MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture No. 12: Phases of Disaster

Engr. Bilal Nasar

Date:
 Disaster Management
Natural disasters are caused by natural
forces, such as earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, hurricanes, fires, tornados, and
extreme temperatures.
They can be classified as rapid onset
disasters such as earthquakes or
tsunamis, and those with progressive
onset, such as droughts that lead to
famine.
Disaster Management can be defined as
the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for dealing
with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in
particular, preparedness, response and
recovery in order to lessen the impact
of disasters

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 3
 Disaster Investigation
This will impact morbidity, premature
death, and future quality of life. There
can be shortages of food, with severe
nutritional consequences
All these conditions lead to a sense of
hopelessness, vulnerability, and
inability to think that the future will
be better.
This means that people no longer
visualize their future by making plans
such as finishing school, getting
married and working. This
“foreshortened future” affects the
psychological and social behavior of
the community.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT 4
 Phases of disasters
Since interventions in emergencies
evolve as a continuum, the
identification of the following four
phases is useful to better establish
priorities and response activities, and
to systematize previous experiences:
Pre-Disaster Phase (Prevention,
Mitigation & Preparedness)
Disaster Phase (Response, relief and
recovery)
Post-Disaster Phase (Rehabilitation,
Development) and damage assessment
Disaster management policies and
institutional infrastructure from
national to local level

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 5
 Prevention (Pre disaster Phase)
This is a pre disaster phase which
includes the study of past disasters
and may take into account that how
to reduce or prevent the effect of
disasters that took place in past.
Preventive and precautionary
measures such as changing building
codes and practices, redesigning
public utilities and services,
reviewing mandatory evacuation
practices and warning policies, and
educating members of the
community may help preventing a
severe catastrophic disaster.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 6
 Mitigation
Mitigation and planning are
continuous processes, as lessons
learned from a previous disaster are
included in planning for the next one.
This phase usually occurs when
conditions are returning to their pre
disaster state.
Mitigation is the phase in which all
aspects of emergency management
are scrutinized for “lessons learned.
Mitigation may include preventive
and precautionary measures.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 7
 Preparedness
Planning comprises all the activities and
actions taken in advance of a disaster.
Planning should be based on the analysis
of a community’s or organization’s risk for
exposure to specific types of disasters.
Preparedness plans should take into
account the frequency of occurrence of
each type of disaster, the anticipated
magnitude of effect, the degree of advanced
warning or suddenness of onset and offset,
characteristics of the populations most
likely to be affected,
The amount and types of resources
available within the community or
organizational structure, and the ability to
function independently without additional
outside resources for periods of time.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 8
 Disaster Phase
Response
• Response comprises all activities
and actions taken during and
immediately after a disaster.
• This includes notification of the
organizations involved in disaster
response, setting up of initial
communication networks, initial
search and rescue, damage
assessment, evacuation, sheltering
and other multiple activities.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 9
 Vulnerability
The response phase lasts until the initial
casualties have either been rescued or
acknowledged as lost, and enough
resources have been made available to meet
immediate humanitarian needs of affected
population, assessing damages and
beginning to plan for restoration and
recovery.
In the case of conflict situation,
displacement could be protracted until
safety and security return to the place of
origin of affected people. For those affected,
response services may have to provide in
camps designed to host them for short
periods.
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 10
 Relief
This may include providing relief
packages incase of food, shelters
medicine and sanitation systems by
NGOs, Govt. department and any other
human welfare organizations
• Do a rapid assessment of the
emergency situation and the affected
population.
• Provide adequate shelter and clothing.
• Set up diarrhea control program
• Provide adequate nutrition
• Provide elementary sanitation and
clean water

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 11
 Continued…
• Immunize against measles and provide
vitamin A supplements.
• Set up disease surveillance and health
information systems.
• Organize human resources
Recovery Phase
• The recovery phase is the period in
which the affected organization or
community works toward re-
establishing self sufficiency.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 12
 Continued…
• This is the period of new community
planning, rebuilding, and re-
establishment of government and
public service infrastructure.
• While in most instances of natural
disasters, normalcy returns in days to
weeks, in the case of conflict, this
could take several years before people
return to their homesteads.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 13
 Source

I. The sources from which this lecture is provided for sake of student’s
brain storming and comprehension.
II. Key Topics and Future Perspectives in Natural Hazards Research
III. Koskinas, A.; Tegos, A.; Tsira, P.; Dimitriadis, P.; Iliopoulou, T.;
Papanicolaou, P.; Koutsoyiannis, D.; Williamson, T. Insights into the
Oroville dam 2017 Spillway incident. Geosciences 2019, 9, 37
IV. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts
V. Do Natural Disasters Affect Human Capital? An Assessment Based on
Existing Empirical Evidence
VI. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts
VII. Natural disasters that have effected the economy of world
[Link]
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 14
 End of lecture 12
 It’s the end of your twelevth lecture regarding your course Hazards
and disaster management.

 If there is any problem related to this lecture contact via email i.e.
[Link]@[Link]. Much appreciated

 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

 Feel free to contact so that your queries regarding this subject could be
dealt.

 Thank you.
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 15
THANKS
MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture No. 13: Phases of Disaster (Continued)

Engr. Bilal Nasar

Date:
 Disaster Management
We studied disaster management
passes through many phases pre
disaster phases of disaster now in this
lecture we shall focus on post disaster
phase.
Disaster management play a primary
role in countering the ongoing disaster.
Preparedness , Recovery and response
show a positive role in planned
properly and carried out accurately.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 3
 Post disaster phases
• This is a phase that comes into play
after the impact has taken place and
efforts are being done to normalize the
conditions of effectees. This phase
primarily consists of following parts:
• Rehabilitation
• Development
• damage assessment

DISASTER MANAGEMENT 4
 Phases of disasters
Rehabilitation, reconstruction and
sustainable recovery refer to
measures that help
• Restore the livelihoods, assets and
• Production levels of emergency
• Affected communities.
• These measures rebuild essential
infrastructure, institutions,
services and restore the means of
production destroyed or made non-
operational by a disaster.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 5
 Rehabilitation (Post disaster Phase)
It includes restoration of basic social
functions
Identifying the areas and activities that
must receive the highest priority if
health facilities, programs, and essential
services that are necessary to continue
to meet the health needs of the affected
population are to regain their
functionality in the short term.
Rehabilitation assistance is geared
towards limiting the need for relief and
allowing development activities to
proceed.
Rehabilitation include measures which
help increase the resilience of food
systems in case of future disasters and
emergencies.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 6
 Rehabilitation
Major emphasis is on strengthening
co-ordination of locally active
emergency and development
institutions and on encouraging the
participation of the affected
population in designing and
implementing interventions to
promote household food security and
nutrition.
Priority is given to the needs of food-
insecure households and towards
promoting sustainable livelihoods.
If the problem of good food is tackled
then the rate of illness may be slowed
down during epidemical disaster.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 7
 Reconstruction and Development
Identifying, proposing, and developing
medium to long-term health sector
projects, taking advantage of the
opportunity presented by the disaster
 To introduce corrective measures that
improve the sector’s infrastructure and
operation in the context of sustainable
development. The goal during this stage
is to diminish risk by altering exposure
and/or reducing vulnerability.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 8
 Continued…
Reconstruction leads to
sustainable recovery of effectees. It
involves following from processes:
• Reconstructing the damaged
structure and restoring them in
such a way so that they can
sustain such disaster.
• Stabilizing the economy of state if
the disaster was severe e.g. 2005
ajk and covid 19.
• Reducing the unemployment by
providing relief packages.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 9
 Continued…
• Re-establishment of reliable agricultural
input supply systems
• Re-activation of agricultural services.
Including marketing, processing and
distribution systems; recovery - or an
opportunity for reform or replacement -
of state and para statal institutions for
food and agriculture
• Permanently repairing the
infrastructure of a damaged city.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 10
 Reconstruction (Continued…)
The reconstruction may involve:
• Permanent repairing and rebuilding
the infrastructure.
• Owner driven reconstruction
• Speedy reconstruction
• Linking reconstruction with safe
environment.
Repatriation:
After the emergency is over displace
people are asked to relocate to their
place of origin.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 11
 Source

I. The sources from which this lecture is provided for sake of student’s
brain storming and comprehension.
II. Key Topics and Future Perspectives in Natural Hazards Research
III. Koskinas, A.; Tegos, A.; Tsira, P.; Dimitriadis, P.; Iliopoulou, T.;
Papanicolaou, P.; Koutsoyiannis, D.; Williamson, T. Insights into the
Oroville dam 2017 Spillway incident. Geosciences 2019, 9, 37
IV. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts
V. Do Natural Disasters Affect Human Capital? An Assessment Based on
Existing Empirical Evidence
VI. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts
VII. Natural disasters that have effected the economy of world
[Link]
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 12
 End of lecture 13
 It’s the end of your thirteen lecture regarding your course Hazards and
disaster management.

 If there is any problem related to this lecture contact via email i.e.
[Link]@[Link]. Much appreciated

 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

 Feel free to contact so that your queries regarding this subject could be
dealt.

 Thank you.
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 13
THANKS