Etege Menen Girls’ Boarding Secondary School
Biology Department
Grade 10
Prepared by: Genene Teshome (2012)
1
Lesson Contents
3.5. HOMEOSTASIS
3.5.1 Controlling temperature
3.5.2 Homeostasis in the kidney
3.5.3 Liver and homeostasis
2
3.5 HOMEOSTASIS
Come from two Greek words.
homoios ; like
Stasis; states
Keeping internal environment the same state.
The body ability to maintain a constant
internal environment
The ability of an organism maintaining a
constant internal environment both in tissue
fluids and cells.
3
Controlling temperature
Temperature is a way of measuring hotness and coldness of
something.
Living organism continually gained and lost heat by;
Conduction the transfer of heat through direct contact
Conviction the transfer of heat through the current of air and
water
Radiation the diffusion of heat from through the air
In addition to this living organism
Gain heat by cellular respiration
Lost heat by evaporation
4
With regard to temperature regulation organism
can be divided into two major groups
1. Poikiltherms
2. Homoiotherms
1. Poikilotherms Organism Environmental Body
Body temperature temperature Temp.
governed by external 250C 250C
temperature. Fish
Body temperature vary 300C 300C
over a wide range
400C 400C
E.g.; Invertebrates , Fish,
Amphibians and Reptiles
5
2. Homoiotherms
Environmental Body
Constant internal Organism
temperature Temp.
body temperature
Independent of 250C 370C
environmental Human 300C 370C
temperature
400C 370C
E.g. Birds and
Mammals
6
7
Temperature controls in Poikilotherms
When hot When cold
Move into water Press their body to
Move into shade warm temperature
Bask in the sun
8
Temperature controls in Homoiotherms
1. Physiological method
Heat losing mechanism in response to hot condition in order to
cool the body
A. Sweating
As sweat evaporates from the skin surface it has a cooling effect
because the evaporating liquid carries away body heat.
B. Vasodilatations
Is the widening (dilates) of blood vessels
More blood flows through the capillaries
More heat is lost through the surface
C. Panting and licking
9
Heat gain mechanism
Heat gain mechanism operates in response to cold
condition in order to worm the body
A. Vasoconstriction
Narrowing ( constricts) of blood vessels
Reduce the flow of blood through capillaries
Reduce heat lost through the surface of skin
10
Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation
11
B. Piloerection pulling the hair
upright
When body temperature fails (drops)
Pulling the hair upright: trapping an insulating layer of air
to conserve heat.
When body temperature rises
Hair lie flat: reduce an insulating layer which makes easier to
loss heat by conviction.
12
C. Shivering and metabolic response
When body temperature fails (drops, cools)
The muscle starts shiver and contract rapidly
Increase the rate of respiration to generate more heat.
The body temperature starts to go up.
When body temperature rises (warms up)
Shivering stops
Metabolic rate drops and less heat produce.
13
D. Fat layer under skin Subcutaneous fat
Serve as an insulator and reduce heat loss from the
body in cold climates.
Animal that lives in cold climate like polar bear
and seal have thick layer of fat which aid in heat
conservation
14
2. Behavioral method of temperature regulation
Clothing
Bathing
Seeking shade and shelter
Taking high calorie food
Hibernation; animal response to cold environment
undergo period of dormancy (deep sleep)
Aestivation ; animals response to hot environments
undergo a period of dormancy (deep sleep)
15
3. Morphological method of temperature
regulation
Surface area to volume ratio is the amount of surface area
to per unit volume
Larger organism
Smaller surface area to volume ratio
Do not loss heat faster
Adapted to live cold condition
Smaller organism
Larger surface area to volume ratio
Loss heat faster
Adapted to live hot condition
16
17
How is temperature controlled?
Body temperature is monitored and controlled by
temperature receptor in skin and brain
Those receptors detect change Hypothalamus
in temperature of blood flowing
through these area
Thermoregulatory center of the brain
is Called hypothalamus
If the body temperature deviates from
370C hypothalamus and skin receptor
detects these and regulate body temperature
18
Controlling core body temperature
As the core body temperature rises; heat lost from the
body using:
Dilation of blood vessels
Lot of sweat produced
Hair lie flat
As the core body temperature fails; heat gain to the body
using
Contraction of blood vessels /Vasoconstriction/
No sweat produce
Hairs pulled erect to trap insulating air
19
3.5.2 Homeostasis in the kidney
Kidney, lung and skin are the main excretory organ
of the body
Human kidney has vitally important in two aspect of
homeostasis:
i. Excretion ii . Osmoregulation
1. Excretion. The removal of metabolic waste from the
body
Kidney removes nitrogenous waste such as urea.
Urea is produced in the liver.
20
How urea produce in the liver?
Amino acid contain amino group and carboxylic group.
In excess amino acid liver converts;
amino group into ammonia
carboxylic acid into carbohydrate
ammonia and carbon dioxide forms urea
Urea filtered out of blood by kidney and removed
as urine
2. Osmoregulation. control of water and ion balance in
the body
21
Urea production
21
First coiled tubules Second coiled tubules
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule Collecting
duct
Loop of Henele
kidney
Nephron (microscopic unit of kidney, Urine storage and
elimination
blood is filtered and urine is formed)
23
Section of nephrones
1. Bowman’s capsules site of ultra filtration
Ultrafiltration: the filtration salt, glucose, urea and other
substance from the blood into bowman’s capsules.
Glomerulus—the knot of blood vessels in bowman
capsules
Afferent arterioles; arterioles takes blood into the
glomerulus
Efferent arterioles; arterioles carry blood away from
the glomerulus
Glomerular filtrate—the liquid resulting from
filtration in the bowman capsules
24
Bowman’s capsules
Afferent
arterioles
Renal
tubule
Efferent
arterioles
25
Parts of nephrones…
2. First coiled (proximal convoluted) tubules –
Reabsorptions of useful substance
3. Loop of Henley urine is concentrated and more water is
conserved.
4. Second coiled (Distal convoluted) tubules /the main water
balance is done under the influence of ADH
5. Collecting Duct: reabsorbs water and solute from filtrates
26
The role of ADH in second convoluted tube
If the water contents of the If the water content in
blood is too low- the blood is too high
More ADH is released Less ADH is released
into the blood into the blood
Kidney tubules Kidney tubules
reabsorb more water reabsorbs less water
Little dark colored Much pale colored
concentrated urine is large volume of dilute
produced urine is produced
27
3.5.3 Liver and homeostasis
Liver plays the following role:
Regulation of blood glucose level-
Protein metabolism; the process of removing amino
group from amino acid is called deamination
Control toxins -change harmful substance to harmless
detoxification
Temperature control
Control fat and cholesterol in the blood
Production of plasma protein
28
Summery of the lesson
Homeostasis
1) Temperature regulation
Classification of organism based on temperature regulation
How Poikilotherms regulate there body temperature?
How Homoiotherms regulate there body temperature using;
Physiological, behavioral and morphological method?
2) Kidney as homeostasis
What is role of kidney such as excretion and osmoregulation
What is the part of nephron
What is role of ADH in water balance
3) Role of liver as homeostasis
29
Lesson quizzes
Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives
1. Some reptiles living in temperate go into very deep sleep for a
longer time during cold season. This kind of adaptation is called
A. Vasoconstriction C. Hibernation
B. Aestivation D. Vasodilation
2. Which of the following is a principal organ of for maintaining
body water balance?
A. Skin C. Liver
B. kidney D. Anus
3. Which of the following physiological method has a cooling effect
on the body?
A. Shivering C. Vasoconstriction
B. Sweating D. Fat layer
30
4. Negative feedback mechanism is best described as the
process that helps?
A. Keep body conditions near a normal steady state
B. Directly control muscle contraction in the leg
C. Destroy hormones in the blood
D. Reduce hormone level below normal
5. Which of the following animal has a greater surface
area in proportion to its weight?
A. Whale B. Cat C. Elephants D. mouse
31
6. Which part of the nephrons reabsorption of water
take place use ADH?
A. Bowman’s capsule C. first coiled tubules
B. Second coiled tubules D. loop of henele
7. One of the following is not the function of liver?
A. Regulation of blood glucose level
B. Maintain water balance in the blood
C. protein metabolism
D. Control core body temperature
32
8. What does high level of ADH hormone in the blood indicates?
A. Blood water level greater than salt level
B. Water should removed from blood via urine
C. Blood salt level greater than blood water level
D. Water and salt level is balanced
9. Which process increase when the human body temperature decreases?
A. Dilation of blood vessels C. Secretion of insulin
B. Secretion of sweat D. Shivering
10. Which of the following is true about homoeothermic animal
A. Have variable body temperature
B. Include reptiles and fishes
C. Have high metabolic activity
D. Unable to control body temperature
33
[Link] part of the nephrons are involved in
osmoregulation of salt and water
A. Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule
B. Second coiled tube and loop of Henle
C. Collecting duct and second coiled tube
D. First coiled tube and loop of Henle
12. It is estimated that the concentration of urea in urine
is 60 times more than in the blood. This increase in
concentration results because
A, Some urea could be produced in the kidney nephrons
B. The volume of water is decreased in urine.
C. Much of the urea is reabsorbed into the blood.
D. Much of the mineral ions in the blood are removed.
34
13. Which of the following is correct about anti-diuretic
hormone (ADH)?
A. It is produced when the water content of the blood is too low.
B. Its production is initiated by low salt concentration in the blood.
C. It facilitates reabsorption in the first convoluted tubule.
D. It works in the direction of producing dilute urine.
14. Which of the following is an adaptive mechanism for
animals in cold climates?
A. Have small surface area to volume ratio.
B. They have thin layer of fat.
C. They have thin skin
D. They are small in size
35
