CHAPTER 1: THE
5. Organs- a structure compose of 2 or
HUMAN BODY: AN more tissues that perform a specific
ORIENTATION function.
6. Organ System- a group of organs that
work together to accomplish a common
A. AN OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY purpose
AND PHYSIOLOGY 7. Organism- the highest level of structural
ANATOMY organization.
Study of the structure and shape of the
body and its part and their relationship C. ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
to one another
1. Integumentary System
Greek words: ana- (apart); tomy (cut)
the external covering of the body, or
2 Subdivisions of Anatomy the skin.
1. Gross anatomy- study of body parts Water proofs the body and cushions
visible to the naked eye. and protects the deeper tissue from
2. Microscopic Anatomy- the study of injury
body structures that is too small to Excretes salts and urea in perspiration
be seen with the naked eye. and helps regulate body temperature
PHYSIOLOGY 2. Skeletal System
The study of how the body and its part consist of bones, cartilages, ligaments,
work or function. and joints
Physio- (nature); ology- (the study of) supports the body and provides
framework that the skeletal muscles
B. OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONS use to cause movement
1. Chemical Level- the simplest level of the it also has a protective function
structural level. At this level, atoms, tiny Hematopoiesis or formation of blood
building blocks of matter, combine to cells takes place within the cavity of
form molecules. the skeleton
2. Molecules- associate in specific ways to Hard substance of bones acts as
form the microscopic cells. storehouse for minerals
3. Cells- smallest unit of all living things 3. Muscular System
4. Tissue- a group of great many similar Functions to contract or shorten
cells that all developed togetherfrom the Viewed as machines of the body
same part of the embryo and all Allows manipulation of the
performs a certain function environment, locomotion and facial
expression, maintains posture;
4 Major types of Tissue produces heat
I. Epithelial 4. Nervous System
II. Connective The body’s fast acting control system
III. Muscle Consist of the brain, spinal cord,
IV. Nervous nerves and sensory receptors
Responds to internal and external 11.Reproductive System
changes by activating appropriate Overall function is production of
muscles and glands offspring.
5. Endocrine System Testes- produce sperm and male sex
Glands secret hormones that regulate hormone, ducts and gland aid in
processes such as growth and delivery of viable sperm to the female
reproduction reproductive tract
Consist of pituitary, thyroid, Ovaries- produce eggs and female sex
parathyroids, adrenal, thymus, hormones, remaining structures
pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes serves as sites for fertilization and
6. Cardiovascular System development of the fetuus.
Consist of heart and blood vessels Mammary glands of female breast
Blood vessels transport blood, which produces milk to nourish the newborn
carries oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients, waste D. MAINTAINING LIFE
7. Lymphatic System Necessary Life Functions
consist of the lymphatic vessels, lymph 1. Maintaining Boundaries- preventing
nodes, lymphoid organs (spleen, entry of potentially damaging or
tonsils) unnecessary substances
Picks up fluid leaked from blood 2. Movement- includes all the activities
vessels and returns it to the blood, promoted by the muscular system, such
houses white blood cells involved in as propelling our selves from one place to
immunity another *walking, swimming) and
8. Respiratory System manipulating the external environment
Keeps blood constantly supplied with with our fingers.
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide 3. Responsiveness or irritability- ability to
Consist of nasal passages, pharynx, sense changes (stimuli) in the
larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. environment and then to react to them.
9. Digestive System 4. Digestion- Process by which complex
Breaks food down into absorbable food products are broken down into
units that enters the blood for simpler substances
distribution to body cells 5. Metabolism- Breaking down complex
Consist of oral cavity, esophagus, substances into simpler building blocks,
stomach, small and large intestines making larger structures from smaller
and rectum ones.
10.Urinary System 6. Excretion- Removal of waste products
Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the from the body
body, regulates water, electrolytes and 7. Reproduction- Formation of new
acid- base balance of the blood individual offspring
Also known as excretory system
Consist of kidneys, ureters, bladder
and urethra
8. Growth- Increase in size and number of G. HOMEOSTASIS
cells therefore increase in size of an
individual or organ The ability of the body to maintain a
9. Respiration- Exhange of respiratory gases relatively stable internal conditions
between organism and its environment event though the outsidw world is
10.Absorption- Movement of molecules continuously changing
through a membrane and into the body Indicates a dynamic state if
fluids for transport to cells for use equilibrium, or a balance in which
11.Secretion- Production and release of internal conditions change and vary
important substances for diverse body but always within relatively narrow
functions limits
12.Circulation - Movement of body fluids
containing many substances from one
body area to another
F. HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL
MECHANISMS
Processes for maintaining or restoring
E. SURVIVAL NEEDS
homeostasis.
1. Water
• There are three (3) parts:
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes 1. Receptor - provides information
- required for transport of substances about the stimuli
- regulates body temperature 2. Control Center - tells what a
2. Food particular value should be (called
- provides necessary nutrients the set point)
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
3. Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
4. Heat/ Temperature
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic
reactions
5. Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important
for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood
Flowing
3. Effector - elicits responses that one body structure is in relation to
change conditions in the internal another
environment A. SUPERIOR
H. THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY O Toward the head end or upper part of
ANATOMICAL POSITION a structure or the body; above
The body is erect with the feet parallel EXAMPLE:
and the arms hanging at the sides with O The fore head is superior to the nose
the palms facing forward
B. INFERIOR
O Away from the head end or toward the
lower part of a structure of the body;
below
EXAMPLE:
O The navel is inferior to the breastbone
C. VENTRAL (ANTERIOR)
O Toward or at the front of the body; in
front of
EXAMPLE:
O The breastbone is anterior to the spine
D. DORSAL (POSTERIOR)
O Toward or at the back side of the body;
DIRECTIONAL TERMS behind
Allow medical personnel and EXAMPLE:
anatomist to explain exactly where O The heart is posterior to the
breastbone
E. MEDIAL
O Toward or at the midline of the body;
on the inner side of
EXAMPLE:
O The heart is medial to the arm
F. LATERAL
O Away from the midline of the body; on
the outer side of
EXAMPLE:
O The arms are lateral to the chest
O The lungs are deep to the rib cage
REGIONAL TERMS
G. PROXIMAL ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARK
O Close to the origin of the body part or Abdominal- anterior body trunk
the point of attachment of a limb to inferior to ribs
the body trunk Acromial- point of shoulder
EXAMPLE: Antebrachial- forearm
O The elbow is proximal to the shoulder Antecubital- anterior surface of elbow
Axillary- armpit
H. DISTAL Brachial- arm
O Farther from the origin of a body parts Buccal- cheek area
of the point of attachment of a limb to Carpal- wrist
the body trunk Cervical neck region
EXAMPLE: Coxal- hip
O The knee is distal to the thigh Crural- leg
Deltoid- curve of shoulder formed by
I. SUPERFICIAL large deltoid muscle
O Toward or at the body surface Digital- fingers; toes
EXAMPLE: Femoral- thigh
O The skin is superficial to the skeleton Fibular- lateral part of leg
Frontal – forehead
J. DEEP (INTERNAL) Inguinal- area where thigh meets body
O Away from the bidy surface; more trunk ; groin
internal Nasal- nose area
EXAMPLE: Oral- mouth
Orbital- eye area
Patellar- anterior knee
Pelvic- area overlying the pelvis
anteriorly
Pubic- genital region
Sternal- breastbone area
Tarsal- ankle region
Thoracic- chest
Umbical- navel
POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
Calcaneal – heel of foot
Cephalic- head
Femoral- thigh
Gluteal- buttock
Lumbar Midsagittal or median section- if the cut
- area is down the median plane of the body and
of the the right and lefts part are equal in size.
back 2. Frontal or coronal section- is a cut along a
lengthwise plane that divides the body
into anterior and posterior parts.
3. Transverse or cross Section-
A horizontal plane; divides the body or
any of its parts into upper and lower
parts.
between ribs and hips
Occipital- posterior surface of head BODY CAVITIES
Olecranal- posterior surface of elbow Dorsal Body Cavity
Popliteal- posterior knee area
2 subdivisions of Dorsal Cavity
Sacral- area between hips
Scapular- shoulder blade region
Sural- the posterior surface of lower 1. Cranial cavity
leg; the calf - The space inside the bony skull;
Vertebral- area of the spine 2. Spinal cavity
- Extends from the cranial cavity
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
to the end of the vertebral
column;
-
Ventral Cavity
1. Thoracic Cavity
3 TYPES OF PLANES
1. Sagittal section – a cut along the
lengthwise or longitudinal, plane of the
body, dividing the body into right and left
parts.
- This is separated by a dome 9 REGIONS OF ABDOMINOPELVIC
shape muscle called diaphragm CAVOTY
- The organs in the thoracic cavity
( lungs, heart and others)
- A central region that separates
the lungs into right and left
cavities is called mediastinum.
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Subdivided into superior
abdominal cavity containing the
stomach, liver, intestines and
other organs.
- Pelvic Cavity containing
reproductive organs, bladder
and rectum.
4 QUADRANTS OF
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
1. Right Hypochondriac Region
2. Epigastric Region
3. Left Hypochondriac Region
4. Right Lumbar Region
5. Umbilical Region
6. Left Lumbar Region
7. Right Inguinal (Iliac) Region
8. Hypogastric Region
9. Left Inguinal (Iliac) Region
1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
