Principles of Integrated Pest and Disease Management
(PTH223)
Dr. Shivam Singh
Department of Plant Pathology, LPU
Unit I
Concept of Integrated Pest and Disease Management
Pests
“Any organism that cause significant and economic damage to crops,
stored produced and animals”
or
“A pest is any organism which occurs in large numbers and conflict
with man’s welfare, convenience and profit”
or
“A pest is an organism which harms man or his property significantly
or is likely to do so”
or
Pests are organisms which impose burdens on human population by
causing:
Injury to crop plants, forests and ornamentals
Annoyance, injury and death to humans and domesticated animals
Destruction or value depreciation of stored products.
Pests include insects, nematodes, mites, snails, slugs, etc. and
vertebrates like rats, birds, etc.
Parameters of insect population levels
General equilibrium position (GEP)
Economic threshold level (ETL)
ETL= EIL - Daily reproductive rate of insects
Economic injury level (EIL)
Damage boundary (DB)
Categories of pests
1. Based on season and locality:
Regular pests: Chilli Thrips, brinjal shoot and fruit borer; and
rice stem borer.
Occasional pests: Rice case worm, castor slug caterpillar and
mango stem borer.
Seasonal pests: Red hairy caterpillar, Rice grasshopper.
Persistent pests: Thrips.
Sporadic pests: Rice ear head bug.
2. Based on intensity of infestations:
Epidemic pests: Rice hispa and leaf roller.
Endemic pests: Rice gall midge and stem borer.
3. Based on damage potential:
Key pests
Major pests
Minor pests
Potential pests
Integrated Pest Management?
“Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest management
system that, in the context of associated environment and
population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable
techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible
and maintains pest populations at levels below those causing
economic injury.”
Aspects of IPM
Multiple control tactics used in a compatible manner.
The populations maintained below levels that cause
economic damage.
Socio-economic and eco-friendly to the environment.
Why Pest Management?
1) Collapse of control system
2) Phases of crop protection
A) Subsistence phase
B) Exploitation phase
C) Crisis phase
D) Disaster phase
E) Integrated control phase
3) Environmental contamination
History of IPM
2500 BC: First records of insecticides.
1500 BC: First descriptions of cultural controls especially manipulation
of planting dates.
1200 BC: Botanical insecticides were being used for seed treatments and
as fungicides in China.
900 AD: First record of the use of biological controls (predatory ants)
in citrus orchards in China.
400 AD: Ko Hung recommended a root application of white arsenic to
protect against insect pests.
Early 1800's: Appearance of first books and papers devoted entirely to
pest control.
1840: Potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) outbreak in Ireland,
England and Belgium leading to famine.
1750-1880: Agricultural revolution in Europe; discovery of the
botanical insecticides pyrethrum.
1880: First commercial spraying machine.
1883: Apanteles glomeratus was imported from UK to USA to control
cabbage white butterfly.
1888: First major success with imported biological control agent,
coccinellid beetle (Rodolia cardinalis) from Australia for the control of
cottony-cushion scale in US on citrus fruits.
1890: Introduction of lead arsenate for insect control.
20th century: Monitoring of pest population by sampling was realized
during early.
1901: First successful biological control of a weed; Lantana in Hawaii.
1939: Recognition of insecticide properties of DDT.
1940: Supervised control was developed in California by R. F. Smith.
1956: The term Integrated control was coined by B. R. Bartlett.
1961: The phrase pest management was coined by P.W. Gaier and L.
R. Clark.
1967: Introduction of the term Integrated Pest Management by R.F.
Smith and R. van den Bosch.
1969: USNAS formalized the term Integrated Pest Management.
1970: Widespread banning of DDT.
1972: Release of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticide based on isolate HD-
1 for control of lepidopterous pests.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
1985: First resistance reported to Bacillus thuringiensis in the flour
moth (Plodia interpunctella).
India and Malaysia declare IPM official Ministerial Policy.
1986: Germany makes IPM official policy through the Plant
Protection Act.
Indonesia Presidential Decree makes IPM official policy.
Philippines - IPM implicit in Presidential declaration.
1996: Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA).
2002: Organic Standards developed by USDA.
Concepts of IPM
Understanding the agricultural ecosystem
Planning of agricultural ecosystem
Cost benefit ratio
Leaving a pest residue
Timing of treatments
Public understanding and acceptance
Tolerance of pest damage:
Economic Injury Level (EIL)
Economic Threshold Level (ETL)
General equilibrium position (GEP)
Aims of IPM
Reduce the use of synthetic organic pesticides
That are environmentally sound
Pest minimal risk of human health
Re-useable return on investment
Provide consumable safe food
Principles of IPM
Identification of key pests and beneficial organisms
Defining the management unit, the Agro-ecosystem
Development of management strategy
Establishment of Economic thresholds (loss & risks)
Development of assessment techniques
Evolving description of predictive pest models
Pest management strategies
Do nothing strategy
Reduce number strategy
Reduce crop-susceptibility strategy
Combined strategies
Requirements for successful pest
management programme ?
Integrated Disease Management?
Integrated plant disease management can be defined as a
decision-based process involving coordinated use of
multiple tactics for optimizing the control of pathogen in
an ecologically and economically.
Simultaneous management of multiple pathogens.
Regular monitoring of pathogen effects, and their natural
enemies and antagonists as well.
Use of economic or treatment thresholds when applying
chemicals.
Integrated use of multiple suppressive tactics.
Principles of IDM
Avoidance
Exclusion
Eradication
Protection
Resistance
Therapy
Factors affecting occurrences
Micro-organisms
Parasites
Ability to produce an inoculum
Agents for transportation of inoculum
Wounds and natural openings
Availability of food
