tt l-¿/.1\) -33i %s sr Ll
%cI00 oED 'r 0luq9 s00¿'9t ''¿tl9-B ¿q¿t Igt q€ (:9) u06I
%za lFD tu"li8 0Bg qe -(z) 06I
'%86 66!3 |ú¿z so¿I9e +0
?ll $ 986 ¿e- +4/9 68I
290 0!D 3l 9 s 19 solt tt- (-z/r) O9B'BT' (9) UBBI
%e D-D t s z9 s00t tt- +0 ti I u'rnu'J, ¿20 6t- I BBI
1
%t¿ 0D'%91 66
3
0l s tt s00¿ ze z/r
+0
igl
;Zi '-r or'o I.'o qqz^s^.
%L' Lb '%Q ¿6 9s0Iz s096It ^, I , z¿¿ lr- +¿/9 Lgl
%e,n %16 3 e s Il s06e 6¿- tBL rl- 1+B) ugBI
%\tp'%29 3 s0BB 82 +0 á;i 9BI
06
"-0r d.Jr s Á 10r.0 ? ee6 ft I
9l s ee 9 s0q6s¿ '-,6 s 3 %I c6 -d 6
3 '%t9 D Isz9¿ ¿ii '{'te
t;# 9ZB et- +z/9 q8I
%LI 3'%IBD /s060 t¿t9z- +0 j (+)8 Út8I
lii '¿s tz %t sL trt %'f ¿t0 tl-
%91 3'%rBD 8l su ¿tt s01I z?- ',;l r gpo8e 0¿¿ rr- (-)c t8I
%z 3 'z'86 D Is0I0 0r¿1¿ +0 tBI
D
Y;i ¿ r'/qoo¿ tIB g' +¿/9 üzBI
6 ss 9? s089 ¿I- ;;i 1 ost 9t +z
D ?-9+ sü I s0I9 9l- +0 +L Z8l
D s0I9 X;i r ¿\\L¿r
9¡{ong 09' qt-
?I s09t 9'- +Z/9 IBI
D +0
/ 9e+ su q'¿ so¿t II- ü6i r¿ e¿
¿ H Irq¿ 0rg st- . (I.). 08I
s0e8sz- 861 029 9r \+?/.9) 6¿I
-t IsB
-l3 á10961
rr '-d tu68 LLÍ8¿ _z/!r u¿6I 3 Zu¿'F:l 08¿ sr- . (e) 8¿I
U 3 Atú}tI
9uBg z6zBz- +z/ t: ¿61 sot¿ 9t l:219) LLI
I ¿q0tI 0906? (-t r 'Ql ) u96I 3 tu09 s086 r'- (+)e 9¿I
09i'6¿- (-9) 961 3 u8g SOB¿'q' gLI
-t z s z9 u96I
z9 Lt '%96 -d¿ er{8t 009Íc -¿/ !l 3 lul1 s0¿9 tt- lLt
z\Iz 00¿It- +z/t) ut6l q6I 3 9eu86l s099 tt- tLl
-11 tJ p lLt 6tc zt- (II'oI) .t.t o.r 9 s q9 s099 Ii- (?) uzLl
6eq zt- _I ?or o'! t s 9f s099 Tr- (9) ?Ll
-d úCOI
J]
t q ql 61 tgt le- z/ .rl D s¿ql s}tt yp- | 2/6) fLl
061 3 0¿I
, p t9 0I }'9tc s0r0 6e- {S}
9LLZ9 (+6J u?6I 9s0B s009 ü69I
ú1, 6 Á ú¿ 889 tc- D lls6?f Bt- ü89I
%¿0 0 -g 3'D 9l s 9 9 s08B s0-
'%86 66 JI, 9u9tI q8¿t0- i+ll u¿6I r,D Bs6g soBB qe BgI
%9r3"A196-0 I p rtg t¿ tl8 lc ?ql %¿ o:o %c 66!r ¿sl 9 016 te ¿9I
JI Is9g 899te- utbr l'o ,sz¿ 0€I ZC- 99I
Ji 6si6t ltg9t- ¿/ .rI ulQI Lcro:,¿Br 9st? s0I6 0t- 99I
9 ',Lt Lt sI¿ 9e +7/E ...fql 'b¿h ]'z,890 t? s BB 0 s0I9 ¿? tgl
%9 qLl'%t 161 azv9¿t qes9t -uI.) :1191 Lgt r '%rg D 0r su 092 s0e0 9? egl
JI rl¿l i8s9t- +l¿\) uobr o 0t sü 00I s0¿9 2¿- ugl
3 0l p B¿ lI 01¿ 9e +(r.) 06f D 9-91+ su 0I sO¿I Iz- I9l au 9¿
3 lpzeI 29'80 +Z/t te- +0 06I
l 9qIli tt0Be- 'I 991 -t erIouu olt .
3
9:i d tugll 0Br'9c- \(-¿lc\) 68I
.3 t q s 0I s0¿¿ 6t- +¿/t d. spb6e C¿9 BC +O B8I
TI lq0z zLI6t- -z u I AZLt:Z 016 6c- -¿/t ¿BI
l t r{q t9 9I solz¿Ll 6t, +q "6Bi
X:l z %s B¿ +0 ug8I 98I
l I 0t-
919'¿t- +z/Il
::j i.l tu¿gt 96l Ct
3 rq600 "I otq6e -q É6t er- ¿/t, 98I
3 s0ll lxi d tpls¿
z %L 0t
I Cl
0'- Gz/ü UZBI
3 s0q6
t uu Lg
I qI s09c BC 60¿ sr +0 tBI
3 9' u 06 6c ri¿iL\) iql ,, ^r'¡ol:!< 090 9r- +z/Il u0Bt r{ t¿
l Iuql ' so'B'¿c- OBI JI ¿¿
dJuePunqV (.\rn) !l ¿poy{,{eJr0 rJUepunqv \(^¿n\) !f Y .t3 z
aoolosl
¿pol.{ r(eJr0 to ¿/ tL v
Jo Z/II V ia,iio.i
ct It
3
lú, s0908e 6¿I 9 LBu il
-z bsc et zll q9¡
z s zl 1 sog¿ 9t 8¿I l"l s¿ osz Br tq ?qI
D s00I 90 LLI l z'p
'¿.:21 I9I
z s lz i l,t 9s2 Bt tz/6 oBI
%t zD'"¿Á L61 IsB s000te- 9¿I o ¿t9 6' 'o
D
0lsqt s06'ct- 9Ll %BZ 01 tr6¿I
%Lr'0D'%t9 66 3
tst s0I0Ie- ,LI '%21 66 Ll
3
, u 9 t8o 6t- ((-zll)
0rs0e socz0t- c¿I s q.¿C ' soc 6t ¿/L\) Q4l
%20 ¿D'%86 L63 l ' ot'os- ro. s¿I
%f:xD '%L6X3 I s I',Z s06i ¿z- ¿Ll ipéi2
ILT J t u sct soc¿ 6r (-?/l ttr
¿l'D lsgl a&9¿ 3 so89 os.
%9¿ 3 '%9LD ocq ez- 0¿l i q é'¿ s06q 9{I
,o ) q¿I
2 l, lt
D 69I
9' ss 90.1 sllz
I ¿z- 6' ( z/l) tLr
D B9I l I ü IC s0ql 0E- '0
¿ s0¿9 BI
''0 l uf:Lr
D
su 9< s09e ¿l- ¿9I la u ¿6 ¿ s069 8' I Z/9)
¿¿ 3 s0¿6 8' l0 ?Ll
D
sü q< sotq tI- 99I JI ot * ¿ g s0B0
D'l I¿I
-d eu6te 00tB¿- +0 961
t uuV Z s\\t¿ ¿t- {-Zl9) .0 q4l
,d l , t Lt
u q'I 00¿ 6¿- 96I 3 ¡ u r'| sot6 tt 691
_11 ztr' ¿t: +0 t6I
¿ ,t o I 3 ¿ s c9 sot8 tt 0 q9I
I tqg0e qote0- c6I
:z/t. u?6I D,f c-s ¿9I
JI sI9 ¿¿B[t- ( -0i )
3
-t a'Ár soqc zt-
s gi 868 Ii- i0 9gI
I %0 lt 268 qe- +0 z6f %9'0b ''2t 66
-¿/t ú16l %9 t>D %9 86<3
JI 9 q 0I.0r ¿2e 90
ss ic s0C066 .o 991
-d -z/6 16I %9'Zb '%t L6 3 ásIs ogcBc- !9I
qgl
, p0 ilgi Iot 9e-
-(01 ) ú06I %ft b '%69 I 9á s q¿'¿ so¡l qc-
JI I 6',6 600 ¿c %9t n ''lr9 3
7 s oc i sooc ic -o ?91
, %r'92 tI¿'80- +0 06I ¿¡ su 6¡j s629 ¡¿- I9I
u968¿ -z/6 u6BI %BÍÉ1,%ZB*D
JI /qIq D s06g 6¿ f0 09I
t %t 91 066 8t- -¿/t 68I D
ll sr tB s0¿¿ qZ- qgl
z zt, tl zll lt- +0 BBI D
-1u
¿i sü C ¿ soBC
lt¡ tz 8gf { i¿
| %9 r tzz tl- -¿/t Lgl 'o
0t %89 1 d 9 u I 0l 0¿9 8[- t'¿ 9BI
+0 98I -d Z u 6V Zlr'tt, ('Z/L\ !8I
l, f ",oI.o ? too et-
9p906 cISzt-3 ¿/t 98I I rvl ¿r-
ir qp ¿l sq 662 (-9) !8i
qt t¿/L cBI
|%¿00 -t 0i !¿8I
,{.,oI.9 q< 6qz tt- +0 JI 0l u tB gl 916 9t
'n
%9f l,l '%98 ?
fq66 s6eoet- z/t u08I'8i JI su igz 02t 9t- re UZBI
3
9 q o'cl s0I9 et- +¿/6 0BI d tpetilI gct9'- -q ?BI
3
9Z tl 0l ¿¿ ¿r9 rt- +O ZBI ? r"eeooo vtr'9v t¿/L IBI
6 ü qol socg et- ¿/r . 0l 8I
te8 Bt- -6 uoBI
3
| ú LZ s0eg et -\(¿/ L) TBI
l | ú 9l¿ s08t +0 08J
.ztt -d '%98 9'q ¿9I s 6c6 8t
^',,61t21' l. oBI
?s0¿6zt-
"- ( z/t) 6¿I S ,( 6¿ t SgC 09 '¿/1, 6¿I
á ,l éc ¿ oes os- -tL) q¿I
3
Iüq9 sotqet- +O B¿I
tü0q 3
uB? so¿BIt- -¿/t LLI s , ia 6 ocs 09- 'l B¿r
s080zt- LLI
l +0 9¿I I q s-sé szL rs 'z/r. (l) 9¿I
9u90 s0z66e-
Iú'I 3 9Ll 9q608 0¿lls
'Á20'0D'.'486 663 s }' s0q6'6t- +0 lLt 2 q S'or s06r'¿g- +¿/L 9¿I
'¿zi 0D %96 663 s 9I s09t ¿¿ tLl i q s|l soe8 rs (.)q Vr
'/.2 0 b '%8 66 .3 s 6I s06I ¿e- +0 ¿Ll el q li e soOt ¿9 \.)Z/e t:Lt
zL tb'%t 86 s08 3s0gg'€- tLl r r g SC 0¿t IS- (-Cl. ?Ll
soc¿ rq ( ¿/F\) I¿I
'nl D'2881 sT¿ ee6tt- +0 0¿I í uu i cz sol? g¿I
%gl o'z*8 3
zEzt s0B80t- 69I !luCró¿'g sos|oq0G- (-0) 691
%61 n '%19 3 tsz¿ otl0e- +0 89I s06s Bf- ('c) B9I
%tt:3 '%L9D ¿,se80 sol¿'92- ¿9I It tt ¿ so¿t
-i uu l't
%82 I ''¿ZLb 88 su IBI soi¿ 9?- +0 99I 8t- \(¿\) ¿91
s0lc9' 991?It¿
sadoloq 0t-0¿+ su q9 so¿B IZ- g9l s0 9¿ ssIlc
aqt :i'ddv "/"0tt3'%09<D
v l1 Z opofi ecu¿punqv (^el{) !f v Il z
epon ,{¿caO acuPpunqY (Aatt) adolosi
adolosl ^erec ro z/IJ V
ro Z/1I V
6LV
lsotope . A Tl/2 or soto De A Tl/2 or Isotope
¿t80 Z EI. A Jt (MeV) Abundance Decay Mode
I
Z Et'A Jr (MeV) Abundance Decay Mode Z Et A
t90
t9l
l-
3/?l
-32.889 42.8 ú 10
-33.870 3.18 h I
., q<1,0'10-"2 201 2- -24.369 3.78 y 2 B- 97 .43%, 2t3
c t 2.57%
I9l! (11/2-',' -33.604 0.92 s ft IT 205 r/2+ -23.846 70.47s2 I ?11
t- -32.187 4.94 h I t 206 0- -22.278 4.199 m t5 B-
193 3/2+ -33.430s 17.65 h t5 ¿ ¿060 ( l?r) -19.635 3.74 ú 3 IT 215
193ñ tt/2- -33.140s 3.9 s 3 lTs9.s7z, ?07 t/2+ -21.049 4.77 ñ 2 P- zL6
€!0,032 207ú tr/?- -19.701 1.33 s tt I'1, P-<0.12 84 Po
194 l- -3?.¿95 38.02 h r0 t 208 5(+) -t6.174 3.053 n4 8-
192
195 3/?+ -32.594 186.09 d I a 2os (t /2+\ -13.652 2.20 a 7 P-
193:
l95h tt/2^ ^32.275 30.5 s 2 IT ?10 (5+) *9.262 I .30 b 3 B- , P-¡ 0.0072
I 931
194
196 2- -31.166 6. 183 d r0 c 92.52, P- 7 .52 82 Pb 182 0+ -6.874 55 ns +40 35 q
l96r JT -31.081 B.l s 2 IT
r83 (r/2-\ -7.720s 300 ms 80
195
l95l
196ú l2- -30.570 9.7 h t IT 184 0+
o
-31 .165
197 3/2+ LOtn -11.000s u.cJsó o
15 17
87 13/2+ -28. l30s 2.4 a 3 t.o<L.?.10'z 2026 9- -23.787 3.53 h , IT 90.52, ¡ 9.52 212
87D 3/2- -28. l30s 1.9 ! 3 {, d 3.5' 10-:Z 203 5/2- -24.810 51.873 h 9 a
2'1.
2Il
88 0+ -30.230s 3.25 0 /5 t,a3.7.L0-'Z 203m l3/2+ -¿3.985 6.3 s 2 IT
89 3/2- -29.690s 7.6 E f ¿, d<3.0.10-:Z 203m 29/2- -21.861 0.48 $_2 IT 2).1
t, q<0.12
251
226 (5/2:) 26.015 1.8 D 2 c74%, t7ffi ?40 0+ 5t .702 27dl d>99.5%, c^<0.5%, 258
227 (3+) 26.824 38.3 b 3 dx85z,¿7152 sF 33'10-"2 259
z?8 28.856 22 h 1 t98.15%,dt.852 241 l/2+ 53.?00 32.8 d 2 ¿gVZ,dl%
229 (tr/z!) 29.887 1.50 d 5 899.522,s0.4V. 242 0+ 54.800 162.79 d q. Sr 6.?'10-'Z ^ 101 Md 247
¿30 (?-) 32.168 r7.4 d 5 tgt.ffi, P-8.42, 243 5/2+ 57 . t71 29.1 v 1
9
d99.1ffi, . P.?42 248
249
l0'y 2 q, SF l'10-*Z
z3r il Ífsrr 0+ 58.449 18.
23? ?/2:
33.422 3.276'n1 y Zit /2+ 60.998 8500 Y t00 a, SFr 250
(2-) 35.924 l.3l d 2 P-, t-0.22 246 0+
7
6?.614 4730 i 100 q 99.972, 25r
233 312: 37.485 26.967 d 2 p- sF 0.032 2i3
234 4(r) 40.334 6.70 h 5 P- 247 s/2- 65.528 1 .56" 107 v 5
?34D (0-) 40.408 l.l7 b 3 P 99.812, 248 0+ 6?.388 3.40'tos i 4 agI.74%, 254
254
lT 0.l3z sF 8.262
235 (3/z:) 42.330 24.4 a 2 B- 249 t/2(+\ 70.146 64.15 n 3 B
255
(l-)
236 (t/2.1 45.340 9.1 ¡ 2 SFr 9700 y SF!80Z, oi112,
256
237 (3-) 47.640 8.1 ú 2 Á-,
250 0+ 72.985
B-
238 50.s10 2.3 b t P 251 (r /2+) 76.642 16.8 0 2 4=M 25'7
Answers to
Even-Numbered
Problems
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
fu¡ 0) for unequal arms, the phase 12. 3.61light-years, 7 .62 years
^[ivW;
difference depends on the speed V, and therefore
14. (a) 25.9years; (b)23.7 years
changes when V changes
18. 1.63 x 10-18m
6. 0' = 43.9"
2O. ur=
";^[t -vW t<l + Vu"/c2),
4U
'VZ lr! + u)tt - ,(p + g\)¡tlu = Yfi @)
Y 9028 tV O9L8r
:JeIUpg 01
vLzp tL,vr '¿¿
esnJJIC 'ueru,{1 o1 spuodserroc ¡udtcuu¿ (q)
o0€ ol JoJ ¿tu Lz_of x v}.L :9100'0- = P' LOVSO- = d (e)'g
"02
:.09 roJ zw LI-OI x 8€'S :o0Z roJ zu sz-OI x VZ'I 'OZ
s¡ur nOI x 0'I (q)
9rr'7,r2 (o :gsl 'zvg @) '91 :S€00'I Jo rolreJ e ,{q Peue4Sue¡
usr-OlXt-snIP€J'tL 'seues rerlpg u\ Y L'IVEV puu y 6'¿917 (u) '9
'v
Aeht
t€ 'zt v LLS:G = a) oul II$IJ
zH erol x s¿.I (o :Y 9Z'0 (e) .0I eg lmo¡e,{ 'z
? U]IdVHC
sTru . 3¡ ¡z_0I x €'g puu 'tz_ol x Z'I 'nE-,Ol x Z'Z
psel'puoluelp '29 iI sr_0l x S'Z pue 'or_0l x g'g 'ez_Ol x 9'9 '08
zr'0'09 LVtE'82
zH srOl x V'9 '9?-
urc gt0'0 'gt
e8re¡ se eclllu sI lupuelod Sulddols (c)
ulur Ig '9t ie8rel se oollru sI lueunc (q)
'tü i(uorlernlus) epoue qJeeJ suorlceleoloqd ¡u (e) '¡¿
Y 9€'0 :Y 09'0 :Y €8'0
s/rol x 9'I '02
('a'x) nert oz'o Aeht o8'o 'zt
s/sz0l x 8 '81
Ae{ 8€i '8e *"?'9
n?lr-l :\(¿7996'ñ/2q = !
Í '9e
Y s_0I x zE Jo9 ro >l6LZ '9
l\e ZZ 'Vg A{ 60I x 9'I (o izH rr0l x 9'I (e) 't
Y rsr :y wL:Y LzL'¿8 MSL'¿
I dSIdVHC
obr-01 :E{n_gI x 6'I :f .'.0I x L'I 'gZ
,rr(rclra - Dlut =,ut : rclra - | t/ltt -,w'81
uortcoJlp eltsoddo ut /Aetr l 662 ='d 3rIo_0I
xE6'gZ
,telt Ott =ng ic¡¡e1¡662 = ^d ztent 662 =^g 'Zl ,\(rc¡h¡ - Dtt c¡\\1rc¡r¡ - ¡\)l'o+
,906'0 = A '01 [r\(rc¡4 - DtQc¡r¡ - 1)]'o =io
zH¡_OI x g:ruor0l x 9 'gg ,\(rc¡'o¡ - Dtlrclh¡1rc¡r¡ - 1)l'n +
lTQc¡\\ - l\)lQc¡r¡- ¡¡1{o = fo
x g€'9 :s/tu ZeI '9e
s7ru.3¡ sr-Ol
[r\(rc¡\\- I)lz/rQclzA
- I)]"0 =? 'V¿
ob0v00'0'te
elq€tcelep tou sI eJueJeJJ\p t(4A) r-wl = ,g (9)
n ¿9800'I '0e ,fiZ= oLgOO'O=f zrlz{-Ifr)/Af -uat=,0 (e)'ZZ
suonsano palaqwnN-uaE ol sJatAsuv :9 'ddv
98ü
l
486
AFF. 5: AnSWerS tO Even-N]mbered Quest¡ons
26. 3.4 eV 1.1 x 100 m/s 38. 2.85 x 10-3 Á, -Q.53 x 103 eY)ln2;6.541 Á
28. -(218 eY)/n2;0.132 Á 40. (a) n'ffllcMm'¡; $)2.54 x 10ia; (c) 1.18 x 10-63 m
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
2. 3.1 x 103 MeV, 1.1 x 104 MeV, no 16. Ellr = 3rt2n2/(2ml]), Ezr= Errr= Errz= 6tfx2l(2ml])
4.2x 10-3, 1.5 x 10r 20. Y =e-iEttheikx* -ir,rn"ik(ik+rc)/(ík- r) forx< 0
Y = e-íEtlhe-Kx2ikl(ik - r) for x > 0,
6. (x) = lr, (r'> = L'l+ - ll(2n2n2)l
where ft = "@E/h'and K= \6;A: EVr,'
8. n2n2Ífl7mL3¡
o-ika oíka+2i6
CHAPTER 8
2. 3.3 x 10-e m
32' u,* =W)# 'o'(energv
per unit area)
4.0.63V0
6. 0.683 34. 3.1x 105 J
10. 4.0 x 10-2rJ; 1.0 x 10-10 m/s, 2.9 x 10-tlradian 36. (a) 4.2 x r}a K; (b) r.3 x 10-24 kg'm/s
F=
12. (a) 1.6 x 10-12m/s; (b) 1.6 x 10-13m 38.u=(3/4)u", "lti = -,!ZlSu,
f 4. 9.0 x 10-15 C, 1.3 x 10-e A 40. 5.52 eV; 5.28 eV
16. P =
.^
\3tt-)
t\t/1' !- ¡-'t1R
Ps>'szr¡7 42. l':l = 8.0 x los m,/s
18.7.6 x 10-18; 5.1 x 103 K 13 m.\V )
20. 3.I x 10-1e
44. (a) np= 3.2 x 1042/m3, nn= 5.I x IO42/m3;
(b) E¡ = 4.3 MeV Eo = 5'8 MeV;
o
et) *ett eÍt er - e-j "
(c) 2.57 MeV 3.5 MeY 750 MeV
22. tat
e)+e) 2m" 2^n e'+e-' x
46. 2.I 10e kg/m3
ettB
wltn v = ¡^2 ¡ ¡¡12/3
tt
lmeKl 48. (312\2/3
' ltv I : o.42MeV
2m"\V)
+!
" len I
(b) for u- t') /
^'
\2/3
e'+l+e' 2m"' et + 1+ e-) 50. Er = '
13n')"' :-l-+,1
2mn\-"R')
= z.o x I03 Mev:
eh e] - e-)
forU-=U''2m" E= lEr= 1.2 x' 103 MeV;
-X---e)+1+e-) 1M
4 Rn hv3 Eo," = iNE = 2.3 x 10"' J
26. u.. = -S. = +-=-,- a;,Ur=
C*v C3 ehuor+l
(f\'.
M/mn- -GMmn'
t;rsko J - 52. p.E. per electron -
=6.85 m''" K ¡| K/|(validtor
30. i:!l'.T3 -GM2/R R
5 h'4' U
K.E.:_li,'( M :l\"' :r:ves
low temperatures only; at high temperatures, a GMn.
frequency cutoff must be introduced in the integral) m" \mnR') R
CHAPTER 9
f
2. 2.82 L 16. no
4. 4.8 x 105 J; 5,/3 eV 18. kT - 0.026 eV; 0.15
6, x 1028/m3
8.41 20. 0.I9 eV below conduction band;
/\,= 1.25 x l0t2/m3
8. 4.8 x 10-6 m/s, 4.9 days
22. L.5 x 101e/m3, n"= 1.6 x 101e/m3;
1O. 2.14 eY
0.31 eV above valence band
12.1800K 24. n"= 3.4 x 101e/m3, n¡= 6.6 x l0t2lm3;
14. m* = Ít2/Ba2 3.4 x 10te donors/m3
ru e_ol x L.E .gl (eg) .bA uor¡ .rd¡e¡4\).61
x 6S'I 'S'I1 '3¡g uror¡ z/lAoI^D .Ol x 6V'l '8
s/ool x I'9 '9t
sedolosr PeaI Jo xllu E Peul¿luoJ
n 6II00'0 'ül e^€q plno^\ peel e^rleu (q) isree,( 60i x ¿9't \(€\)'9
Aeht ¿0¿8't Aehl 2980'0'zl srr,e( ¡'¿¡ 'El Sg'O 't
oo'ul '7 'Z
s/ur ¿0I .01 0= = ,(x - t)l
Lr -tstdvHc
(otuZ) rua 6VZ' wJ ,rrV x 9'I = y 'se,{ iut¡ z'v 'u4 tt 'ze
E' ggI' Z' Zg "Jrl v't
¡e r-0I x 6'S (O :runluaruoru re¡n8ue AEhI Z€ '08
cruoJlcole ,fte,re ro¡ selels ulds ¡elol elqrssod ruJ 6's tury v'L '82
o,nl so¡,13 rpILlM'Z/l sI snelcnu ¡o urds (e) 'Og
eu/8l ¿r0I x t'Z '92
sJeqlunu ctSeru lunocce
olur e{Bl lou s€op eFLITJoJ ssBlu eql esnsceq \(ctlsllrle¡eruou st se¡cr¡ed eql ¡o
'enle^ pruJe eql ueqt reSre¡ ,\(¡quecllou 'n 9666'91 'gn euo lsBel le lo^auoql\ pIIBA sulslueJ 'g') JO uollnq
-rrlsrp oqt JoJ BInuuoJ cllsl^IluleJuou eqt) ¡e>1 tV'1 'iZ
Y 0IS0'0
'Y Z€80'0
'Y I0¿0'0 :l\elNwZ'O'AeI I 6tI'0 A3I tr ¿¿I'0 '9t Aeht
88'I 'zz
AeI I g'gz :E/y/zZ9vE8'o - vzv69vt'L
'lV AeI tr 0¿'9 '02
uJ sr-gl x (l'1 =ot '¿¡ sTur r0I x g'z :AaIN z8L'0 'gl
seculd prutcep oaJql se,{ l¡e¡l¡ SI9'I 't}
ol tueruee¡8e poo8 ut 'n 8€10'82 pue'9210'LZ
ou :Aew vE[v- 'zl
' 6EOO' 9Z' VO00' 9Z' lV 66' tZ' tE66' ZZ' 0066' 17,
' 8266' OZ' VE66' 6l'6000'6 I' 8900' 8 I' 6020' Ll' oV elqelsun :AoIN S68'0 :AeI tr ¿96'I '01
(o*z)tutoogg'o '8e AeI I6t8'ZI '8
Nr0I x g'I '98 AoIN I99'¿ '9
Aol^tr¿l =3'Aehtr8Z=tg eH, :AoIN €9',6l 'AoI I 962'82'Aohl 8I¿'¿ 't
:AoI tr 6I = 3, 'Aehtr Z€ ='7
AoI I0It'0 :NINvzz'z '¿
tt/z(V/Z') x Ael tr Zt = 1 'r,r(V/Z) AolAtr €S =tg 'fie
'
0t ülrdvHc
qloq roJ'*lgt¡, = 3,V '90 b ,,oI x 8'z'zw.r r-ol x L'9
'ze
zu'J sr-Ol x Z'Z
'9e ) 8II't'N 8€I't'>l 6Vr','oe
¡e r-0I x 8I'Z puu x 092'I A 8r'0 '82
'q-0I x g'E'r-01x 0'z'r-0I x 67.f'l'r-0I
"-0I x €0'I
'e-OI x L8'7'v-01x I€'g'o-ot x 99'I ;-0I x 19'€ 'te Le 6W'0'9¿
suo}sano peJaqwnN-ua\! o] sJaMsuv :9 'ddv
68?
490 I
20. 1i.90MeV; 1.25 MeV 32. 120, 31, 12, and 3.7 barns
30. 280 MW 40. (a) 1.6 x 10-10, 1.4 x 10-se; (b)2.2 x 10e K
CHAPTER 12
494
lndex
Fisslon, contínued Grdd unified theory (GUT), 438, 439 Hydrogen spectrum, 109, ll2, ll3 Jc
energy,396,398 G¡aphite, as mode¡ator, 402, 404 isotope shift, 124 I
Fission fusion-fission device, 407 CUT, s¿e Grand Unified Theory Maxwell dist¡ibution of speeds, 265-69 K{
Fitch, v.L., 443 pressure, 264 K(
Fitzgerald, G.F., 72 Hadrons, 431 ms speed, 264 Ki
Flash lamp,252 H?ifele, J.C., 5? Impact ptramete¡, I 16
Flavors of quarks, 451 Hahn, O., 398 Implosion device for bomb, 401 Ki
Fluctuations in radioactive decay, 381 Half-life: Impurity semiconductor, 309 Kl
Flux of energy in lighf,2'7,78 of excited state, 248 ln.^hérFñt lidhr )5¿ KI
Flux qumtization, 323-26 for radioactive decay, 3'17, 3'78 Indistinguishability of electrons, 232-34 Kr
Forbidden energy bands, 307 of some radioisotopes, 378 of particles, 272 K¡
Forbidden transitions, 227 Hall, J.L.,46 I¡duced fission, 398 K
FoMard bias, 315 Hall coefficient, 333 I¡duction resonance method, 366 Kr
Fourlevel laser system, 252 Hall effect, 328 Inelastic scattering, 448
Fourier analysis, 161 quantized, 329-35 Ineftial confinement, 408
Fourier theorem, 23, 16l Hall voltage, 328 30, 335 lnenial reference f¡ame,2, 41, 5'7
Fractional charges, 447, 448 Haloqens, 742 Infinite potential well, 173
F¡anck, J., 128 Hefele, J.C., 57 boundary conditions, 174
Franck-Hertz experimenL, l2'7, 128 Hánsch, T.W., 255, 256 energy eigenvalues, 1?4
F¡aunhofer, J., 108 Harmonic amplitude, 18 wavefunctions,174-76
Fraunhofe¡ lines, 110 Harmonic oscillator, 195 99 Infriled slavery, 450
f,
Free particles, 140 average the¡mal energy, 81, 84, 270, 2'7 | Initiator,40l
energy eigenvalues, 197 Insulators, band structure, 308
¡,
F¡ee-electron gas:
densities in metals, 299 in solids,92 lntegrated ci¡cuit, 316 L
as Fermi gas, 284, 285 and vibration modes of cavity, 8l Interactions and conservation laws, 443 I)
heat capacity, 303 in walls of cavity, 83 Inte¡actions, fu¡damental, 435-38
in metais, 294, 29'l,298-304 wavefunctions,198 Interference: L
at nonzero temperature, 302, 303 WKB approximation for, 196 constructive and destructive, 19 L
Fresnel,4.,25 gal hrnd cñé^rñ'ñ ?¿6 electrons, 142, 143, 149, 150
Fried¡ich, w., 30, 33 Head-on collisions, 424-25 light, 25
Frisch, O.,398n Heat capacity, J¿e Specific heat neut¡ons, 144, 169
Fuel rods, 402 He¿vy water, 402-4 watet waves, 21, 22
Fundamental constants, best values, 459-61 Heisenberg, W., 152 X rays, 30-33
Fundamental i¡teractions, 435-38 Heisenberg's uncertainty relations, 150-55 Interiercmeter:
Fus¡on,405-8 and ground-state energy, I78, 179, 198, 199,207 Michelson-Morley, 42-44
by ¡aser, 252 and negative kinetic energy, 186 for neutrons, 169
Fusion reactor, 408 Helium, liquid, 279-8 I Intermediate bosons, 436
vs. fission reactor, 408 Helium-neon laser, 252 Intemal conversion, 375 L
Future, absolute, 53 HERA accelerator, 422, 423 Intrinsic magnetic ñomen! 22U22 L
Hertz, G., 128 Intrinsic spin, s¿¿ Spin L
Galilean addition of velocities, 41, 42, 60 Hess, V.F., 415 Inve¡se-v law, 400, 402 L
Galilean transformations, 47 Higgs bosons. 437 Inversion of multiplet, 239 L
graphical rcpresentation, 49 High-energy accelerators, 421 25 Ion-cyclotron resonancer l5
and Lorertz transformations, 54 High-ene¡gy nucler physics, 387 lonic bonds, 295
Gamma rays, 374, 375 High{emperature superconductors, 327, 328 Ionization e¡ergyl
Gamow, G., 192 Hill, D.L.,396 hydrogen, 120
Gamow factor, 192,382, 405, 406 Hiroshima,4l2 other atoms, 240, 241
Gaps and bands, 307 Hodges, C.L., I I Ions,9
Gargamelle bubblc chamber, 426 Hofstadter, R., 348 elm ratio, 12
Gas, classical vs. quantum mcchanical, 272 Holes: Isobars,358
Gas-cooled reactor (GR), 404 creation of, 3 l0 Isomeric state, 375
Cedanken experiment, 61tr in energy bands, 309 Isospin,432,439-41
Geiger counters, 388 Hopper and Laby experiment, 36 multiplets, 440, 444
Geige¡, H., I 15 Hund's rule,238 up and down, 440
General Conference on Weights and Hydrogen atom: Isotope effect in superco¡ductor, 322
Measures, 254 angula¡ momentum, 200-2 Isotope shift of spectral lines, 124, 349, 351
Geometrical optics, 140 ci¡cular Bohr orbits, I l8-20 Isotopes, 13,339-43
Gell-Mann, M., 444, 446 elliptical Bohr orbits, 124, 125 chart of, 340, 341
Gell-Mann-Okubo mass formula, 456 energy eigenvalues, 203, 204 discovery of, 13
Gerlach, W.,221 energy levels, 12l,2l7 list of, 468-83
Ge.me., L., 142 fine structure,217 masses and spins, 340, 341
GeV, 4 hyperfine structure, 256 of neon, 339
g-factot,229 isotope shift, 124 radioactive, 374 79
nuclear,363 mass,15
Giaever, 1., 326 probability distribution, 206 Jaseja, T.s.,46
D.4., 425
Glaser, in quantuú mechmics,200 ? Jensen, J.H.,360
Glashow, L.G.,436 spect¡al series, 112-14 Jets, 450
Gluons, 436, 449, 450 wavefunctions, 205 j-jcoupling, 225, 361
Coldstein, E., I I WKB approximation, 202, 203 Joliot-Curie, F. 379¿
ii Good quantum ntmbets, 223, 225, 232 Hydrogen bomb, 407 JolioFcurie, I. 379,
Goudsmit, S.A.,218 Hyd.ogen bonds, 297 Joos, G., 45
t; G parity,443 Hyd.ogen buming in Sun, 406, 407 Josephson, B.D.,326
I
I
I
I
I
t
8Z 'Unluáuou
€E 'uo!34 I¿¡¡neN Z Jo uols!ñd luaua¡nsal{
ánlB^ e8sa^V ,as 'ánJs^ UEW 9¿ 'uot¡rsJJlp Pw ..ue¡eJlálul
6t€ 'sedo¡os! uoeN
l¿z '0¿¿ 'Jo¡elllso Jluowq Jo Fueq¡ wew ¿Z '\(¡ol.e^ 8upu,{od) xng ,\(8¡eue
S8l ',{8¡eua .leuq a^!¡EAeN
"\(8¡eue
682 'Paads wert ¿Z ',\(¡lsuaP ,{8reuá
ütt "Á 'wuá.áN
962 'áf,lllBl IJeN ggg '¿gg ',(emp uqd¡e :o¡ ¿¿ '92 'sPlau c¡leu8su Pw rlllf,álá
we¡^[ ¡eJ[ :lq8l't
8¿€
,.r{ .¡eÁ¿t^¡ S€t '€€t 'sal.¡ued Jo
¿¿['slueun¡sul JPJlsnh¡ 09€
t9[ 'á¡E¡s pell,xe Jo
6t€ 'uolB c¡uonw ¿¿ '9¿ ',üeqr s.¡¡enxu¡r¡
'speads Jo uoFnq!¡slp lleaxs¡^l :eu0aJl'I
oz-gfi 'uoseu nu ¡o 'uonl l 6fE9¿
sz "J'f 'llaónN r08€ 'J'¡f\\',{qq!'l
6Z? '$aqu?qc puoluodoJd e¡la!¡lnl ¡
ó€€'st'tl'¡a¡auuJáds ssElt 69¡'¡g¡'suotdrl
00t'ropeJ üog¿.lldllnl^l
g¡'¡¡'qder8utmds sse¡,{ 6€t 'Jaqunu uo¡drl
7É-6ZZ'9t'\(,'EZI 'seult latcds ur uolo¡qtü,{s uqtlsod-uoJt.álÍ aSe.I ,rs 'dg'I
'urdsos¡ ó€€ '€I '¡4unu sse¡^¡
ott
tt€ '€t€ 'lmJap ss't 89 'tuláuu'{s
6€Z Jo uolse^u!
:sleldl¡lntrl ¿Se'rlnuoJ ¡uoutdue¡ua óS'uol¡Elnuls ¡e¡nduoJ
'pornpo¡ gS '€9 'üonJB¡luoo qlSut-I
¿Z€ "V.)t ráilnl^¡ z9€'tzl
ZSt 'S€t 's¡enb Jo 9¿ Jo P¡¿Pwls
z€l Taqs h¡
'sseu Jo Ja¡uát Jo uol¡ol l SI 'uo¡o¡d Jo 69 '¿t 'alnlosq!
t¿t :qlSuvI
¿H9 'cltsl^!¡€ld 9¡ 'uqnau Jo
gl 'acwusd uo¡olJ,\(t ,(q ¡uauilns6u 88 "d 'p&url
t 'plag rlleu8Pu uoJ¡un q uopol^¡
89-¿9 'tllsi^pele¡ 9¿ 'S¿ 'ñe^sw¡¡ P@ leulPnl!8uol ¿tü'etc!u?d pápwq-rJtl
€
¡pleu .$cele uoJlun ul qol¡ol^¡ 9 xrpuddY '¡¡5 'gte 'sado¡sl Jo zw"(1'L'a!1
¿9'19 'Átuau¡ Pw L6'e?pe 1
69¿ 'paads elqBqsd lsol^I
9t ltaJJe JenEqssgN €€-l€t 'satt¡ud fjs¡ueuálá Jo ¿I-91€'O3'l
I I 'uo¡sla Jo 682 llnillt J'I
9t "'I U :e¡eqssghl ra^!¡sJJe aoue^l'I eJudÁ¿'I
l€I 'a¿l s.,{elesow so€ ¿S¿',{¡o¡c¡oq9.l
t tt ' t'o H 'Áal6ol I etz 'suo¡E Jo lzn'LgE'9 "O g 'erue¡as-I
9¡ 'a¡c¡uud uqd¡e ¡o 8¿€ ',{eJaP á^llrEo¡PEJ Jo aB'I
?I¿ 'lEnuelod aso¡{ roJ
:ssErt¡ S€'t€'0€ 's,(B X
¿t "/['a'Áepohl
9l I -A 'u¡psh¡ ttl '€tl 'suo¡rele JoJ
II "O'oSrndorrl ,!il¡uFst^l
..lls!^l¡Bla :sPds enE-I
99r€9 I I "ht
¡€ ¿59'oro¡,\(Poq-i\(ue¡r¡ o€'uo^ I^¡'ane'l
s9F€9 '.uo!¡¿Nesuot
un¡uauou elnSuv ,rs 'pln?@ €0t lcafod ue¡¡sqww €Z 'eululu lsal¿'I
'un¡uauol € l 9Z -g'snpn 99-ggz',\(doso¡ltads less-I
.ueuPn¡ 80ü '¿E¿ 'uolsnJ Pa.npu!-¡esrl
Itztz'laroue puot¡wq!^ tsz -H.I
gE¿ .alq¿un¡
LVZ'azts ¿¿€ 'se¡euo¡eut¿rtl
gtz 'vlz 'zlz '^arau" leuol¡erot Sulsrur UWN aas '\(lut^¡\)3u!3Eu! ttwuGil J!¡au8s¡ ¡ ls¿'le^a[-áá¡ql
¡sle^al Á8¡eua 622.8¿Z.tE¡ol ,9¿.€S¿.pe4[qeN
9t¿ 'st¿
I t€ '6e€ 'vo¡náu pw uo¡o¡d Jo ¿l€ '.lels-pllos
9tz 'uru¡cads purq
:alnslol^¡ 8Z¿'tqtqo ts¿'dqu
egt 'sn.ltnü Jo ZS¿ 'ssel8 unlu,{Poau
?gt'poq¡au aruBuosei usal-elnJelol^¡
gt¿ 'un¡.eds pueq elnJelor\l ¿z-{zz 'uq¡$la Jo ZS¿ 'snonulNoc 's^ Peslnd
:¡utuou ¡l¡eu8Bt{ ¿s¿'eN-eH
9tZ 'un¡r?ds uoldrosqs etnralow
9¿t 'un¡wnb tng t¡auS€r{ ZEZ 'la^afJnoJ
9 I 'alo¡[
t--zot '¡o¡¿Japohl fz-ól€ lotJnpuor¡tdns uqJ xng r¡rautu¡,1¡
uolslndxa 99-l9Z'8lZ't'svl
€9-69t 'lleqs ¿z 'e^€Á 'u a Jo EZI '\(¿3.1\)uqluqru,(s uo¡llsod-uo¡ralg aBFl
€ 'PlaU ttráu8er{ €9€ 'erlJnu
6S-€9€ 'do¡P Plnbll
:sneltnu Jo slepol/{ 80ü'luautuuuoJ Jlau8Bhl 6ZZ"orruJ-3 ?PW1
60l 'uulcads 'unlsau3¿t l 6(Z "V '?purl
0E€ '6tt '!ál.nu ro!!t{
..H .llsÁo¡ulrrl 09€ 'saqunu r!8s¡^¡ z€€ 'I€€ 'slá^el nBpus-I
zs
'(Aeftl) llo^ uol¡calá uollllh¡ 90t -a'qJB¡¡ 6¿Z '¡ulod ¿PquB'I
t
S€t 'aJwuosd d') ss
0l ', Jo enp^ s.wMllw reu!¡qll ,{luluácun ,\(8¡eue
,6 .luáu¡¡edx? do¡p1lo s,uqll[f,l 0Zl 'e t I 'sag6 wu,{"I Set Pus
9€,0f 'JoJ uollcás ssor'
Jeq¡g trs '¡aq¡e snqaJlulun'l tet
68 '88 '9€ '01 'ó "v ¿ '@rlllll^¡ gg¡ uoPrnPord
'(nLLS) Sunauun¡ 3u¡uwcs egt '¿€l 'lpqs'l '¡5¡ 'fumP Pw
t6-Zól
gtl 't?l '(hlgD uolsslusuu¡ uo¡¡calá Be 'LeZ'ZCZ 'gZ¿ '€¿¿ '8ultdnot S-? ¿zt 'afrlusd ¿pque't
Auluw.s uorlrále ¿8€ 's.lsfqd mltnu ,\(8¡eue-ao'l 95¿ ljqs que-l
Stt 'til '(I IgS)
't6I ¡\(t^lcv\)stJoJ cluo¡e
s6l z¿'uol¡ts¡uot ple¡e3z¡lJ-z¡uilrl 95¿''A¡.'qurl
:edoaoc¡¡r,¡ tS 'sa¡Pulp¡@t a$e^sus¡ ¡oJ
ZL'W-Zl't.4eúoreyátul,\(euo^-uosleqcll^¡ ¿E-OS'uolDrusilda Prlqds8 0zz'¿ 'qcsn)
tS 'suoptuoJsuE¡ @llllC Pw €€-z€t 'llaqs )
9?-Zf lueuuadxe i(apol l-uosleqclw 196l ''v'H's¡áu¿Jx
zt "v'v 'uoslaqc[^¡ 19 '09 'sa!¡lmla^ Jo uoleulquo¡ pw
I
S-¿t'suo!¡8u¡oJss¡ z¡uilrl S€ '0€ 'd'8uldd!ú\)
t'Aeh¡
tE¿ '92 'Jo uolllüuap '(u) ¡a¡au tl I 'z¿ '¿t "v H 'audo'I 0t 'uol¡s,{I\)
9¿ 'ssu IBUlpn¡!8uq-I óZ€ 'uo^ ) '8u!a!t)I
IS¿'e¡e¡s ?lqEtsE¡el^l
0Z€ 'atus¡slp uollu¡auad uoPuol ¿92 '.{¡oaq rPau.,}
¿6¿ 'spuoq .!lJ€¡e¡^l
To /üa^orslp oz€ 'H 'uopuo'l 69 '89 'J0sl^!ple¡
8tt ¡uopuo'l
ez€ '02€ "t Z ',{8Jáue ct¡auD{
€€-l€t'suosen
gtt 're¡s uosow t8-6¿Z 'unlltq Ptnbn 9€¿.1á\)t
se 96-96€ 'uolssu ¡oJ tl I 'pro'I 'u!^le)l
3¡g'rolcnPuouedns
95€ ',{8¡aua 3u!Pu!q LS 'g'U'8upBa)
60t'un¡Jads
65-g5€'láPou do¡P'Prnbt't ¿ó 'á8pe )
6l€ 'Plag cl¡eu8Eu I¿.PuJ 'tat '9zt'stoet
:,ftnilaW OSt '61 'uol¡lsodJadns mul'I zEt
!86€ "'I 'JáulleN S6 \\uálJUJót uolsnua¡¡E eau!'l ¿9 "¡^l '¿lo^rE
.Ste .\(AA"¡\)apotp Au!¡¡tuá ¡q8t'I
OZ€ lsJJe ráusslaw /te
0z€ '¡aussleH
-¡a\) gg 'auoc rq3¡1 ¡g¡ '76'uosau A¡1
paed: gI€'lD$ualod uolrunf
6t'e^lsJadslp st'92:o gftt 'f 'a'i(of
'¿I 'unlpaw s6J8 's¡wnD
scl@qJeu e^E¡A ,rs 'un¡wnb I? To uo!¡Ptudod 9Z€ 'uolDunf uosqdesof
¿z :o dnssad ¿z€ 'Jv pw Jo
otl 'z'lEclsslr
:sJ¡wqraI^¡ 9Z 'uol¡EFslod ¿Z€ '9Zt '¡laJJá uost{dásol
xaput
s6?
496
lndex
Photomultiplier tube, 89
¡
Neutrino gas, 276, 277 mass defect, 343 s
Neutrinos,341.383,431 mass number, 339 Photon+lectron collision, 9 1
s
mass,386,431 radius, 347 Photon gas, 275, 276
Photons, 77, 86,8"1, 14'1 P-\
tauon, 431 semiempirical fomula for binding energy md Pu
Neutron-induced fission, 398 mass, 356, 357 energy,87, 140, 141
Neutron interfercnce, 144, 169 shape, 351 momentum, 9l
vinual,4t8 ac
Neutron interferometea, 169 shell model, 359 63
QE
Neutron reflector, 400 size. ll'7 , 347 Piecewise constant potentials, 181 83
Pi mesons, see Pions au
Neutron stüs. 285, 287 spin, 340, 341
Pion production, 387ft au
Neutrons: spin-o¡bit inte¡action, 360
Pions, 418, 420, 426, 427 Q!
chuge density, 349 stability, 357, 358
as catrier or stro¡g force, 420 aa
decay of, 343, 383 surface t€nsion, 354
decay, 420 aL
discovery of, 342, 343 Number of electron states, 283
magnetic moment, 339, 341 Numbe¡ of standing-wave modes: discove¡y of, 420
mass, 420 Qr
mass, 16,339 elect.omagnetic waves, 83, 278
qudk structu¡e, 44? ar
mean lifetime, 343 elect¡on waves, 283
radius,339,341 and time dilation, 60
Planck, M., 81 a'
quark structure, 447, 448 Oak Ridge Laboratory, 129 s
spin,339 Obiened quantities, 155 Planck's constant, 82
Plücker, J., 6 vr
thermal, 402 Occhialini, G.P.S., 420
Newtonian physics, I Octet: Plum-pudding model of atom, 1 15
Pluto¡ium-239: a
Newton's laws, l,2 baryon,444
a
Newton's Sccond Law,2, 180 meson.4¿[5 in bomb,40l
in breeder reacto¡, 405 a
Newton's Third Law,63 Octupole moment, 227
in chain .eaction, 400 a
failu¡e of, 63 Ohm's law,300
p-n junction, 3l l-14 o
NMR,363 68 Oil-drop experiment, 9, I I
in devices,3l5-17 a
imaging,367.368 Omega particle, 446
No band spectrum, 245, 246 Onnes, H.K.,318 Fermi level,312
Noblc gases, 242 Ope.ational procedu¡es, 155 potential,313,314
Nonconservation of parity, 442 Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit, 287 Pola¡ization of light:
Normal Zeeman etlect,23l', 232 Orbital angular momentum, Je? Anguld momentum ci.cular, 28
Orbital configurations of atoms, 238-41 linear,26
Normalization of wavefunctio¡, 159, 175 (
n{ype ser¡iconductor, 309 Orbital magnetic moment, 228 Population inversion, 251
Nuclear bomb,400-l Organic dyes, 255 Positive-ray tube, 12 (
Orthogonality condition, 178 Positron, see Antielectron
Nuclear energy levels: (
C¡dnrium-l I l, 359 Oscillator,83 Positronium atom, 138 (
Nickel-60.376 quantization of energy, 83, 197 Potential,172,179-81
shcll model, 361 banier, 18G95
Nuclear forco. 338, 35l, 352 Paii creation, 95 Mo¡sc, 214
charge independcncc, 35 I Pairing energy,356¡ piecewiso constant, l8l-83
as many-body force,352 Parent in radioactive decay, 377 sropping, 88
range o1, 35 I Parity.44142 Yukawa, 35 l, 352
spin dcpcndence, 35 l, 361 intrinsic,442 Potential energy:
Nuclear g-factor, 363 violation of, 442 alpha particle ne¡r nucleus. 190, J8-
Nuclcai magnetic resonance (NMR), 363-68 ol wavefunction, 441, 442 deformed nucleus (fi ssion), 396
imaging, 367, 368 Partiai differential equation, 200 electron in hydrogen atom, 1 19, 200
Nuclear nass vs. atomic mass, 343n,344 Paticle: harmonic oscillatof, 195
Nuclcar model of atom, I l4-16 classical, 2, 140, 147 vs. potential, l?2,
Nuclcar models: elementary,414 two ions, 295
liquid drop, 353-59 quantum-mechanical, \44. 14'7, 153 Potential well:
shell, 359-63 stable and unstable, 433 ene¡gy eigenvalues, 174
Nuclear physics, low and high-energy,387 ultrarelativistic, T0 finite, l8l, 183-86
Nuclear reactions. 386-94 Panicle-antipalicle annihilation, 62 infinite (panicle in a box), 173 76
chain,398-408 Palicle detectors, 425-30 wavefunctions, 174 76
dirccl,394 Pañicle in a box, 173 Powell, C.F.,420
intcrfercncc cffects, 394 boundary conditions, 174 Power reactors, 403, 404
resona¡ccs at low energy, 393 encrgy eigenvalues, i74 Poynting vector, 27
via compound nucleus, 389-93 wavcfunclions, lJ4-76 Precision of measurement, 2, 152