DCB30082

ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

TOPIC 2
TRANSFORMER

BY: PN. NUR ASHIKIN BINT I LAKMAN

 2.1 Explain the principle, losses and efficiency of
transformer

2.2 Apply the concept and principle of transformer

LEARNING
OUTCOMES

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3
4
 How to
transfer the
electrical
energy? Circuit 1 Circuit 2

Circuit 1 Transformer Circuit 2

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 static device
ubah alternatif current
satu nilai voltage ke nilai voltage yg lain
Transformer is a device that changes AC electrical
power at one voltage level into AC electrical power
at another voltage level through the action of
magnetic field, without a change in frequency.
medan magnet

Transformer does not generate electrical power, it

transfers electrical power.

Definition The transformer has no rotating parts, hence it is

called a static transformer.

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 bahagian utama dlm binaan asa
binaan asas
Basic Construction of cover

Transformer
§ A simple transformer consists of TWO
separate windings on an iron core.
gegelong / coil terpisah antara teras besi teras besi

§ Primary winding is connected to

a source of electrical energy, receives
the energy from the AC source

§ Secondary winding is connected to

load, receives the energy from the
primary winding and delivers it to the
load

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Basic Construction of Transformer
iron core laluan
Provides a path for the magnetic lines
Transformer core of flux fluks magnet

Primary winding
Two windings
Secondary winding

Protects the above components from

Cover dirt, moisture and mechanical
damage
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Basic Construction label

of Transformer iron

§ I1- primary current =1p

§ N1- primary number of turns

§ E1- primary voltage E1=V1 =5 TURNS

§ I2- secondary current

§ N2- secondary number of turns =5 TURNS

§ E2- secondary voltage E2=V2

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KEPINGAN KELULI BERLAPIS DIEBAT ELAKKAN SUPAYA BERKARAT

LAMINA = BERLAPIS-LAPIS

Basic Construction of
Transformer

§ Transformer consist of a laminated

core of special alloy steel of high
resistance.
§ Each steel core thickness varies from
0.35mm – 0.5mm. KETEBALAN KELULI
DI LINDUNGI

§ Each of the lamination is insulated from

each other by varnish or enamel etc.
§ It is used to reduce the noise of
transformer during working condition.

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 Working Principle
ARUHAN SALING

The transformer works in the principle of mutual induction.

Apabila arus bolak mengalir di

When an alternating current flows in the primary coil, a gegelung primer, a
perubahan fluks magnet
changing magnetic flux is generated around the primary coil. dihasilkan di sekitar gegelung
utama

The changing magnetic flux is transferred to the secondary

Fluks magnet yang berubah
dipindahkan ke SECONDRY

coil through the iron core.

COIL melalui teras besi

Fluks magnet yang berubah dipotong

oleh SECONDRY COIL,
oleh itu terhasil/teraruh e.m.f. di
The changing magnetic flux is cut by the secondary coil,
SECONDRY COIL
hence induces an e.m.f. in the secondary coil.
VOLT

If load is connected to a secondary winding, this e.m.f.

drives a current through it.
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Types of Transformer

Types of
Transformer

Voltage
Core Phase
Value

Single Three
Core type Shell type Step-up Step-down
phase phase

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According to core
LIMBS /LENGAN

CORE TYPE – IT HAS A HOLLOW RECTANGLE SHELL TYPE - IT HAS DOUBLE MAGNETIC
WITH TWO LIMBS. THE WINDINGS SURROUND CIRCUIT AND THREE LIMBS. BOTH WINDINGS
THE CORE. ARE PLACED ON THE CENTRAL LIMBS.

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 Single phase transformer only one coil at primary
side and one coil at secondary side. These types
of transformer are mostly used in the household
devices.

Three phase transformer means the power flows

through three conductors. Three phase

According transformer contains six coils, three coils at

primary side and three coils at secondary side.
These types of transformer are mostly used as a
to phase power or distribution transformers

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 MENURUNKAN VOLT MENAIKAN VOLT

Step down transformer - when it is used to decrease Step up transformer - when a transformer is used to
the voltage on the secondary winding with respect to increase the voltage on its secondary winding with
the primary. respect to the primary.

According to voltage value

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 IMEGINARY TRANSFORMER
IN REALITY,IDEAL TRANSFORMER DOESN'T EXIST

Ideal Transformer

§ Ideal transformer whose output

power is equal to the input
power.
§ It is characterized by:
i. No leakage flux
ii. No winding resistance
iii. No losses in the core

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e.m.f. Equation
of Transformer
§ The induced e.m.f. in primary winding,
…(1)
voltan teraruh

maximum fluks

§ Similarly, the induced e.m.f. in

secondary winding,

…(2)

§ The e.m.f. induced in secondary is

produced by the same flux.
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e.m.f. Equation of Transformer

V1
unit V

V2

unit TURNS

unit A

unit HZ

WB

Bm = Maximum flux density in the core, Wb/m2 or Tesla (T)

A = Cross-sectional area, m2
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Transformation Ratio

§ Dividing (1) by (2)

…(1)

…(2)

§ We get,

…(3)
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Transformation Ratio

§ If losses in a transformer are neglected the volt-

ampere rating in the primary and secondary are
equal.

§ Thus, …(4)

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Transformation Ratio

§ For ideal transformer,

and

§ Thus,

…(5)

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Transformation Ratio

§ From equation (3), (4) and (5),

voltage no. of turns current / A

…(6)

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Exercise 1
A transformer has 330 primary turns and 1240
secondary turns. The input voltage is 120 V
and the output current is 15.0 A. Calculate:
a. output voltage [451V]
b. input current [56.4A]

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Exercise 2
A 2000/200V, 20kVA transformer has 66
turns in the secondary. Calculate:

a. Primary turns [660 turns]

b. Primary and secondary full-load
currents. [10A, 100A]

Neglect the losses.

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Exercise 3
A single phase 2200/250V, 50Hz transformer has
a maximum core flux of 0.0216Wb. Calculate:

a. The number of turns of primary [459 turns]

b. The number of turns of secondary [52 turns]

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Exercise 4
A single phase transformer has 350 primary and
1050 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional
area of the core is 55 cm2. If the primary winding
be connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz single phase
supply, calculate the maximum value of flux
density in the core.

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q READY FOR “LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER”

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Losses in a Transformer

§ Electrical energy is transferred from one

circuit to the other by a transformer.

§ The entire the input energy cannot be

transferred to the output circuit, as
certain amount of it is lost in the core
and the windings of the transformer as
heat.
§ Since the transformer is a static type of
device and not a rotary machine,
therefore friction and windage losses are
not present.

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Losses in a Transformer

§ Generally, there are two types of losses.

i. Copper losses, Pcu
ii. Iron (core) losses, Pi

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 Copper loss is the loss of power caused by the
resistance of the copper windings.

As current the passes through the windings, it

generates heat.

The greater the current in the windings, the

more power is lost in producing heat.

The more current required by the load, the

Copper losses, greater the copper loss.

Pcu Copper loss vary with the square of the load.

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 31

Calculate copper
loss at half-load.

Given,
Pcu = 6400W
 These losses occur in the core
of the transformer.

It is also known as core loss.

Iron (core) There are two types of iron loss

in transformer, eddy current loss
losses, Pi and hysteresis loss.

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Losses in a Transformer

§ Losses in the core Iron loss or core loss

§ Losses in the windings Copper loss

§ Both losses are power losses and results in the form of heat.
§ It increases the temperature of the machine.

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 Cooling of
Transformers
§ Cooling of a transformer is the process
of dissipation of heat developed in the
transformer to the surroundings.

§ The losses occurring in the

transformer are converted into heat
which increases the temperature of the
windings and the core.

§ In order to dissipate the heat

generated cooling should be done.

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Transformer cooling methods

Cooling
Methods

Air Cooling Oil Immersed

Oil Natural Air Oil Natural Air Oil Forced Air Oil Forced
Air Natural Air Forced
Natural Forced Forced Water Forced
(A.N.) (A.F.)
(O.N.A.N.) (O.N.A.F.) (O.F.A.F.) (O.F.W.F)

Air forced (by fans)

Oil forced (by pump) 35
36
 § In this method, the ambient air used for cooling the
transformer.
§ This method used for a small rating of the transformer and not
Air Natural recommended for a large transformer.
(AN)
§ This method is used for cooling the smaller output transformer
rating that is up to 1.5 MVA.

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Air Forced
§ In this method, the heat generated is cooled by the forced air
(AF) circulation method.

§ With the help of fans and blowers, high velocity of air is forced
on the core and the windings of the transformer.
§ As the temperature inside the transformer goes beyond the
standard safe level, an alarm is activated, and the fans and
blowers are switched ON automatically.

§ This method is used for transformer rating up to 15MVA.

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Oil Natural
Air Natural
(O.N.A.N) § The transformer is cooled by natural circulation of air
around radiators and also by natural circulation of oil
in them.
§ This method can be used for transformers up to
about 30MVA.
Radiator
§ Used for distribution transformers and low rated
power transformers

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Oil Natural
Air Forced
(O.N.A.F) § Fans are mounted near the radiator
§ Provided with an automatic starting arrangement,
which turns on when temperature increases beyond
certain value.
§ This transformer cooling method is generally used for
large transformers up to about 60MVA.

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41
Oil Forced
Air Forced
(O.F.A.F) § Circulation of oil inside the tank is accelerated by
using pump.
§ Compressed air is forced to flow on the heat
exchanger with the help of fans.
§ This method of cooling is used for large power
transformers above 60MVA.

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 Oil Forced
Water Forced
§ This method is similar to OFAF method, but here
(O.F.W.F) forced water flow is used.
§ This type of cooling is provided for very large
transformers which have ratings of some hundreds of
MVA.
§ Used in large substations and power plants.

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Auto-transformer

§ In an auto transformer, one single winding is used as

primary winding as well as secondary winding.

§ But in two windings transformer two different windings

are used for primary and secondary purpose.

§ A circuit diagram of auto transformer

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Efficiency of a
Transformer
…(7)

§ As a transformer may experience loss of

energy, so the transformer will not achieve or
100% efficiency.
§ Efficiency a transformer at a particular load
and power factor is defined by the ratio of
output and input.
§ Efficiency is expressed as a percentage.
…(8)

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Efficiency of a Transformer

§ At full load efficiency

…(9)
§ At half load efficiency

…(10)

§ At ¾ load efficiency

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Exercise 5
A 40kVA transformer has iron loss of 450W and
full-load copper loss of 850W. If the power
factor of the load is 0.8, calculate:
a. Full-load efficiency
b. Half-load efficiency

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 All Day Efficiency of a Transformer

It is also known as operational efficiency or energy efficiency.

For distribution transformer used for supplying lighting loads have their primary energized for the
whole day (24 hours) but the secondary supply little or no load during major portion of the day.

It means that iron losses occur for the whole day but copper losses occur only when the
transformer delivers load current.

Under such conditions, the efficiency of the transformer is computed on 24 hours basis.

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 § This efficiency is defined as the ratio of
the output in kilowatt hours (or watt
hours) to the input in kilowatt hours (or
watt hours) of a transformer over 24
hours.
All Day Efficiency of a § To find this all-day efficiency, we have to
know the load cycle of the transformer;
Transformer how much and how long the transformer
is loaded during 24 hours.

…(11)

…(12)

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Exercise 6
A 40kVA distribution trnasformer has iron loss
of 500W and full-load copper loss is 500W.
The transformer is supplying a lighting load,
unity power factor (p.f. = 1). The load cycle is
as follows:

Calculate the all-day efficiency of the

transformer. [95.52%]

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Solution 6
§ Transformer rating: __________

§ Pi: __________

§ Pcu: __________

(1) Energy output during 24 hours,

§ Full-load= _________ x _________ x ____________ = ______ kWh

§ Half-load= _________ x _________ x ____________ = ______ kWh

§ No-load= At no-load there is no energy output

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Solution 6
(2) Iron loss, Pi during 24 hours, Iron loss occurs
during the whole day

______ x ______ = ______ kWh

(3) Copper loss, Pcu during 24 hours,

§ Full-load = ______ x ______ = ______ kWh

§ Half-load = ______ x ______ = ______ kWh

§ No-load = At no-load there is no copper loss

(4) Calculate all-day of the transformer,

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 A 20kVA, 2000/200V transformer has an iron loss
of 300W and full-load copper loss of 400W.
During the day it is loaded as follows:

Problem 7 Calculate the all-day efficiency. [94.84%]

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 An ideal 25kVA transformer has 500 turns on the
primary winding and 40 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to 3000V, 50Hz
supply. Calculate:
a. Primary and secondary full-load currents.
[8.33A, 104.2A]
b. Secondary e.m.f. [240V]
c. The maximum core flux [27mWb]
Problem 8

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 A 60kVA single-phase transformer consists of
primary and secondary windings having 850 and
60 of turns respectively. If the primary is
connected across 3500V supply, calculate:

a. Secondary voltage [247V]

b. Primary and secondary currents [17.143A,

242.857A]

Problem 9

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 A 300kVA, 11000/440V, 50Hz single-phase
transformer has 100 turns on the secondary.
Calculate:
a. Primary and secondary currents [27.273A,
681.82A]

b. Primary number of turns [2500 turns]

c. Maximum value of the flux [0.01982Wb]

Problem 10

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 A 100kVA lighting transformer has a full-load loss
of 3kW, the losses being equally divided between
iron and copper. During a day, the transformer
operates on full-load for 3 hours, half-load for 4
hours and no-load for 17 hours. Calculate the all-
day efficiency. [92.25%]

Problem 11

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