LESSON 11: Purposive Communication
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Discussion Questions
1. How does purposive communication work to communicate?
2. What are the applications of purposive communication in everyday living?
3. What are the three main learning styles of purposive communication?
Let's Read and Discuss
Purposive communication is an interactive way of collaboration to people through writing, speaking and
presenting (CMO 20 s2013). The goal of purposive communication is to build communicative
competence, cultural and intercultural awareness and develop improvement through multimodal tasks
that deliver opportunities for effective communication to a multicultural audience in a local or global
context.
Purposive communication is makes use of materials that is useful in evaluating various texts. It also
focuses in language and impacts of images to show the significance of carrying messages correctly.
In purposive communication, learners will not only be dependent on one skill, they should be able to
showcase expertise in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Through purposive communication,
people will be exposed to activities
that will sharpen their skills. These activities are conversing logically on a subject of import, reporting on
group work and or assignments, writing and delivering a formal speech, writing minutes of meetings and
other similar documents, preparing a research or technical paper, and making audio-visual or web-based
presentations which are done in real life.
As stipulated in CMO No. 20, the purpose of these combined activities is to enable students to practice
strategies of communication with a clear purpose and audience in mind, guided by the criteria of
effective communication and the appropriate language. Internet search There ar 6 T
Repackaging information is also a good way to appeal to different learning styles, as you can present the
same content in various ways, which help reiterate a point. While this strategy is useful with any speech,
since the purpose of this is teaching, it makes sense to include a focus on learning within your audience
adaptation.
MAIN LEARNING STYLES OF PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
There are three main learning styles that help determine how people most effectively receive and
process information: visual, auditory and kinesthetic also known as VARK learning style (Fleming, 2012).
It is used to determine the dominant learning style.
Visual
Visual leaners respond well to the information shown through visual aids,
repackage information using texts, graphics, charts and other media because they
concentrate best by receiving new or difficult information in written or pictorial form. Most of the
learners, regardless of perceptual preference, have an advantage when writing and illustrations are
shared, either in the texts they are reading or
when they are note-taking or note-making.
A visual learner recalls 75% of what they read or see. One study of Constantinidou and Baker in 2002,
found that visual presentation through the use of pictures was advantageous for all adults, irrespective
of a high or low learning-style preference for visual images. Undeniably, it was especially advantageous
for those with a strong preference for verbal processing.
Auditory
Auditory learners process information well when they hear it. (i.e., public speaking). Auditory learners
benefit from oral instruction, either from the teacher or themselves. They prefer to hear or recite the
information and aid from auditory repetition. Auditory learners ought to two sub-channels namely
linguistic and spatial. Learners who are visual-linguistic like to learn through written language, such as
reading and writing tasks. They remember what has been written down, even if they do not read it more
than once. They like to write down directions and pay better attention to lectures if they watch them.
Learners who are visual- spatial usually have difficulty with the written language and do better with
charts, demonstrations, videos, and other visual materials. They easily visualize faces and places by using
their imagination and seldom get lost in new surroundings.
Kinesthetic
Kinesthetic learners are tactile; they like to learn through movement or "doing". Kinesthetic learners are
most successful when totally engaged with the learning activity. They acquire information fastest when
participating in a science lab, drama presentation, skit, field trip, dance, or other active activity. Because
of the high numbers of kinesthetic learners, education is shifting toward a more hands-on approach;
manipulative and other "props" are incorporated into almost every school subject, from physical
education to language arts. Hands-on teaching techniques are gaining recognition because they address
the challenging needs of kinesthetic learners, as well as the diverse needs of auditory and visual
learners.
Key Points
Purposive communication produces relevant oral, written, audio-visual and/or web-based output for
various purposes.
Listening, speaking, reading, writing, viewing are the five skills for an effective purposive
communication.
Audience and purpose are the two most important concepts of this type of communication.
Real/Hands on tasks such as conversing intelligently on a subject of import, reporting on group work
and/or assignments, writing and delivering a formal speech, writing minutes of meetings and similar
documents, preparing a research or technical paper, and making an audio-visual or web-based are good
example of efficient activities of purposive communication.
Lesson 12: Argumentative Communication
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Discussion Questions
What are the types of argumentative speech?
2. What are the examples of argumentative speech?
3. Who are the usual individuals involved in argumentative communication?
Let's Read and Discuss
To say that conflict exists everywhere would be to state the obvious. Conflict happens between all
individuals and in all situations. If you were to look back at your communications and interactions with
people you meet on a day to day basis, you can probably remember numerous instances in which your
communication with them was marked by disagreement. That is, you and others seem to see the world
in very different ways, and the positions you hold on various issues seemed to be divergent.
Argumentative communication is considered a constructive communication trait in which two people
with different ideas, personalities and beliefs have produced a disagreement due to a certain topic of
different opinions.
Argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness are traits developed as a function of both natural
personality and environmental influences. If you assume that biology is solely responsible for these
traits, then no amount of training would be effective in altering these predispositions. However, even
advocates of the inherited trait explanation recognize that some communication behavior is the result
of social learning and thus may be modified through training.
Argumentativeness has also been defined as a characteristic that predisposes individuals to advocate
positions on debatable issues, and to attack verbally regarding other people's contradictory
perspectives. Assessment of argumentative and aggressive communication at the interpersonal level has
been primarily concerned
with specific relationships (e.g., parent-child, marital, siblings). However, there are a few studies that
focused on more generic interpersonal relationships. For example, Myers and Johnson (2003) assessed
the relationship between verbal aggression and in a variety of interpersonal relationships (e.g., friend,
romantic partner, classmate, instructor, or colleague).
In short, it is an underlying motivation to argue. It is important to note that the focus of the argument is
on the position, rather than on the person. This is a fundamental difference between constructive
communication and destructive communication.
TYPES OF ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION
These are the types of argumentative communication:
Assertive Communication
The speaker is dominant and forceful in an assertive communication. Typically, he/she uses
aggressiveness to accomplish personal objectives but creates positive feelings at the same time.
Using verbal and non-verbal cues to show control and prevent violating other people's rights. Some
assertive individuals show indication of violence in a socially acceptable manner. These individuals
express their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs in suitable ways that are direct and honest without violating
others' rights.
Straightforwardness, refusal of unreasonable demands, denial to be intimidated, absence of social
apprehension, instigation of desires, impulsive lexes, sociability, and conflicting vigorously, rather than
passively are some of the behaviors of assertive people. They also have a tendency to defend their
personal beliefs and are competitive and willing to take a stand.
Hostility Communication
Communication in which people uses verbal and non-verbal messages to show irritability, pessimism,
anger, and doubt is a form of hostility. Hostile people characteristics includes having a quick temper,
little patience, exhibit moodiness, and become infuriated when something goes wrong. They might be
excessively negative about the probable consequences that others find more beneficial. Hostile people
also tend to refuse to cooperate, and be unfavorable toward authority, rules, and social conventions.
The main cause of hostility is resentments. It may be in a form of envy, hatred, jealousy in which
increased their anger and suspicions causing them to distrust other people by thinking that they might
be hurt. Anger-inducing experiences may also persuade hostility and aggression. Hence, hostility is
learned and can be anticipated.
Verbal Aggressiveness
A tendency to attack the ideas of others rather than their place in the issues is verbal aggressiveness.
Attacks on other individual's positions are considered argumentative, while attacks on another person's
self-concept are considered verbally aggressive.
Research shows three main areas of self-concept attacks:
1. Group membership in which you think that your family are all liars and frauds.
2. Personal failings, in which you unsuccessfully passed your subjects.
3. Relationship failings in which you actually think that your ex wasn't really the problem.
There are several types of attacks in verbally aggressive communication this
includes:
a. Competence attacks
In this type of attacks, one area can lead that person to lower his/her skill in that area which can instill
upset, discomfort, and humiliation and deteriorate that person's longing to complete that task.
b. Character attacks
A result in embarrassment, hurt, and psychological pain. Profanity is pervasive in verbally aggressive
communications and often involves the use of obscene words, epithets, and offensiveness.
c. Teasing and Ridicule Attacks
Teasing is a more playful form of verbal aggression. It may be a result of a person mocking the other or
making fun of his/her weakness that may cause psychological destruction that may be remembered
even years later. The feeling of embarrassment and offended will still be induced despite of the years
passed.
Ridicule is closely related to teasing. It involves spending words or deeds to evoke arrogant laughter
directed at someone else.
d. Maledictions
Wishing for a person's ill being and providing next category of aggressive and harmful behaviors are
called maledictions. Curses and profanities are some of its examples.
e. Threat
It suggests an intention to inflict physical or psychological pain, injury, or some other harm on another.
Passive Aggressiveness
Passive-aggressiveness is an execution of revengeful acts while repudiating having aggressive feelings.
Key Points
Argumentative communication is considered a constructive communication trait in which two people
with different ideas, personalities and beliefs have produced a disagreement due to a certain topic of
different opinions.
In assertive communication, the speaker is interpersonally dominant and forceful, and uses
aggressiveness to achieve personal goals, while at the same time creating positive feelings in others.
Hostility displays in communications when people use verbal and nonverbal messages to express
irritability, negativity, resentment, and suspicion.
Verbal aggressiveness means a tendency to attack the self-concepts of others,
rather than, or in addition to, their positions on issues.
Attacks in verbally aggressive communication this includes: competence attacks, character attacks,
teasing and ridicule attacks, maledictions and threat.
Passive-aggressiveness is performing vengeful acts while denying having aggressive feelings.
LESSON 13: Impromptu Speech
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Discussion Questions
L What is an impromptu speech?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantage of impromptu speech?
3. What are the tips for delivering an efficient impromptu speech?
Let's Read and Discuss
Public speaking is also called oratory or oration which is an act of carrying out a speech to a live
audience. This form of speech is purposely structured with three general purposes: to inform, to
persuade, and to entertain.
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
An impromptu speech is prearranged with little or no preparation, yet more or less always with some
advance familiarity on the topic. When asked to speak on the "spur of the moment," is commonly
because the speaker is quite informed about the subject.
For example, if called on to speak in class; a learner might give a short impromptu
speech about a subject that was in the assigned readings.
Facts About Delivering Impromptu Speech
Remember that the speakers are generally in control of the content they are presenting that is why
inclusion of topics that they want to talk about and personal examples from experience to support the
discussion can be added. Speak with conviction like you really mean it. Deliver the speech naturally and
be more conversational and spontaneous.
Since you are not prepared with pages of notes, you are more likely to speak directly to the audience
just like if you were speaking to another person in a conversation. Since speakers are not well-prepared,
they may have difficulty thinking of what to say or formulating the ideas once you get up to speak.
Although speakers are familiar with the topic, the speech may lack details and supporting information. If
the audience is passive and does not ask questions to guide, the speaker may overlook some significant
content. Additionally, impromptu speaking is rarely appropriate for occasions which require more
reasoned discourse with supporting ideas or more formal events.
ETHICS OF THE SPEAKER
In public speaking, the ethical nature is being a real person in delivering the message to your audiences.
The speaker is responsible for relaying the information regarding a specific topic thus, the speaker is
obligated to be a person of good character and speak the truth. Here are the proper ethics a speaker
ought to:
Interactivity
Rather than talking "at" the audience, it's better to be speaking directly "with" the audience. Mentally,
you should consider the audience as responding, asking questions and approving or disapproving of
what you are saying. Interactivity or perception of give and take between the audience and the speaker
must be observed for you not to lose your thoughts while ignoring the thoughts of your audience.
Eye Contact
This is an important aspect of successful conveyance for audiences. They expect you to look them in the
eye, by this way audience can see through if the speaker is sincere and knowledgeable with the topic
being delivered.
Voice
Speaking naturally but loud enough to be heard by the listeners should be your initial concern because if
you are not clearly heard by the audience, you might lose their attention in listening. At a minimum, you
need to be intelligible to the audience so that they can comprehend the message. Pronunciation, stress,
and emphasis should also be considered.
Gestures
This includes movement of the hands, face, or other parts of the body. As a conversational speaker, you
do not want to use planned or fixed gestures for dramatic effect. Additionally, you want to avoid any
gestures that, out of nervousness or habit, might distract the audience from the message.
TIPS FOR THE SPEAKER
1. You need to plan an introduction and a conclusion. If possible, take a few moments to think about
what you want to say to introduce the topic and have some way of concluding.
2. Prepare a few notes for yourself on a card, phone, or iPad. Or, text yourself a few single words to
remind yourself of the important ideas.
3. Create a simple three-part outline of an introduction, body, and conclusion,
and fit your ideas into that pattern. 4. Do not memorize the detailed outline of your entire speech; just
remember
the order of important points. 5. Stop when you have already made your points.
6. If you run out of words, just summarize and paraphrase what you have just said, and then move on to
the next topic. 7. Remember that, in most situations, you will know more about the subject
than the audience.
8. Speak with conviction.
9. Relax!
Key Points
Interactivity, Audiences feel connected to speakers who talk with them, rather than at them.
Audiences expect the speaker to look them in the eye.
Audience member expects a conversational tone but also wants to hear and understand the speaker.
Public speakers should always use a microphone to make sure everyone can hear.
Audiences expect to see gestures that feel natural, maintain interest, and
help convey the message. Gestures may include movements of the hands,
face, or other parts of the body.
Impromptu means little or no preparation type of speech.
LESSON 14: Extemporaneous Speech
Time flies when you're prepping extemp.
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Discussion Questions
1. What are the advantages and disadvantage of impromptu speech?
2. What are the guidelines for delivering an efficient extemporaneous speech?
Let's Read and Discuss
Extemporaneous speaking is one of the most natural methods for delivering a prepared speech. You can
use an extemporaneous speech notes to achieve a more natural tone, flow and style. with the audience.
PREPARING SPEECH NOTES
There are two popular methods for creating a graphical representation for notes: outlining and mind or
concept mapping.
An outline is a list of items with each item divided into additional sub-items. Each level in an outline has
at least two subcategories. There are three basic types of outlines: sentence, topic and phrase.
Sentence Outline. Each complete sentence includes a heading or single sentence
about the subject of the outline. Topic Outline. Each topic is listed and functions as a subtopic of the
outline's subject.
Phrase Outline. Each short phrase entry is a subtopic of the aforementioned main entry. Speaking notes,
topic outlines, and phrase outlines have an advantage over sentence outlines. For example, you can
easily look at your notes for reference and as a personal reminder of which topics to discuss as you're
speaking.
Two Outlines commonly used: alphanumeric and decimal.
An alphanumeric outline includes a capitalized number or letter at the beginning of each topic. Look at
the sample:
1. Thesis statement: E-mail and internet monitoring is an invasion of employees'
rights
I. The situation: Over 80% of today's companies monitor their employees. A. To prevent fraudulent
activities, theft, and other workplace related
violations. B. To more efficiently monitor employee productivity.
II. What are employees' privacy rights when it comes to electronic monitoring and surveillance? A.
American employees have basically no legal protection from mean
and snooping bosses.
1. There are no federal or State laws protecting employees.
2. Employees may assert privacy protection for their own personal effects. B. Most managers believe
that there is no right to privacy in the
workplace.
1. Workplace communications should be about work; anything else is a misuse of company equipment
and company time.
2. Employers have a right to prevent misuse by monitoring employee communication.
Decimal Outline
The decimal outline shows how each item at every level relates to the whole sample.
Thesis statement:
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Brief history of Petron Corporation
1.2 Corporate environment
2.0 Career opportunities
2.1 Operations management
2.1.1 Traffic
2.1.2 International trade and corporate customs
2.1.3 Distribution
2.2 Product development
The outline could be printed or handwritten.
Mind Mapping and Concept Mapping
Mind mapping and concept mapping are visual representations of ideas and concepts.
Mind map is a diagram which starts with a single word and then branches out from the central node,
with lesser categories as sub-branches of the larger branches. Concept maps are more free-form, since
multiple hubs and clusters can be created. Unlike mind maps, concept maps do not fix on a single
conceptual center
Practice and Rehearsal Guidelines
The following guidelines are best practices on how to practice and rehearse an
extemporaneous speech:
Speak in a conversational style by pretending you are with your audience.
Rehearse with your graphics and coordinate them with your talk.
Display your graphics only when you are talking about them.
Rehearse in front of others and solicit feedback.
. Record and listen to your timed practice speech.
Prepare for interruptions and questions at the end.
Although extemporaneous speaking may not require memorization and manuscript speaking, organize
and prepare your content and notes ahead of time to deliver a speech that will be well received by your
audience.
Key Points
Outlining and mind or concept mapping are two popular methods for organizing ideas to create a
graphical representation for speaker notes. An outline is a list of items with each item divided into
additional sub-items.
Each level in an outline has at least two subcategories. There are three basic
types of hierarchical outlines sentence, topic and phrase.
Mind mapping and concept mapping are visual representation of ideas and concepts. Both mind maps
and concept maps can be used to graphically show the relationship between ideas for a speech and as
speaker notes for delivery.
A mind map diagram starts with a single word as a central branch node and lesser categories as sub-
branches going off from the central node. A concept maps can have multiple hubs or nodes with clusters
of concepts labeled to show the kind of relationship.
While extemporaneous speaking may be free of the constraints of memorization and manuscript
speaking, it is not careless talk, the speaker prepares notes in advance in order to deliver an organized
speech.
LESSON 15: Manuscript Speech
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Discussion Questions
1. What are the different forms of manuscript?
2. What are the advantages of a manuscript speech?
3. What are the disadvantages of a manuscript speech?
Let's Read and Discuss
In manuscript speeches, you need to use the document provided to you without adding your own
thoughts or comments. You need to deliver it exactly as written. You are delivering words which were
prepared by someone else; they are the original author's ideas and not your own that you are
presenting to the audience.
The manuscript could take many different forms. It can be a short story, a poem, or an article. You may
also be provided with a special type of document, called a proclamation.
After the speaker reads the manuscript and understands the meaning, he or she can practice creating a
conversational delivery by emphasizing important words, creating vocal phrases with the right words
together, and varying the pace and emphasis.
However, there are other situations where you will need to prepare your own manuscript perhaps for
publication in a newsletter or to make sure you include exact wording. If you are preparing your own
manuscript for delivery, consider first the audience and write for them as if you were speaking directly
to them.
Advantages of Manuscript Speech
Speakers usually have time to prepare which will allow you to fully understand the meaning that needs
to convey to the audience. Once the speaker understands the meaning, then it is possible to practice
reading to create a conversational delivery by emphasizing important words, create vocal phrases with
the right words together, and vary the pace and emphasis to convey the meaning of the original. Since
you will have the document with you, you can mark it to indicate where you want to add emphasis,
pause, and change volume or pitch.
Disadvantages of Manuscript Speech
The obvious disadvantage is that the speakers are speaking for someone else; speakers are delivering his
or her thoughts and ideas and not your own. You do not have ownership of the ideas but you may be
judged since you are delivering the manuscript.
TELEPROMPTER
Working with a teleprompter is done to increase eye contact and presence with the audience. There are
two types of teleprompter such as professional teleprompter and personal teleprompter.
Professional Teleprompter
A teleprompter is also called a telescript or an autocue. It is a display device that aides the person
speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script. Using a teleprompter is similar to the
practice of using cue cards; words can be seen in front screen and usually below the camera lens of a
professional video camera. The words on the screen are reflected to the eyes of the presenter using a
sheet of clear glass or in prepared beam splitter. The speaker doesn't need to look down to refer written
notes; speaking spontaneously and looking directly into the camera lens or the audience would be
easier.
Personal Teleprompter
There are inexpensive teleprompter software applications as well as free web- based teleprompter
applications, which will permit you to use a teleprompter to help you deliver sermons, deliver speeches,
and create quality audios. These entry-level products work on desktops, laptops, and even tablets.
LESSON 16: Memorized Speech
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emcee.html
Discussion Questions
1. What are the advantages of memorized speech?
2. What are the disadvantages of memorized speech?
3. What are the guidelines for effective memorized speaking?
Let's Read and Discuss
A memorized speech is narrated from memory rather than read from cue cards or using the aid of notes.
In memorized speaking, you develop greater audience contact because you can look directly into the
eyes of your audience as you deliver your speech. You can use your gestures to the best advantage as
you become spontaneous in reacting to your own talk. And, there will be a good arrangement of
animation and sincerity in speaking from memory.
In memorized speaking, emphasis on memorizing the words exactly as the one written will be its main
goal rather than on the communication of own ideas. In this type of speech, the speakers are not given
the chance to adapt own speech to unexpected audience reactions. If a point needs further explanation
or if the audience shows disapproval of a statement, you are unable to depart from your memorized
script and you cannot care for the emergency adequately. For this intention, you reduce the audience's
spontaneous responses to you and you lose their belief in your sincerity.
USES OF MEMORIZED DELIVERY
Good speakers of the past were expected to deliver their speeches from memory without notes or other
assistances. Nowadays, you may find it to your advantage to memorize your speech or presentation.
Thus, memorization takes two basic forms:
1. The total speech or manuscript is committed to memory.
2. Standard parts of a message are memorized and woven into each speech.
Advantages of Memorized Speech
If the speech is memorized, the speakers are more likely to perform better than the speakers reading
from a manuscript, since they can stay in touch with the audience.
When speaking from memory, the speakers do not need to think about what is coming next or how to
express an idea as they would in extemporaneous speaking; therefore, you can give more attention to
the audience.
Disadvantages of Memorized Speech
The main problem in delivering a speech from memory is sounding rehearsed, or like reading. Forgetting
some words or phrases can happen that can affect the content and message of the speech.
TIPS FOR THE SPEAKER
Various approaches can be made to memorize and rehearse your speech. Below are some guidelines to
follow when delivering a memorized speech:
1. When writing the speech, write as if you were speaking naturally, directly to an audience.
2. Develop an outline of the main points and then memorize the outline.
3. If delivering the same speech to different audiences over time, memorize the individual sections and
then weave them together for each occasion.
4. If you forget a word or two or a small section, just continue speaking.
Key Points
Memorized delivery takes two basic forms: the total speech or manuscript is committed to memory, or
standard parts of the message are memorized and woven into each speech.
Memorizing your speech allows you to stay in touch with your audience.
The main problem of delivering a speech from memory is that it sounds like reading a passage since you
are focusing your attention on remembering the words.
When writing your speech, write as if you were speaking naturally, directly to an audience.
