LECTURE NOTES IN CVE163

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

by

PROF. NATHANIEL C. TARRANZA

Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

Property of MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Unauthorized use and/or reproduction may result
to civil and/or criminal liabilities.

Design of Steel and Timber Structures Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 :

Prof. Nathaniel C. Tarranza Date

Department of Civil Engineering and Technology
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
 Design of Steel Beams

Factors affecting Allowable Bending Stress:

1. Whether the section is compact or non-compact
2. Distance between lateral support

Compact Sections: ( Old NSCP provision)

1. Flange must be continuously connected to the web. (not intermittently connected
by welds) bf
2. For the flange: bf / 2tf ≤ 170 / Fy tf
3. For the web: d/ tw ≤ 1680 / Fy

Critical distance between lateral support (Lc ): tw

(Old NSCP provision) d x (major axis)
Lc = 200 bf / Fy or 137,900 / [(d/Af )Fy]
whichever is smaller. direction
of lateral
support

Design of Steel Beams for Flexure; Old NSCP Specification Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Allowable Bending Stress , Fb , for I and C sections bent about major axis:
(Old NSCP Provision) (x-axis usu.)
1. For members with Lb ≤ Lc :

a) For compact section: Fb = 0.66Fy in both tension and compression

b) For non-compact section:

Fb = Fy [ 0.79 – 0.000762(bf / 2tf ) Fy ] for members that are not built-up

in both tension and compression and with Fy ≤ 448 MPa

Fb = Fy [ 0.79 – 0.000762(bf / 2tf ) Fy / kc for built-up members

in both tension and compression and with Fy ≤ 448 MPa
where:

kc = 405 /(h/tw)0.46 if (h/tw) > 70, otherwise kc = 1.0

Fb = 0.60Fy for members not covered above

in both tension and compression

Design for Flexure; Allowable bending stress, Fb Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 2. For member with Lb > Lc :

a) Allowable bending stress in tension

Fb = 0.60 Fy for both compact and non-compact section

b) Allowable bending stress in compression

i) When L/rT ≤ 703,270 Cb / Fy (short column action)
Fb = 82,740 Cb / (Ld/Af ) but ≤ 0.60Fy

ii) When 703,270 Cb / Fy ≤ L/rT ≤ 3,516,330 Cb / Fy (intermediate column action)

Fb = [ 2/3 - Fy (L/rT )2 / (10.55 x 106 Cb )] Fy or

= 82,740 Cb / (Ld/Af ) whichever is larger but ≤ 0.60Fy

ii) When L/rT > 3,516,330 Cb / Fy (long column action)

Fb = 1,172,100 Cb / (L/rT )2 or
= 82,740 Cb / (Ld/Af ) whichever is larger but ≤ 0.60Fy

Design for Flexure; Allowable bending stress, Fb Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 The moment gradient multiplier, Cb is :

Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 (M1 / M2 ) + 0.3 (M1 / M2 )2 ≤ 2.3

where,
M1 = smaller end moment and M2 = larger end moment
M1 / M2 is positive when the end moments are of the same sign
and negative when the end moments have opposite sign.
Cb = 1.0 when the bending moment at any point of the unbraced length is
larger than the end moments of the length.

bf = flange width, in mm.

t f = flange thickness, in mm.
d = depth of section, in mm.
tw = web thickness, in mm.
Af = area of compression flange , (bf t f ) in mm2.
L = Lb = distance between lateral supports on compression flange, in mm.
rT = radius of gyration of the section comprising the compression flange
plus 1/3 of the compressive web area, taken about an axis in the plane
of the web, in mm.

Design
Designfor
forFlexure;
Flexure;Allowable
Allowablebending
bendingstress,
stress,FbFb Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Allowable Bending Stress, Fb , for members bent about the weak axis:
(Old NSCP Provision) (y-axis usu.)
A) Members with compact sections:
Fb = 0.75 Fy
B) Members with non-compact sections:
Fb = Fy [ 1.075 – 0.0019(bf / 2tf ) Fy ] for I and H shapes with non-compact
flanges that are continuously connected
to the web.
Fb = 0.60 Fy for other cases.

Actual bending stress: (from the actual load itself)

fb = Mc/I = M/S
c: half of entire depth (?)
where
M = moment at the section
c = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fibers in tension or compression
I = moment of inertia of the section
S = I/c section modulus (particularly applicable to rolled sections)

Design for Flexure; Allowable bending stress, Fb Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. A built-up beam below is made of A36 steel with Fy = 248 Mpa. The flanges are
connected to the web by means of fillet welds. The beam is simply supported
at its ends, without additional lateral supports within the span. Determine
the value of the allowable bending stress if the beam span is (a) 4 meters, (b) 6meters,
(c) 10 meters, and (d) 16 meters. Assume C b = 1.0.
compact or not
(Note: Solution below is using old NSCP Provisions)
Figure: compare span to critical length
bf = 450mm tf = 20mm Solution: short, intermediate, long column action

Ix = (450)(540)3 / 12 - 2(215)(500)3 /12

= 1,425,733.33 mm4
Sx = Ix / c = 1,425,733.33 / (540/2)
= 5,280,494 mm3

d = 540mm h = 500mm Check is section is compact or not:

tw = 20mm
bf /2 tf = 450/(2x20) = 11.25
170/ Fy = 170/ 248 = 10.79

bf /2 tf > 170/ Fy therefore

20mm the compression flange
is non-compact

Design for Flexure; Sample problem 1 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 d/tw = 540/20 = 27
1680/ Fy = 1680 / 248 = 106.7

d/tw < 1680/ Fy the web is compact.

Lc = 200 bf / Fy or 137,900 / [(d/Af )Fy] whichever is smaller

= [200(450)]/ 248 or 137,900/[ (540/(450x20))248]
= 5,715 mm or 9,267.5mm
= 5,715 mm or 5.715m.

(a) When L = 4m, L < Lc

Since L < Lc and the section is non-compact

Fb = Fy [ 0.79 – 0.000762(bf / 2tf ) Fy / kc for built-up members

in both tension and compression and with Fy ≤ 448 MPa
where:
GIVEN: Fy = 248 MPa
kc = 405 /(h/tw)0.46 if (h/tw) > 70, otherwise kc = 1.0
(h/tw) = 500/20 = 25 < 70, therefore kc = 1.0

Design for Flexure; Sample problem 1 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Fb = Fy [ 0.79 – 0.000762(bf / 2tf ) Fy / kc

= 248[ 0.79 – 0.000762(11.25) 248/1

= 162.44 MPa. y

(b) When L = 6 m, L > Lc 450mm 20mm

Solving for rT:

250/3mm 83.33mm
A = 83.33(20) + 450(20) = 10,666.6mm2 250mm
IT = 83.33(20)3 /12 + (20)(450)3 /12
= 151,930,553 mm4 500mm

rT = IT/ A = 119.35 mm x
Cb = 1.0 for simply supported beam 20mm

L/ rT = 6x1000/119.35 = 50.27

703,270 Cb / Fy = 703,270 (1.0)/ 248

= 53.25 20mm

SHORT COLUMN ACTION

Design for Flexure; Sample problem 1 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 SHORT COLUMN ACTION Formula for Fb
Since L/ rT < 703,270 Cb / Fy

Fb = 82,740 Cb / (Ld/Af ) ≤ 0.60Fy (= 148.8 Mpa)

= 82,740(1.0)/ [(6000x540)/(450X20)]
= 229.8 Mpa. > 148.8 Mpa
therefore Fb = 148.8 Mpa. in compression, while Fb = 0.60Fy = 148.8 Mpa in tension
(c) When L = 10 m, L > LC

L / rT = 10,000/119.35 = 83.79 > 703,270 Cb / Fy

3,516,330 Cb / Fy = 119.07

since 703,270 Cb / Fy < L/ rT < 3,516,330 Cb / Fy

LONG COLUMN ACTION
Fb = [ 2/3 - Fy (L/rT )2 / (10.55 x 106 Cb )] Fy or
= 82,740 Cb / (Ld/Af ) whichever is larger but ≤ 0.60Fy (= 148.8MPa.)

Fb = [2/3 – 248(83.79)2/ (10.55 x 106 )]248 = 124.40 Mpa. or

= 82,740(1.0) / [(10000x540)/(450X20)] = 137.9
therefore, Fb = 137.9 MPa. in compression, while Fb = 0.60Fy = 148.8 Mpa in tension

Design for Flexure; Sample problem 1 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 (d) When L = 16 m, L > Lc LONG COLUMN ACTION

L / rT = 16000/119.35 = 134.06

Since L/rT > 3,516,330 Cb / Fy

Fb = 1,172,100 Cb / (L/rT )2 or
= 82,740 Cb / (Ld/Af ) whichever is larger but ≤ 0.60FY (=148.8 Mpa.)

Fb = 1,172,100 (1.0) / (134.06 )2 = 65.22 MPa. or

= 82,740(1.0) / [(16000x540)/(450X20)] = 86.19 Mpa.

Therefore, Fb = 86.19 MPa. in compression, while Fb = 0.60Fy = 148.8 Mpa in tension

When span length INCREASES, allowable compression decreases.

Design for Flexure; Sample problem 1 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 ASSIGNMENT
Prob. A simply supported beam with a span of 8 meters is subjected to a counter-
clockwise moment at the left support and a clockwise moment at the right
support equal to 25% of the moment at the left support, both acting in the
plane of the minor axis of the beam. The beam is not restrained against
lateral buckling. The beam is W21x62, A36 steel with Fy = 248 Mpa. and with
the ff. properties:
rT = 0.053 m. d = 0.533 m.
bf = 0.210 m. tf = 0.016 m.
Sx = 0.002077 m 3

a) Determine the slenderness ratios below which the beam is short, and
above which the beam is long, with respect to lateral buckling.
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c) Determine the maximum value of the moment at the left support.

Figure: M 0.25M

L = 8m

Design for Flexure; Sample problem 2 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Solution:

L/rT = 8000/0.053 = 151

M1 = 0.25M M2 = M
M1 / M2 = - 0.25 ( -ve since the end moments are of opposite sign)
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 (M1 / M2 ) + 0.30 (M1 / M2 )2
= 1.75 + 1.05(-0.25) + 0.30(-0.25)2
= 1.50625 ≤ 2.3 (OK)

a) The slenderness ratio below which the beam is short w.r.t. lateral buckling is:

703,270 Cb / Fy = 703,270 (1.50625) / 248 = 65.36

The slenderness ratio above which the beam is long w.r.t. lateral buckling is:

3,516,330 Cb / Fy = 3,516,330 (1.50625) / 248 = 146.14

b) Allowable flexural on compression flange:

since L/rT > 3,516,330 Cb / Fy

Design for Flexure; Sample problem 2 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Fb = 1,172,100 Cb / (L/rT )2 or
= 82,740 Cb / (Ld/Af ) whichever is larger but ≤ 0.60Fy
for the compression flange

Fb = 1,172,100 (1.50625) / (151)2 = 77.43 Mpa. or

= 82,740 (1.50625) / [(8x0.533)/(0.21x0.016)] = 98.205 Mpa.
whichever is larger but ≤ 0.60(248) or 148.8 Mpa.

Therefore Fb = 98.205 Mpa. for the compression flange

c) Maximum moment at the left support:

fb = M/S

To get the maximum moment M at left support, equate fb = Fb = 98.205 Mpa.

M = Fb S = (98.205)(0.002077 x 10003 ) = 203,972,282 N-mm.

= 204 kN-m.

Design for Flexure; Sample problem 2 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Actual Shear Stress in Steel Beams: actual average shear stress
- It is assumed that only the web carries the shear force. The average shear stress, f v
is determined as: V: shear force
fv = V/(dtw ) d: overall depth of section
shear = shear force / area parallel to force tw: thickness of web
Allowable shear stress, Fv : (Old NSCP Provision)
V (shear): non-uniform along beam span
A) When h/tw ≤ 998/ Fy
for simply supported: maximum at supports, 0 at midpoint
Fv = 0.40 Fy on the overall area, d tw , of the web of
fv = V/(dtw )

b) When h/tw > 998/ Fy

Fv = Fy Cv / 2.89 ≤ 0.40 Fy on the clear area of web, htw , between flanges.

fv = V/(htw )
h: depth of web
where: Cv = (310,264 kv ) / [Fy (h/tw )2] when Cv < 0.80
Cv = [500/(h/tw )] kv / Fy when Cv >0.80
kv = 4.00 + 5.34/(a/h) 2 when a/h < 1.0
kv = 5.34 + 4.00/(a/h)2 when a/h >1.0

Design for Shear; Allowable shear stress, Fv Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. The beam below is W21x62, A36 steel with Fy = 248 Mpa. and with
the ff. properties:
rT = 53.34 mm. d = 533.1 mm. tw = 10.20mm
bf = 209.3 mm. tf = 15.6 mm.
Ix = 553,588 x 10 3mm3 E = 200,000 Mpa.

a) Determine whether the beam section needs intermediate web stiffeners and,
if so, design the spacing of the stiffeners.
b) Determine whether the beam is safe against shear.
c) Determine whether the beam deflection is excessive if deflection is
limited to 1/180 of the span.
Figure:
W = 80 kN/m.

L = 8m

Design for Shear; Sample problem 3 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Solution:

a) Check if intermediate web stiffeners are needed

h = d – 2tf = 533.1 - 2(15.6) = 501.9

h/tw = 501.9/10.20 = 49.20 < 260, therefore no intermediate web
stiffeners are required.

b) Check whether the section is safe in shear.

998/ Fy = 998 / 248 = 63.37 c) Check for deflection

actual deflection
since h/tw < 998/ Fy δmax = (5/384) (wL4 /EI)
Fv = 0.40 Fy = (5/384)[(80,000)(8)4 (1000)3
fv = V/(dtw ) ≤ 0.40 Fy 200,000 x 553,588 x 103
V ≤ 0.40(248)(533.1)(10.20) = 38.54mm
V ≤ 539,411.9 N = 539.4 kN. Δlimit = 8000/180 = 44.44 mm. > δmax
For the beam loaded as shown in the figure, therefore SAFE!
Vmax = wL/2 = 80kN/m(8m)/2 limit of deflection
= 320 kN. < 539.4 kN , therefore SAFE!

Design for shear; Sample problem 3 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 NSCP 2010 PROVISIONS ON DESIGN FOR FLEXURE:

General Provisions:

Design flexural strength = фb Mn where фb = 0.9 for LRFD

Allowable flexural strength = Mn / Ω where Ω = 1.67 for ASD

LRFD – Load and Resistance Factor Design

ASD - Allowable Stress Design

Equations of Mn (Nominal flexural strength):

Sec. 506.2. For Doubly Symmetric Compact I-shaped Members and Channels
Bent About their Major Axis, Mn shall be the lowest value obtained
according to the limit states of yielding and lateral-torsional buckling.

Sec. 506.2.1. Yielding major axis: usually x-axis

Mn = Mp = Fy Z x where Fy = specified minimum yield strength

Z x = plastic section modulus about x-axis

Design for flexure; 2010 NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Sec. 506.2.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

1. When Lb ≤ Lp , the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply.

2. When Lp ≤ Lb ≤ Lr
Mp: yielding (see previous section)

Mn = Cb Mp - (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx) Lb – Lp ≤ Mp

Lr – Lp
3. When Lb ≥ Lr

Mn = Fcr Sx

where, Lb = length between points that are either braced against lateral
displacement of compression flange, or against twist of the
cross section (basically, unsupported length, or span for simply supported)

Lp = 1.76ry E/Fy

Lr = 1.95 rts (E/0.7Fy ) Jc / (Sx ho ) 1 + 1 + 6.76 [ (0.7Fy Sx ho )/ (EJc)] 2

Design for flexure; 2010 NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 r2 ts = [ Iy Cw ] / Sx

c = 1.0 for doubly symmetric I-shape , otherwise

c = ho /2 I y / Cw

ho = distance between flange centroid (distance between the centroids of the 2 flanges)

E = modulus of elasticity of steel , 200GPa

J = torsional constant = 1/3 ∑(bt3) where b and t are the width and thickness,
respectively, of each plate component.
Sx = elastic section modulus about x axis

Fcr = (Cb π2 E)/ (Lb /rts )2 1 + 0.078 Jc Lb 2 where the square root term
Sx ho rts maybe taken as 1.0

If the square root term is taken as 1.0; [for the sake of the lecture, (always) use square root term as 1.0]

Lr = π rts E/ (0.7Fy )

Design for flexure; 2010 NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Cw = warping constant (Sectional property)
= Iy ho2 /4 for doubly symmetric I-shapes with rectangular flanges
Note: for other shapes, see tabulation of Cw equations in Appendix C of AISC.
Cb = lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for non-uniform moment diagrams
when both ends of the unsupported segment are braced

Cb = 125 Mmax Rm ≤ 3.0

2.5Mmax + 3MA +4MB + 3Mc

Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced segment

MA = absolute value of moment at quarter point of the unbraced segment L/4
MB = absolute value of moment at centerline of the unbraced segment L/2
Mc = absolute value of moment at three-quarter point of the unbraced segment 3L/4
Rm = cross-section monosymmetric parameter
= 1.0 for doubly symmetric members
= 1.0 for singly symmetric members subjected to single curvature bending
= 0.5+2(Iyc / Iy )2 singly symmetric members subjected to reverse curvature bending
Iy = moment of inertia about the principal y-axis
Iyc = moment of inertia about the y-axis, referred to the compression flange
or if reverse curvature bending, referred to the smaller flange
Cb = 1.0 for cantilevers where the free end is unbraced

Design for flexure; 2010 NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Sec. 506.3. Doubly symmetrical I-shaped Members with Compact Webs and
Non-compact or Slender Flanges Bent about the Major Axis

Sec. 506.3.1. Lateral-torsional buckling

- the same provisions as in Sec. 506.2.2
CHOOSE LOWER VALUE
Sec. 506.3.2 Compression Flange Local Buckling for Mn between lateral-torsional

For sections with non-compact flanges buckling and compression

flange local buckling
Mn = MP – (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx ) λ – λpf
λrf – λpf

For sections with slender flanges (slenderness is determined by computation)

Mn = (0.9 Ekc Sx )/ λ2
where:
λ = bf / (2tf ) bf: width of the flange tf: thickness of flange
compare with λpf = limiting slenderness ratio for a compact flange (Table 502.4.1) compact and slender
lambda
λrf = limiting slenderness ratio for a noncompact section (Table 502.4.1) non-compact
kc = 4 / h/tw but not less than 0.35 nor greater than 0.76
and slender

Design for flexure; 2010 NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 (See other cases for equation of Mn )

Sec 506.4. I-shaped Members with Compact or Non-compact Webs

Bent about their Major Axis

Sec 506.5. Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-shaped Members

with Slender Webs Bent About their Major Axis

Sec 506.6. I-shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Minor Axis

Sec 506.7. Square and Rectangular HSS and Box-shaped Members

Sec 506.8. Round HSS

Sec 506.9. Tees and Double Angles Loaded in the Plane of Symmetry

Sec 506.10. Single Angles

Sec 506.11. Rectangular and Round Bars

Sec 506.12. Unsymmetrical Shapes

Design for flexure; 2010 NSCP Specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. A built-up beam below is made of A36 steel with Fy = 248 Mpa. The flanges are
connected to the web by means of fillet welds. The beam is simply supported
at its ends, without additional lateral support within its span. Determine the design
and allowable flexural strength if the beam span is (a) 4 meters (b) 6meters
(c) 18 meters .Assume Cb = 1.0.

Figure: bf = 450mm tf = 20mm Solution:

A = 2(450)(20) + 500(20) = 28,000
Ix = (450)(540)3/12 - 2(215)(500)3/12
= 1,425,733,333.33 mm4
Sx = Ix / c = 1,425,733,333.33/(540/2)
= 5,280,494 mm3
ho = (540 – 20) = 520 mm
d = 540mm h = 500mm Iy = 2(20)(450)3/12 + 500(20)3 /12
x x = 304,083,333.33 mm4
ry = Iy / A = 104.21 mm
tw =20mm Cw = Iy h02 / 4 = 2.055 x 1013 mm6
J = torsional constant (not polar moment of inertia)8
J = 1/3(∑bt3 )= 1/3[( 2(450)(20)3+500(20)3 ] = 3,733,333mm4
c = 1.0 for doubly symmtric I-shape
rts 2 = Iy Cw /(Sx); rts = 122.36 mm
Plastic neutral axis divides the section into Zx = sum of moment of areas above and below
two equal areas. For symmetric I-shapes, plastic neutral axis (x-axis)
it coincides with the centroidal x-axis. Zx = 2 [450(20)(260)+250(20)(125)] = 5,930,000 mm3
moment-area: area multiplied by moment arm from major axis (x-axis)
Design for flexure; Sample problem 4 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Unstiffened flange: stiffened web:
bf /2 tf = 450/(2x20) = 11.25 h/ tw = 500/20 = 25
λp = 0.38 E/ Fy = 10.79 3.76 E/Fy = 106.77
λ = 0.95 E/ Fy = 26.98 h/ tw < 3.76 E/Fy
lower r
0.38 E/ Fy < bf /2 tf < 0.95 E/Fy upper therefore, the web is compact
limit therefore, the flange is noncompact
but not slender

Lp = 1.76ry E/Fy = 1.76 (104.21) E/Fy = 5,208 mm = 5.208m lower limit of unsupported span

Jc / (Sx ho ) = 3,733,333(1)/ (5,280,494x520) = 0.036

1 + 6.76 [ (0.7Fy Sx ho )/ (EJc)] 2 = 1.937

Lr = 1.95rts (E/0.7Fy ) Jc / (Sx ho ) 1 + 1 + 6.76 [ (0.7Fy Sx ho )/ (EJc)] 2

= [1.95(122.36)(200,000)/(0.7x248)](0.036) 1 + 1.937
= 16,959 mm. = 16.959 m.
upper limit of unsupported span

Design of steel beams; Sample problem 4 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 For Doubly symmetrical I-shaped Members with Compact Webs and
Non-compact or Slender Flanges Bent about the Major Axis,
Sec 506.3 applies.

a) When Lb = 4.0m , L b < Lp

i) Lateral-torsional buckling:

When Lb = < Lp the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does

not apply. (Sec. 506.2.2 in relation to Sec. 506.3.1)

ii)Compression Flange Local Buckling:

For sections with noncompact flanges

Mn = MP – (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx ) λ – λpf Mp = Fy Zx = 248(5,930,000)

λrf – λpf = 1,470.640 kN-m.

Mn = 1,470.64 – [1,470.64 – 0.70(248)(5,280,494)x10-6] 11.25 - 10.79

26.8 – 10.79
= 1454.90 kN-m. (answer)
Design Mu = φ Mn Allowable Mall = Mn /Ω

Design of steel beams; Sample problem 4 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 b) When Lb = 6.0m , Lp < Lb < Lr

i) Lateral-torsional buckling: CAUTION: Use proper units.

When Lp < Lb < Lr

Mn = Cb Mp - (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx) Lb – Lp ≤ Mp given Cb = 1.0

formula when
Lr – Lp
Lp < Lb < Lr
= 1.0 1,470.64 – [1,470.64 – 0.70(248)(5,280,494)x10-6] 6 - 5.208
12.954 - 5.208
= 1414.00 kN-m. < Mp

ii) Compression Flange Local Buckling:

Mn = MP – (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx ) λ – λpf Mp = Fy Zx = 248(5,930,000)

λrf – λpf = 1,470.640 kN-m.
= 1454.90 kN-m.

Thus Mn = 1414.00 kN-m. (answer) choose lower value for Mn (as per NSCP)
Design Mu = φ Mn Allowable Mall = Mn /Ω

Design for flexure; Sample problem 4 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 b) When Lb = 18.0m , L b > Lr
UNDER 506.3
i) Lateral-torsional buckling:

Mn = Fcr Sx ≤ Mp

Fcr = (Cb π2 E)/ (Lb /rts )2 1 + 0.078 Jc Lb 2 where the square root term
Sx ho rts maybe taken as 1.0

Jc = [3,733,333(1)/ (5,280,494x520) = 0.00136

Sx ho

Lb /rts = (18,000/122.36) = 147.11

Thus:
Fcr = [(1.0)(π2 )(200,000)/ (147.11)2 ] 1 + 0.078 (0.00136)(147.11)2
= 165.58 MPa.
Mn = Fcr Sx = (165.58)(5,280,494) N-mm
= 874.34 kN-m. which is lesser than Mp (=1,470.640 kN-m.)

Mn = 874.34 kN-m.

Design of steel beams; Sample problem 4 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 ii) Compression Flange Local Buckling:

For sections with noncompact flanges

Mn = MP – (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx ) λ – λpf Mp = Fy Zx = 248(5,930,000)

λrf – λpf = 1,470.640 kN-m.

Mn = 1,470.64 – [1,470.64 – 0.70(248)(5,280,494)x10 -6] 11.25 - 10.72

26.8 – 10.72
= 1452.38 kN-m.

Thus, Mn = 874.34 kN-m. (answer) lower value

Design Mu = φ Mn Allowable Mall = Mn /Ω

Design for flexure; Sample problem 4 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 tw = web thickness, in mm.
a = clear distance between transverse web stiffeners , in mm.
h = clear distance between flanges at the section under investigation, in mm.
= d – 2tf
d = overall depth of the beam.

Web stiffeners:

When h/tw > 260 and fv > Fy Cv / 2.89

a < h [ 260/(h/tw)]2

web stiffeners h

Design of steel beams; Web Stiffeners Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 NSCP 2010 PROVISIONS ON DESIGN FOR SHEAR:

Design SHEAR strength = фv Vn where фv = 1.00 for LRFD

Allowable SHEAR strength = Vn / Ωv where Ωv = 1.50 for ASD

I. Without tension field action (only shear yielding and buckling)

Vn = 0.60Fy Aw Cv
Aw = dtw

1. For webs of rolled I-shaped members with h/tw ≤ 2.24 E/Fy

Cv = 1.0

2. For webs of all other doubly symmetric shapes and singly symmetric shapes
and channels, except round HSS.

a. For h/tw ≤ 1.10 kv E/Fy

Cv = 1.0

b. 1.10 kv E/Fy ≤ h/tw ≤ 1.37 kv E/Fy

Cv = (1.51Ekv) / (h/tw)

Design of steel beams; Web Stiffeners Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 c. For h/tw ≥ 1.37 kv E/Fy

Cv = (1.51Ekv) / [(h/tw)2 Fy]

Where kv = web plate buckling coeffecient determined as follows:

1. For unstiffened webs with h/tw < 260

kv = 5 except for stem of tees where kv = 1.2

2. For stiffened webs

kv = 5 + 5/(a/h)2
= 5 when (a/h) > 3.0 or (a/h) > [260/(h/tw)]2

a = clear distance between transverse stiffeners, mm.

h = for rolled shapes, the clear distance between flanges less fillet, mm.
= for built-up welded sections, the clear distance between flanges, mm.
= for built-up bolted sections, the distance between fastener lines, mm.
= for tees, the overall depth

Design of steel beams; Web Stiffeners Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Transverse Stiffeners :

1. Not required when h/tw ≤ 2.46 E/Fy or where the required shear strength
is less than or equal to the available shear strength for kv = 5.0.

2. Where it is required, the transverse stiffeners shall have a moment of inertia about
an axis in the web center for pair of stiffeners, or about the face in contact with the
plate for single stiffeners, which shall not be less than at3w j , where
j = 2.5/(a/h)2 - 2 ≥ 0.5

3. They are permitted to be stopped short of the tension flange, provided bearing
is not needed to transmit a concentrated load or reaction.

- TENSION FIELD ACTION (post buckling strength) is permitted for flanged members
when the web plate is supported on all four sides by flanges and stiffeners.
- It is not permitted for:
1. end panels Afc = area of compression flange
2. members when a/h > 3.0 or [260/(h/tw)]2 Aft = area of tension flange
3. 2Aw /(Afc + Aft ) > 2.5 bfc = width of compression flange
4. h/bfc or h/bft > 6.0 bft = width of tension flange

Design of steel beams; Web Stiffeners Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 II. With tension Field Action

1. For h/tw ≤ 1.10 kv E/Fy

Vn = 0.60Fy Aw

2. For h/tw ≥ 1.10 kv E/Fy

Vn = 0.60Fy Aw Cv + 1 - Cv .
1.15 1+ (a/h)2

Additional Requirement for Transverse Stiffeners

Subject to Tension Field Action:

1. (b/t)st ≤ 0.56 E/ Fyst Ds = 1.0 for stiffeners in pair

= 1.8 for single angle stiffener
2 . Ast > Fy / Fyst 0.15Ds htw( 1- Cv )(Vr /Vc ) – 18tw2 ≥ 0 = 2.4 for single plate stiffener

(b/t)st = width-thickness ratio of the stiffener

Fyst = yield strength of stiffeners
Vr = required shear strength
Vc = available shear strength; фv Vn for LRFD or Vn / Ωv for ASD

Design of steel beams; Web Stiffeners Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. The beam below is W21x62, A36 steel with Fy = 248 Mpa. and with
the ff. properties:
rT = 53.34 mm. d = 533.1 mm. tw = 10.20mm
bf = 209.3 mm. tf = 15.6 mm.
3 3
Ix = 553,588 x 10 mm E = 200,000 Mpa.
a) Determine whether the beam is safe against shear.
b) If the beam is not safe against shear, design the
the size and spacing the stiffeners.
c) Determine whether the beam deflection is excessive if deflection is
limited to 1/180 of the span.
Figure:
W = 170 kN/m.

L = 8m

Design for shear and web Stiffeners; Sample problem 5 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Solution:
h = (d – 2tf ) = 533.1 – 2(15.6) = 501.9
h/tw = 501.9/10.20 = 49.205
2.24 E/Fy = 63.61 2.46 E/Fy = 69.86
thus, h/tw ≤ 2.24 E/Fy ≤ 2.46 E/Fy

For webs of rolled I-shaped members with h/tw ≤ 2.24 E/Fy

Cv = 1.0 (no tension field action)
Vn = 0.60Fy Aw Cv = 0.60(248)(533.1)(10.20)(1.0) N
= 809.11 kN

Using ASD, the available shear strength, Vc = Vn / Ω = 809.11/1.5

= 539.41 kN < 680 kN (beam not safe in shear)
At beam support, V = wL/2 680kN
= 170(8)/2 539.41 kN Shear diagram
= 680 kN

539.41 = 680 - 170(x)

x = 0.827 m. 0.827m
Region where
stiffeners are needed 4m -680kN

Design for shear and web Stiffeners; Sample problem 5 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Design of end panel stiffeners: ( tension field action is not permitted )
- Required shear strength Vr = 680 kN at beam support
- at kv = 5.0; 1.10 kv E/Fy = 69.8 ; and h/tw < 1.10 kv E/Fy , ; Cv = web
- Available shear strength, Vc = 539.41 kN < 680 kN , stiffeners needed.
- using a = 410 mm, stiffeners
the aspect ratio, a/h = 410/501.9 = 0.817
j = 2.5/(a/h)2 - 2 = 1.746 ≥ 0.5
Iw ≥ atw3 j = 410(10.2)3 (1.746) = 759,822.4 mm4
using a pair of stiffeners with b = 60mm 60mm 60mm
759,822.4 ≈ 2[ tb 3/12) + t(b)(b/2)2 ] ≈ 2 (tb 3/3)
t = 5.27 mm, say 6mm.
- provide a pair of 6mm x 60mm stiffeners @ 410mm from end bearing stiffener
(note: the first pair of stiffeners is designed as bearing stiffeners)

Design of intermediate stiffeners:

- @ 410mm from support, V = 680 - 170(0.41) = 610.3kN
Check if tension field action is permitted:
- 2Aw /(Afc + Aft ) = 2(533.1)(10.20) / [2(209.3)( 15.6)] = 1.66 < 2.5 ok
- h/bfc or h/bft = (533.1 – 2(15.6)/ 209.3 = 2.398 < 6.0 ok
- a/h < 3.0 or [260/(h/tw)]2
[260/(h/tw)]2 =[260/ 49.205]2 = 27.92
use a/h < 3.0 so that tension field action is permitted

Design for shear and web Stiffeners; Sample problem 5 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 kv = 5 + 5/(a/h)2 = 5 + 5/1.52 = 7.222
1.10 kv E/Fy = 83.948
thus h/tw (= 49.205) < 1.10 kv E/Fy (= 83.948)

When tension field action is permitted and h/tw < 1.10 kv E/Fy
Vn = 0.60Fy Aw = 809.11 kN
Using ASD, the available shear strength, Vc = Vn / Ω = 809.11/1.5
= 539.41 kN < 610.3 kN , stiffeners needed
2
try a = 410mm, a/h = 0.817; j = 2.5/(a/h) - 2 = 1.746 ≥ 0.5
Iw ≥ atw3 j = 410(10.2)3 (1.746) = 759,822.4 mm4
using a pair of stiffeners with b = 60mm
759,822.4 ≈ 2[ tb 3/12) + t(b)(b/2)2 ] ≈ 2 (tb 3/3)
t = 5.27 mm, say 6mm. (b/t)st = 60/6 = 10; Ast = 2(60)(6) = 720mm2

Additional Requirement for Transverse Stiffeners

Subject to Tension Field Action:

1. (b/t)st ≤ 0.56 E/ Fyst Ds = 1.0 for stiffeners in pair

10 ≤ 15.9 (ok) Cv = 1.0
2 . Ast > Fy / Fyst 0.15Ds htw( 1- Cv )(Vr /Vc ) – 18tw2 ≥ 0
720 > 0 (ok)

Design for shear and web Stiffeners; Sample problem 5 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 410 mm 410mm midspan

end 6mm x 60mm

bearing intermediate stiffeners
stiffener (in pairs)

4.00m

δmax = (5/384) (wL4 /EI) max deflection formula for simply supported beam
= (5/384)(170,000)(84) (1000)3 / (200,000x 553,588 x 10 3mm3 )
= 81.89 mm
δall = L/180
= 8000/180 A
= 44.44 mm < 81.89 mm therefore, deflection is excessive.
section needs to be redesigned.
( section with higher Ix is needed) B

Design for shear and web Stiffeners; Sample problem 5 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Web under concentrated loads: Local Web Yielding

web buckling

localized deformation
at toe of fillet (crippling)
welded or bolted

- remedy is to provide bearing stiffeners

> bearing stiffeners are horizontal, unlike transverse stiffeners which are vertical

Design for web crippling and lateral buckling Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Local Web Yielding: N
R
x
k

toe of fillet
N +5k
N + 2.5k tw
toe of fillet

k
R
For loads at or near support:
N R / [tw [N + 2.5k)] ≤ 0.66Fy or Nmin = R/ (0.66Fytw ) – 2.5k
k: distance from fillet to the bottom of the flange
N: designer's choice For loads at a distance x greater than d from the end of member:
R / [tw [N + 5k)] ≤ 0.66Fy or Nmin = R/ (0.66Fytw ) – 5k
> if these conditions are satisfied, then value of N is sufficient
Note: Bearing plate of width N should be provided to prevent web yielding.

Design for web crippling and lateral buckling; NSCP specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Web Crippling:

Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the web of members under concentrated loads,
when the compressive force R exceeds the following limits:
LIMITING FACTORS
R = 177.2tw [ 1 + 3(N/d)(tw/ tf ) 1.5 ] Fy (tf/ tw ) when load is applied at a distance
x less than d/2
(usually occurs at support)
R = 89.3tw [ 1 + 3(N/d)(tw/ tf ) 1.5 ] Fy (tf/ tw ) when load is applied at a distance
x greater than d/2

If the actual concentrated load exceeds the above limits, bearing stiffeners are provided and
designed as a short compression member with height “d”, and sectional area
consisting of the stiffeners and the web area between stiffeners.
top view of web
and stiffeners to be
designed as a short column

bearing web
stiffeners

Design for web crippling and lateral buckling; NSCP specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Web Sidesway Buckling:

Bearing stiffeners must be provided for the web of flanges that are not braced against
relative movements by web stiffeners or lateral support, when the concentrated load R exceeds
the following limits:
> Fixed Support: restricts rotation (resists moment) ex. welding, bolt
a) If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and (dc /tw )/ (L / bf ) < 2.3

R = (46,880 tw 3 / h) [ 1 + 0.4 [(dc /tw )/ (L / bf )] 3]

b) If the loaded flange is not restrained against rotation and (dc /tw )/ (L / bf > 1.7
(e.g. hinge, ball and socket)
R = (46,880 tw 3 / h) [ 0.4 [(dc /tw )/ (L / bf )] 3 ]

where:
L = largest lateral unbraced length along the flanges at the point of load, mm.
dc = d – 2k = web depth clear of the fillets, mm.

Design for web crippling and lateral buckling; NSCP specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Beam Bearing Plates:
used to resist bearing pressure
- placed below steel beam
in between concrete
column toe of fillet
t

k1 n

B N

Design of beam base plate; NSCP specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 The allowable bearing pressure Fp on the supporting concrete is:

Fp = 0.35 f’c on full area of concrete footing

= 0.35 f’c A2 / A1 ≤ 0.70 f’c on less than
full area of the concrete support.

where:
f’c = compressive strength of concrete
A1 = area of base plate bearing on support.
A2 = maximum area of the supporting surface
geometrically similar and concentric with
the loaded area A1

Thus,
A1 ≥ R/ 0.35 f’c on full area of concrete footing

A1 ≥ 1/A2 (R/ 0.35 f’c )2 on less than full area of the concrete support.

and t = 3 fp n2 / Fb where actual fp = R / (BN)

Fb = 0.75Fy
n = B/2 – k1

Design of beam base plate; NSCP specifications Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. W21 x 93 beam shown below must transmit a total reaction of 1,000 kN to
the steel base plate over full area of a concrete column. All steels are A36
with Fy = 248 Mpa. Conrete has f’c = 27 Mpa. Design the required beam base
plate.
R = 1,000 kN R = 1,000 kN
Figure:
W21x93:
k1 = 27.5mm
k = 40.2mm
tw = 14.7mm

k1 n
B N

Design of beam base plate; Sample problem 6 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Solution:

To obtain N: ( local web yielding requirement)

R/ [tw (N + 2.5k)] ≤ 0.66Fy for loads at or near support

1,000,000/ [ 14.7(N + 2.5(40.2))] ≤ 0.66(248)

N ≥ 315.11 mm, say 316mm

To obtain B:

fp = R/BN ≤ 0.35 f’c

B ≥ R / (0.35 f’c N) (critical value of B)
≥ 1,000,000) / [(0.35)(27)(316)]
≥ 334.85 mm, say 335mm.

To obtain t:
fp = R/BN = 1,000,000/(335x316) = 9.44 Mpa. ≤ 0.35 f’c (= 9.45 Mpa)
n = B/2 – k1 = 336/2 - 27.5 = 140.5mm.
Fb = 0.75Fy = 0.75(248) = 186 MPa
t = 3 fp n2 / Fb = 3(9.44)(140.5)2 / 186
t = 54.82mm say 55mm. Use 316mm x 335mm x 55mm base plate.

Design of beam base plate; Sample problem 6 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Fbx, Fby: allowable fbx, fby: actual

Beams Under Unsymmetrical Bending:

wind load fbx = Mx / Sx fby = My / Sy

dead load For safety:

fbx / Fbx + fby / Fby ≤ 1.0

Mx = moment due to load along the y-axis

x My = moment due to load along the x-axis
Sx = section modulus about x-axis
Sy = section modulus about y-axis
y

crane loads fbx = Mx / Sx fby = My / (½ Sy)

For safety:
fbx / Fbx + fby / Fby ≤ 1.0

x Mx = moment due to load along the y-axis

My = moment due to load along the top of flange
(only ½ Sy is considered effective)
y

Design for flexure; Unsymmetrical bending Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. The top of a roof truss has a slope of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal. The purlin used
is a standard I-beam S 180x22.8 The span of purlin is 6m. The purlin is simply
supported at its ends with the bottom flange resting on top chord of roof
truss. The purlin is supported in the plane of the top chord of the roof truss
by sag rods at the third points of the purlins (assumed simply supported) running
to the ridge purlins. There is a normal load of 1.3 kN/m of purlin and a vertical
load of 2.3 kN/m including weight of purlin.

Properties of S 180x22.8: Mass = 22.7kg/m Area = 2890 mm2

section modulus Sx = 172 x 103 mm3 Sy = 23.6 x 103 mm3

a) Determine the maximum total bending stress in the purlins.

b) If the purlin is A36 with Fy = 248 Mpa. Determine whether it is safe or not
using Fbx = 0.66Fy and Fby = 0.75Fy
Span Lengths (along x and y)
Figure: 1.3 kN/m Lx = 6 meters
2.3 kN/m Ly = 6/3 = 2 meters (sag rods at third points)

ѳ x

1
ѳ
top chor 2

Design for Unsymmetrical bending; Sample problem 7 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Solution:

Normal load WN = 1.3 + 2.3 cosѳ ѳ = tan_1 (1/2) = 26.56˚

= 3.357 kN/m
Tangential load WT = 2.3 sinѳ
= 1.029 kN/m
Formula for Maximum Moments along x and y on Simply Supported Beams
Mx = WN Lx 2 / 8 = 3.357(6)2 /8 = 15.1065 kN –m.

My = WTLy 2 / 8 = 1.029(2)2 /8 = 0.5145 kN –m.

Total bending stress:

f = fbx + fby = Mx / Sx + My / Sy
= 15.1065 x 106 /172 x 103 + 0.5145 x 106 / 23.6 x 103
= 87.828 + 21.8
= 109.63 Mpa.

Check safety:
Fbx = 0.66Fy = 0.66(248) =163.68 Mpa fbx / Fbx + fby / Fby ≤ 1.0
Fby = 0.75Fy = 0.75(248) = 186.0 Mpa. (87.828/163.68) + (21.8/ 186.0) ≤ 1.0
0.652 ≤ 1.0 safe!!!
(allowable)

Design for Unsymmetrical bending; Sample problem 7 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Cover-plated beams: Spacing of shear connectors

To determine the spacing s of the

shear connectors,
fv = VQ/Ib shear stress at the
level where plate is
x in contact with the
flange.
The total shear force to be resisted
by the shear connectors is fv(bs), thus

R = (VQ/Ib)(bs) = VQ/Is
t b s s s = RI/VQ

where, R= total capacity of shear

fv(bs) connectors in shear or bearing
I= moment of inertia wrt. X-axis
Q = moment, wrt n.a,
s of area of the cover plate. (Ay )
Note: in general, Q should be the moment, wrt n.a., of the
area that is being prevented by the shear connectors from
separating with the rest of the cross sectional area.

Design of shear connectors for cover-plated beams Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 To get the thickness of the cover plate:

Sreqd = Mmax / Fb

S ≈ [II + 2 [(bt(d/2)2)]/ (d/2)

2(bt(d/2) ≈ S – S’

t ≈ (S – S’) / bd

for a trial t, increase estimate by adding 5%

t = 1.05(S – S’ )/bd
where S = Sreqd = M max /Fb
S’ = section modulus of the I-section
b = width of cover plate ( could be fixed based on flanged width bf )
d = depth of I-section
Mmax = maximum moment in the beam
Fb = allowable bending stress

Design of shear connectors for cover plated beams Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Prob. A W21 x 147 beam is reinforced by two cover plates. The width of the cover
plate is 300mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6m and carries
a uniformly distributed load of 270kN/m including the beam’s weight. The
shear capacity of each rivet shear connector is 30kN. Design the thickness
of the cover plate and spacing of shear connectors. The beam is A36 steel with
Fy = 248 Mpa. Use Fb = 0.60Fy.

Solution:
Properties of W21 x 147
d = 560 mm Sx = 5,392,857 mm3
Ix = 0.00151 m4 bf = 318mm.

Mmax = wL2 / 8 = 270(6)2 / 8 = 1215 kN-m

S reqd = S = M/ Fb = 1215 (1000)2/ (0.6x248)
= 8,165, 322 mm3

trial t:
t = 1.05 (S – S’) / (bd)
= 1.05(8,165,322 – 5,392,857)/(300x560)
= 17mm, say 20mm

Design of shear connectors; Sample problem 7 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Check S: 300mm
20mm
I = 0.00151x(1000)4 + 2[ 300(20)3 /12 +300(20)(290)2]
= 2.519 x 109 mm4
c: distance from top flange to x-axis (including thickness of cover plate) 280mm
S = I/c = (2.519 x 109 )/ 300 = 8.4 x 106 mm3 > S reqd OK!!
c = 280 + 20 = 300 mm x 560mm
Spacing of shear connectors:
R: total shear capacity of shear connectors, pair COMPOSITE
S= RI/VQ R= 2(30) = 60 kN Q = 300(20)(290) SECTION
= 1,740,000 mm 3

S = (60)(2.519 x 109 / (V(1,740,000))

= 86,862/V (mm) V = shear in kN
Vmax = WL/2 shear diagram:
= 270(6)/2 = 810 kN 810 kN
Scheme: Divide half the span into regions 1 and 2, 1 405 kN
The spacings of connector in each region are: 2
S1 = 86,862/V1 = 86862/810 = 107 mm 1.5m 1.5m
provide 15 connector spacings at 105mm o. 3m
S2 = 86,862/V2 = 86862/405 = 214 mm.
provide 7 connector spacings at 210mm o.c. (note: other schemes maybe opted in
designing for spacing of connectors)

Design of shear connectors; Sample problem 8 Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 COMPOSITE BEAM: (Steel and concrete)
- consists of cast-in-place concrete slab bonded to steel beams, girders, or deckings
such that the two materials act as one unit.
- a steel beam totally encased in concrete is assumed to be connected to the concrete
by the bond between the two materials. b
n: modular ratio (modulus of elasticity of steel / concrete) b/n
Non-encased steel beam: (b/n)eff
For exterior beam
b ≤ 1/8 of the beam span t
≤ ½ of the distance to the centerline of
the adjacent beam
≤ the distance from the beam centerline Shear connector
to the edge of the slab.
For interior beam, n.a. (full) H
b ≤ ¼ of the beam span n.a. (partial) d
≤ distance to adjacent beam
n = Es/ Ec = modular ratio y yeff
a) Full composite action: ( connectors adequate
to resist total horizontal shear)
y = [As (d/2) + Ac (d + t/2)] /[ As + Ac ]
Itr = Is + As (y – d/2)2 + 1/12(b/n)(t3) + (b/n)(t)(d+t/2 – y )2
area * d2 area * d2 * y(bar)
* interior beams carry more load than exterior beams * exterior beams can be considered as girders
Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Beam Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 The section modulus of the transformed section referred to the bottom flange of steel

Str = Itr / y

The section modulus of the transformed section referred to the top of concrete slab

St = Itr / ( H- y ) H - y(bar) = centroid of the entire body to top of the flange

b) Partial Composite Action ( connectors not adequate to resist total horizontal shear)

Effective moment of inertia:

Itr, eff = Is + V’h / Vh (Itr - Is )

Effective section modulus referred to bottom of steel beam:

Str, eff = Ss + V’h / Vh (Str - Ss )

Effective neutral axis(from bottom of beam):

y eff = Itr, eff / Str, eff

Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Beam Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Effective section modulus (referred to top of concrete slab):

St, eff = Itr, eff / (H - yeff ) ; yeff = Itr, eff / Str, eff

Transformed effective width:

(b/n)eff = [As / t][(yeff - d/2) / ( d + t/2 – yeff )] ≤ b/n

(for partial composite action)
where:

Vh is the total horizontal shear to be resisted by the connectors between point

of maximum positive moment and point of zero moment.
Vh = the smaller of Vhc = 0.85f’c Ac/2 , and Vhs = Fy As /2
(concrete) (steel)
V’h is the total horizontal shear to be resisted by the connectors between point
of maximum positive moment and point of zero moment under partial
composite action.
V’h = qN1 , where q is the allowable load shear for one connector (Table 5.1) and
N1 is the number of shear connectors furnished between the
point of maximum moment and point of zero moment.

Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Beam Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Table 5.1 Allowable Horizontal Shear Load for One Shear Connector, q (kN)

Specified Compressive Strength of Concrete

Connectors f’c (Mpa)

21 24 ≥28

12 mm ф x 50 mm hooked/headed stud 22.685 24.465 26.244

16 mm ф x 65 mm hooked/headed stud 35.585 38.254 40.923
20 mm ф x 75 mm hooked/headed stud 51.154 55.602 59.161
22 mm ф x 90 mm hooked/headed stud 69.392 74.730 80.067
Channel C3 x 4.1 0.753w 0.823w 0.875w
Channel C4 x 5.4 0.805w 0.875w 0.928w
Channel C5 x 6.7 0.858w 0.928w 0.980w

w = length of channel in mm.

Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Beam Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Is = moment of inertia of the steel section
ss = section modulus of steel section
As = cross-sectional area of steel section
Ac = actual area of effective concrete flange width = bt/n

Allowable bending stresses:

For steel, Fb,s = 0.66Fy
For concrete, Fb,c = o.45f’c

Working Stress Without Shoring:

a) Before concrete reaches its maximum strength:

fs = MD / Ss (only steel carries the stress)

b) When concrete attains its maximum strength:

i) Full composite action

fs = MD / Ss + ML / Str
nfc = ML / St

Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Beam Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 ii) For partial composite action

fs = MD / Ss + ML / Str,eff

fc = [ML / St,eff ][ (b/n)eff / b ]

Shear Connectors:

The required number of shear connectors (to resist horizontal shear), from point
of maximum moment to adjacent point of zero moment

i) Full composite action : N1 = Vh / q

ii) Partial composite action: N1 = V’h / q

However, the number of shear connectors N2 required between any concentrated

load and the nearest point of zero moment cannot be less than:

N2 = N1 [ Mβ/Mmax - 1]/ [β – 1]

where M = moment (less than maximum moment) at a concentrated load point

β = Str/ Ss or Seff / Ss

Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Beam Tarranza, NC Date: Page

 Prob. A w 21 x 62 interior floor beam has the following data:
span = 12 m.
beam spacing = 2.4 m.
concrete f’c = 21 Mpa
unit weight of concrete = 23.6 kN/m3
slab thickness = 100mm
floor live load = 4700 Pa
partition load = 950 Pa.

The steeel is A36 with Fy = 248 Mpa. Modular ratio n = 9. Assuming full composite action:
a) check adequacy of the beam if it is shored during construction
b) check adequacy of the beam if it is unshored during construction
c) using 12mmф x 50mm headed stud as shear connectors, determine the
required number of stud for the entire beam.
Properties of W21 x 62:
d = 533mm Sx = 2,076,864 mm3
tf = 15.6 mm As = 11,806 mm2
tw = 10.2 mm w = 92.86 kg/ m
6
Ix = 553.588 x 10 mm 4

Composite Steel and Concrete Beams; Sample problem 9 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Solution:

Width b of the concrete slab: (for interior beam)

b ≤ 1/4 of the span b ≤ beam spacing
≤ 1/4(12) ≤ (2.4 m)
≤ 3.0m ≤ 2.4 m
use b = 2.4m

Dead load:
Weight of slab ws = 23.6(2.4)(0.1) =5.664 kN/m
Weight of beam wb = 92.86 x 9.81/1000 = 0.991 kN/m
Total dead load wD = 6.575 kN/m

MD = wD L2 /8 = 118.35 kN/m

Live load:
Floor live load = 4.7(2.4) = 11.28 kN/m
Partition load = 0.95(2.4) = 2.28 kN/m
Total live load wL = 13.56 kN/m

ML = wL L2 /8 = 244.08 kN/m

Composite Steel and Concrete Beams; Sample problem 9 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Total wT = wL + wD = 20.135 kN/m
b = 2400mm
Maximum shear V = wT L/2 = 20.135(12)/2
(occurs at supports) = 120.81 kN. b/n = 266.67mm

Ac,t = (b/n)(100) = 26,667 mm2 100mm

As = 11,806 mm2
AT = As + Ac,t = 38,473 mm2

AT y = ∑ Ay n.a. (full)
38,473 y = 26,667(583) + 11,806(533/2) 583mm
y = 488.9 mm 533mm

Itr = ∑ (Ig + Ad2) y = 488.9 mm

= [553.588 x 106 + 11,806(488.9 - 533/2)2] 533/2 mm
+ 266.67(100)3/ 12 + 26,667(583-488.9)2
= 1,395.88 x 106 mm4
Section modulus from bottom of steel flange
Str = Itr / y = 1,395.88 x 106 / 488.9 = 2,855,144 mm3

Section modulus from top of concrete slab

St = Itr / (633 –y) = 1,395.88 x 106 / 144.1 = 9,686,884 mm3

Composite Steel and Concrete Beams; Sample problem 9 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 a) Check for adequacy of beam when beam is shored:
- the full transformed area shall resist the stresses caused by dead and live load

Check for bending stress on steel:

Allowable Fb = 0.66Fy = 163.68 Mpa.
Actual fs = (MD + ML )/ Str = (118.35 + 244.08) x 106/ 2,855,144
= 126.94 Mpa. < Fb (OK!!)

Check for bending stress on concrete:

Allowable Fb = 0.45f’C = 9.45 Mpa.
nfC = (MD + ML )/ St = (118.35 + 244.08) x 106/ (9,686,884 )
Actual fC = 4.16 Mpa < 9.45 Mpa (OK!!)

Check for shear of steel:

h/tw = [533 -2(15.6)]/10.2 = 49.2 ≤ 998/ Fy
Allowable Fv = 0.40 Fy = 99.2 MPa

V = wT L /2 = 20.135(12)/2 = 120.81 kN
Actual fv = V/dtw = 120.81 x 103/(533x10.2) = 22.22 Mpa < 99.2 Mpa (OK!!)

therefore, beam is adequate when shored!!!

Composite Steel and Concrete Beams; Sample problem 9 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 b) Check for adequacy of beam when beam is unshored:

Check for bending stress on steel:

Allowable Fb = 0.66Fy = 163.68 Mpa.
Actual fs = MD / Ss + ML / Str
=118.35 x 106/2,076,864 + 244.08 x 106/ 2,855,144
= 142.47 Mpa. < Fb (OK!!)

Check for bending stress on concrete:

Allowable Fb = 0.45f’C = 9.45 Mpa.
nfC = ML / St = 244.08)x106/ (9,686,884 )
Actual fC = 2.79 Mpa < 9.45 Mpa (OK!!)

Therefore, beam is adequate when unshored!!!

c) Number of studs required:

Vhc or Vhs , whichever is smaller

Vhc = 0.85f’cAc /2 = 0.85(21)(2400x100)/2 = 2,142 kN

Vhs = Fy As /2 = 248(11,806)/2 = 1,463.9 kN
thus,
Vh = 1463.9 kN.

Composite Steel and Concrete Beams; Sample problem 9 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Using 12mmф x 50mm headed stud is:
q = 22.685 kN

The required number of studs between points of maximum positive moment and zero
moment is: (for full composite action)

N1 = Vh /q = 1463.9/22.685 = 64.53 , use 65 studs

Moment diagram, with required number of studs in the beam.

zero moment maximum moment zero moment

65 studs 65 studs

6m 6m

Composite Steel and Concrete Beams; Sample problem 9 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Prob. Assuming that in the previous problem only 80 studs were provided uniformly
over the entire span, check the adequacy of the beam if (a) shored, and
(b) unshored.

Solution.

From the analysis of the previous problem, the required number of studs between
the points of maximum positive moment and zero moment is 65 for full composite action.

In this problem, the number of studs provided between the points of maximum
positive moment and zero moment is N1 = 80/2 = 40 , which is less than 65, therefore
there is only partial composite action.

In partial composite action:

Vh = 1,463.94 kN
V’h = qN1 = 22,685(40) = 907.4 kN

Itr,eff = Is + (V’h / Vh) (Itr – Is )

= 553.588x106 + 907.4/1463.94 (1,395.54 x106 - 553.588x106)

= 1216.45 x 106 mm4
Composite Steel and Concrete Beams; Sample problem 10 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 With respect to the bottom steel flange:

Str,eff = Ss + (V’h / Vh) (Str – Ss )

= 2,076,864 + 907.4/1463.94 (2,872,072 - 2,076,864)

= 2,702,928 mm3

With respect to the top of concrete slab

yeff = Itr,eff / Str,eff = 1216.45 x 106 / 2,702,928 = 450 mm

St,eff = Itr,eff / (H – yeff ) = 1216.45 x 106/ (633-450) = 6,647,268 mm 3

a) Check for adequacy of beam when beam is shored:

Check for bending stress on steel:

Allowable Fb = 0.66Fy = 163.68 Mpa.
Actual fs = (MD + ML )/ Str,eff
= (118.35 x 106 + 244.08 x 106 ) / 2,702,928
= 134.09 Mpa. < Fb (OK!!)

Composite Steel and Concrete Beams; Sample problem 10 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Check for bending stress on concrete:
Allowable Fb = 0.45f’C = 9.45 Mpa.
Actual fC = [(MD + ML )/ St,eff ] (b/n)eff / b

(b/n)eff = (As / t)[ (yeff - d/2) / (d + t/2 – yeff )]

= (11,806/100)[(450- 533/2) / ( 533 + 100/2 – 450)]
= 162.89 mm

Actual fC = [(118.35 x 106 + 244.08 x 106 )/ 6,647,268](162.89/2400)

= 3.7 Mpa < 0.45 f’c (OK!!)

therefore, the beam is adequate when shored.

b) Check for adequacy of beam when it is unshored:

Check for bending stress on steel:

Allowable Fb = 0.66Fy = 163.68 Mpa.
Actual fs = MD/Ss + ML / Str,eff
= 118.35 x 106 / 2,076,864 + 244.08 x 106 / 2,702,928
= 147.29 Mpa. < Fb (OK!!)

Composite Steel and Concrete Beams; Sample problem 10 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
 Check for bending stress on concrete:

Allowable Fb = 0.45f’C = 9.45 Mpa.

Actual fC = ML / St,eff ] (b/n)eff / b
= (244.08 x 106 / 6,647,268)(162.89/2400)
= 2.49 Mpa. < 0.45 f’c (Ok!)

Therefore, the beam is adequate if unshored.

WORKING STRESS WITH SHORING (NSCP 2015)

Composite Steel and Concrete Beams; Sample problem 10 Tarranza, NC Date: Page