RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Go, change the world
RV College of
Engineering
Dept of Mech. Engg.
Thermal Engineering – I
Unit 2
First law – Open System (SFEE)
Dr. Anjaneya G
Assistant professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
RVCE, Bengaluru Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of
Engineering Unit 2 – First Law of Thermodynamics Go, change the world
First Law applied to open system
(Steady Flow Energy Equation)
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering First law of TD for open system
Several engineering devices can be approximated to operate as steady flow devices:
e.g. Turbines, Compressors, Nozzles, Heat exchangers, pumps, etc.
During a steady flow process, no intensive or extensive properties within control volume
change with time.
The boundary work is zero for steady flow systems (since Vcv = constant)
The total mass or energy entering the control volume must be equal to the total mass or
energy leaving it.
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering General Open System
Open systems are known as control volumes
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering
steady state steady flow processes
Most energy conversion devices operate steadily over long periods of time
Rates of heat and work crossing the control surface are constant with time
States of the mass streams crossing the control surface or boundary are
constant with time.
Under these conditions the mass and energy content of the control volume
are constant with time
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Energy analysis of open system
Under steady-flow conditions, the fluid properties at inlet or exit remains
constant (do not change with time)
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Energy analysis of open system
For a steady flow system, the amount of energy entering a control
volume in all forms (heat, work and mass) must be equal to the
amount of energy leaving it
Energy balance for steady flow system
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Total energy of flowing fluid
Non-flowing fluid u – Internal energy
V2/2 – Kinetic energy
pv - Flow energy kJ/kg
gz – Potential energy
Flowing fluid
Enthalpy, h = u+ p v
V – Velocity m/s
v – Specific volume m3 /kg
Total energy consists of three parts for a non flowing fluid and four parts for a flowing fluid
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering
Flow work
Work required to push the mass into or out of the control
volume: Flow work or flow energy
Consider a fluid element of volume V. Let the pressure
be P, the cross-sectional area be A, L is the distance
through which the imaginary piston must move.
Work done in pushing the fluid element across the
system boundary is Wflow = F L = PAL = PV
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering The energy of a flowing fluid
The fluid entering or leaving a control volume processes an additional form of energy
– The flow energy, Pv
The total energy of a flowing fluid per unit mass (denoted by ) becomes:
Therefore, enthalpy, h takes care of the flow work in addition to internal energy
RV College of
Engineering
The energy of a flowing fluid Go, change the world
Is the total energy per unit mass, the total energy of flowing fluid of mass m is simply m,
for uniform properties of the mass m
Amount of energy transport, Emass
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering General form of SFEE
Ein = Eout
h1 = u1 + p1v1
h2 = u2 + p2v2
All energies including heat and work in the above equation are in kJ/kg
SFEE – Rate Basis
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering
Hence it can be written as,
V2
V
2
Q m
u1 p1v1 1
gZ1 u 2 p1v 2
= W s m gZ 2
2
2 2
Where m 1 1 A1V1 and m 2 2 A2V2 Where = density A = cross sectional
area
1 m
But m 2 m
h1 h2
Q m
V V1
2
2
2
g Z
1 Z 2 W s
2
kJ/s kg/s kJ/kg kJ/s
This is the Steady Flow Energy Equation
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering
SFEE for Open Systems having single entry and exit devices
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering SFEE for common engineering devices
Some commonly used steady flow engineering devices:
Nozzles and diffusers
Compressors and turbines
Throttling devices
Mixing chambers
Heat exchangers
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Nozzles and diffusers
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity
of a fluid at the expense of pressure
A diffuser is a device that increases the
pressure of a fluid by slowing it down
The cross section of a nozzle decreases in the
flow direction for sub sonic flows and increases
for supersonic flows. The reverse is true for
diffusers
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Turbines and compressors
Pumps, compressors and fans: used to
increase the pressure of a fluid and require
work input
Turbines generate work
Q, KE and PE may or may not be zero.
Usually PE is negligibly small
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Throttling device
Throttling valves are any kind of flow restricting
devices that cause a significant pressure drop in
the fluid
Eg: capillary tubes, valves
Unlike turbines, they produce a pressure drop
without involving any work
The pressure drop in the fluid is often
accompanied by a large drop in temperature.
Hence throttling devices are commonly used in
refrigeration and air-conditioning applications
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Questions
1. List assumptions made in the analysis of SFEE for an open system
2. Show control volume of a general open system indicating different energies at
inlet and outlet and write general SFEE. Name all the terms along with their
units
3. Explain the concept of flow work or flow energy
4. Modify SFEE for the following open systems and show control volumes in
each case
i. Adiabatic turbine ii. Adiabatic air compressor iii. Water pump iv. Adiabatic
nozzle and diffuser v. Heat exchanger vi. Throttling valve
Dr. ANJANEYA G, RVCE
