‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ -:‬ﺍﻷﻋﻤـــﺪﺓ‪.

‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻫﻮ ﻋﻀﻮ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ رأﺳﻲ ﯾﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﻤﻼً اﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺎً أو ﺣﻤﻼً اﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺰم ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (1-3‬ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻒ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ‪-:‬‬
‫‪1-Short compression block or pedestals: -‬‬
‫وﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻀﻮ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﯾﻘﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﺮﺿﻪ و ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎدة ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﺎس وﻗﺪ ﻧﺺ ‪  A C I .C o d e .0 2 ( sec .2 .1 ) ‬ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬

‫أن ﯾﺼﻤﻢ ﺑﺪون اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﺢ )‪ (Plain Concrete‬ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ وﺻﻮل إﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ )' ‪ (φ 0.85fc‬ﺣﯿﺚ )‪(φ = 0.65‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ إﻟﻰ إﺟﻬﺎد أﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﯾﺠﺐ إن ﯾﺼﻤﻢ ﻛﻌﻤﻮد ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﺢ )‪(Reinforced Concrete Column‬‬
‫‪2- Short reinforced concrete column: -‬‬
‫وﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪث ﻟﻪ اﻧﻬﯿﺎر ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﻞ إﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ واﺟﻬﺎد‬
‫ﺣﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﻀﻮع أي أن ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﯾﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪3- Long or slender reinforced concrete: -‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ أﻋﻤﺪة ﯾﻜﻮن ﻃﻮل اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﻪ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ وﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﻋﺰوم إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ زﯾﺎدة ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ وﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﺸﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج )‪(Buckling‬‬

‫)‪ (2-3‬أﻧﻮاع اﻷﻋﻤﺪة )‪(Type of Columns‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺎً ﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻹﺳﻨﺎد اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻤﻄﻮﻗﺔ )‪(Tied Columns‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎ أو ﻣﺴﺘﻄﯿﻼ أو داﺋﺮﯾﺎ وﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﻪ ﻗﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺄﻃﻮاق‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪77‬‬
 (Spiral Columns) ‫ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻮﻟﺒﯿﺎ‬-2
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﻋﺎدة داﺋﺮﯾﺎ وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎ أو أي ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري آﺧﺮ وﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ‬
‫( ﻣﺘﻘﺎرب‬Helical Spiral)‫اﻟﻄﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ داﺋﺮة وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻠﻮﻟﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
. ‫اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬

:‫( ﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ وﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬.ACI COD.02) ‫( ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﻮد اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ‬3-3)

1. The minimum longitudinal steel percentage is (1%) and the
maximum is (8%) …. Sec (10.9.1)
0.08Ag ≥ ρ ≥ 0.01Ag
2. Minimum number of longitudinal bars for compression members.
.......Sec (10.9.2)
- (4) Bars for tied circular and rectangular columns
- (6) Bars for circular members enclosed by spirals
3. Clear distance between longitudinal bars......... sec (7.6.3)
S ≥ 1.5 bar dim ater ≥ 40mm
4. Maximum distance between longitudinal bars… sec (7.10.5.3)
S ≤ 150mm

(5-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

78
 5. Minimum clear cover (40mm)… sec (7.7.1c)
6. Use ties (No.10) for longitudinal bars (No.32) or smaller and use
ties (No.12) for longitudinal bars larger than (No.32)…
Sec (7.10.5.1)
7. Spacing of ties shall not exceed the smallest of: - …. Sec (7.10.5.2)
- 48 tie diameter.
- 16 longitudinal bar diameter.
- Least dimension of the column.

‫( اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ وﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ACI.COD.02) ‫( ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﻮد اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ‬4-3)

(Spiral Columns) ‫ﻟﻮﻟﺒﯿﺎ‬
1. The minimum ratio of spiral reinforcement is: ……..Sec (10.9.3)
 Ag  fc'
ρ s = 0.45  − 1
 Acore  fy
Where: (fy) not more than (420MPa)
By Definition:

volume of spiral's in one loop

ρs =
volume of core for aspacing (S)
a s . π .( D c - d s) 4 .a s . ( D c -d s )
ρs = =
 π .D c 2  D c 2 .S
  .S
 4 
Where: -
as: area of spiral reinforcement ( 6-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Dc: diameter of the core measured to the outside diameter of spiral.

D: diameter of the column.
ds: diameter of the spiral.
S: spacing of the spiral.

79
2. The minimum diameter of longitudinal bar is (16mm) and the
minimum diameter of spirals is (10mm)…. Sec (R7.10.4)
3. Spacing between spiral’s … sec (7.10.4.3)
25mm ≤ S ≤ 75mm
4. Splices may be provided by welding or lapping the spiral bar’s by
(48dbar) but not less than (30mm) ……. Sec (7.10.4.5)
5. Creak for shear where:

 Nu   fc ' 
Vc = 1+   6  bw.d.....( ACI.eq.11.4 )
 14Ag   
-:‫( ﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺮة‬ACI.Cod.02) ‫( ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﻮد اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ‬5-3)
1. Axial load capacity of column’s (sec.10.3.6)
- For spiral column’s:
φ Pn = 0.85φ (0.85fc'(Ag - As) +fy.As)
Where: φ = 0.70 → sec (9.3.2.2a)
- For tied column’s:
φ Pn = 0.80φ (0.85fc'(Ag - As) +fy.As)
Where: φ = 0.65 → sec (9.3.2.2b)
e
IF : ≤ 0.1 → for tied column.... sec(R10.3.6)
2. h
e
≤ 0.05 → for spiral column....sec(R10.3.6)
h
Short column’s can be completely designed by equations in section
(10.3.6)

80
3. For section’s subjected to axial load with flexure …. Sec (9.3.2.2)
a) Classical analysis method: -
- When: Pu = φ Pn ≥ 0.1fc' Ag
φ = 0.65 for tied column
Than
φ = 0.70 for spiral column
- When: 0.1fc ' Ag > Pu = φ Pn ≥ 0
2.Pu
φ = 0.9 - ≥ 0.65 for tied column
fc'Ag
1.5Pu
φ = 0.9 - ≥ 0.70 for spiral column
fc'Ag
fy ≤ 420MPa
Where:
γ (g) ≥ 0.70
- When: Pu = φ pn = o

Then: φ = 0.9

b) Use of interaction diagram’s: -

- A section is selected
Pu  d
As = If  e ≤ 
0.5fc' → 0.7 fc'  2
Pu  d
As = If  e > 
0.1fc' → 0.3fc'  2

- Compute: g = γ =
h-2d'
h
- Use interaction diagram to determine ( ρ t )

- Cheak: Pu ≤ φ Pn

Where: ( Pn ) from ….sec(10.3.6)

81
 ‫)‪ (6-3‬اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻠﺔ ‪Long(slender) Columns‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻌﻤﻮد إﻟﻰ ﻗﻮة ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻟﻪ إزاﺣﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﻘﺪارﻫﺎ ) ∆ ( ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺰوم ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ) ∆ ‪ (P.‬وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻋﻤﺪة وﺑﺤﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت )‪ ACI.Code (10.10.1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ]ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل واﻟﻌﺰوم اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ ‪ ،‬اﻹزاﺣﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻤﺪد واﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء – ﻧﻮع اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ ‪ ،‬وﺟﺴﺎءه اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ[‬
‫* ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ‪-:‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮي اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﻲ‬
‫* اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﻲ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ) ‪ (δ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ وﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺰوم اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪* Non-sway and sway frames‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻮﺟﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻹﻃﺎرات ذات اﻹزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ )ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ( وﻋﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻹزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ‬
‫)اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ واﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪* Effective length of columns (Le‬‬
‫‪Le = K .Lu‬‬
‫‪Lu = unsupported length‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(7-3‬‬

‫‪82‬‬
* Non-sway frames columns
1. Effective length factor (k) ≤ 1 ACI-Code (10.12)
pu .∆o
2. Q =∑ ≤ 0.05 ACI-Code (10.11.4.2)
Vu .Lc

(8-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

* Sway frames columns

1. Effective length factor (k) ≥ 1 ACI-Code (10.13)
pu .∆o
2. Q =∑ > 0.05 ACI-Code (10.11.4.1)
Vu .Lc

(9-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

83
∑ pu = Total factored vertically load for all of the columns on the story.
∆O = The elastically determined first-order lateral deflection due to Vu
at the top of the story.
Vu = the total factored horizontal shear for the story.
Lc = the height of columns c/c
Q = stability index

* Determining of (k) factors

I) Determining of( k) factors with alignment charts
(a) For braced frames ACI-Code (10.12.1)
(b) For un braced frames
‫* اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬
-:‫( ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‬ψ ) ‫ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬.1
∑ ( E I/L )c
ψ =
∑ ( E I / L )b

∑ ( EI / L ) c = Sum. Of the stiffness of the columns meeting at that joint

∑ ( EI / L ) b = Sum. Of the stiffness of the beams meeting at that joint
For: pinned joint ⇒ ψ = ∞
Use ⇒ψ =10
For: fixed joint ⇒ψ = 0
Use ψ =1
Ic = 0.7 Ig (column) ACI-Code (10.11.1)
Ib = 0.35 Ig (beam) ACI-Code (10.11.1)
L = c/c

84
From chart [ACI.Code (Fig.R10.12.1)] ⇒ [k= f (ψ A, ψ B)]
ψ A = at the top of column
ψ B = at the bottom of column
II) Determining K factors with equations:-
1. For braced frames [ACI.Code (10.12.1)]
K = 0.7 + 0.05 (ψ A +ψ B) ≤ 1
Or k = 0.85 + 0.05 ψ min ≤1

Where: ψ min = ψ A ≤ψ B

2. For on braced frames [ACI.Code (10.12.1)]

ψ A +ψ B
a) If ψ m <2 ψ m =
2

K=
20 −ψ m 1+ψ m
20
b) If ψ m ≥ 2
K = 0.9 1 +ψ m
3. For unbraced member that are hinged at one end
K = 2+0.3ψ
ψ = At the restrained end

* Behavior of columns when subjected to compression axial force:

∆ T = P. ∆ → (1)

∆ V = Pcr. ∆L → (2)

.‫ ∆ = اﻟﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ‬T

.‫ ∆ = ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬V
85
 When ∆ T < ∆ V ⇒ P < Pcr
.‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻫﺎت ﻣﺮﻧﺔ وﺗﻌﻮد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ) ∆ ( إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ زوال اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ‬
When ∆ T = ∆ V ⇒ P = Pcr
‫وﻫﻨﺎ ﯾﺼﻞ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻌﻤﻮد إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ وﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﺈن أي زﯾﺎدة ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻮة ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﺸﻮﻫﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد وﻻ ﺗﻌﻮد ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ) ∆ ( إﻟﻰ‬
(‫اﻟﻤﺮن )ﺳﻠﻮك ﻟﺪن‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬

Pcr = π . E.I
2
2
→ (1)
Le
Pcr π 2 .EI2 π 2 .E.r 2 π 2 .E π 2 .E
σ cr = = = = =
A Le 2 .A Le2  
Le
2
 k.lu 
2

   
 r   r 

∴σ cr = π 2E
2
 Klu 
 
 r 

Where:
I = Igmin
I
r = = The radius of gyration
A

 KLu 
  = the effective slenderness ratio
 r 

• Slender columns in non-sway(braced) frames

For non-sway frames, slenderness effects may be ignored if the
following expression is satisfied:
k u  M1 
≤ 34 -12   ACI-Code (10.12.2)
r  M2 

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 Where:
- The term (34-12M1/M2) ≤ 40
- The term (M1/M2) is positive if the member is bent in single
curvature, and negative if the member is bent in double
curvature.
- M2 > M1
- If k u / r > 100 a theoretical second-order analysis must be made
[ACI-Code (10.11.5)]

• Magnification of column moments in non-sway frames:

When a column is subjected to moment along its unbrased length, it
will be displaced laterally in the plane of bending.
M = Mo + Ms
Where:
Mo = primary moment
Ms = P. ∆ = secondary moment
Or Mc = δ ns .M 2
ACI-Code (10.12.3)

Where:

δ ns = Cm ≥ 1
1- P u
0.75 Pc

Pc = π 2
.EI
( k .Lu )2
EI = 0.4 .Ec Ig
1+ βd
Ø M 2 ≥ M2 min = Pu (15+0.03h)....... ACI-Code (10.12.3.2)

factored axial dead load

Ø βd =
factored axial total load

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 M1
Ø Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 ≥ 0.4 ACI-Code (10.12.3.1)
M2
Ø For members with transverse loads between supports Cm =1
Ø M2 = Larger factored moment
Ø When M 2 < M 2 min ⇒ Cm = 1

Or (Cm) shall be based on the ratio 

M1
 ACI-Code(10.12.3.2)
M 2

• Slender columns in sway (unbraced) frames

If a frame is unbraced against side sway it is first necessary to compute its
slenderness ratio.

If: Klu < 22 slenderness may be neglected (ACI 10.13.2)

r

• Magnification of column moments in sway frames:

Klu
for : ≥ 22
r
M1 = M1ns + δ s.M1s ACI (10.13.3)

M2 = M2ns + δ s.M2s
Where:
M1ns, M2ns = the end moments, which do not cause appreciable side sway.

M1s, M2s = the factored end moments that cause side sway.

δ s =
1
≥1 A C I (1 0 .1 3 .4 .3 )
1−
∑ pu
0 .7 5 ∑ p c

and: δ s ≤ 2.5 ……………. ACI- (10.13.6.C)

- For a compression member which has:
Lu 35
>
r pu
f c '. A g

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The maximum moment will occur at a point between the member ends
and will exceed the maximums end moment by more than (5%)
For this case the design moment is to be determined by the following
expression.
Mc = δ ns(M2ns + δ s.M2s)

* Analysis of sways frames

The frame is analyzed for each of the loading conditions to follow: -
[ACI-Code-02 (9.2.1)]
(Loading I) Wu = 1.4D + 1.7L from [ACI-Code-95 (9.2.1)]

(Loading II) Wu = 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.6W

Wu = 1.2D + 1.0L +1.0E

(Loading III) Wu = 0.9D + 1.6W

Wu = 0.9D + 1.0E

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