THE IDEAL GAS

An ideal gas is ideal only in the sense that it conforms to the simple perfect gas
laws.

Boyle’s Law
If the temperature of a given quantity of gas is held constant, the volume of the gas
varies inversely with the absolute pressure during a change of state.

1 𝐶
𝑉∝ 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 =
𝑝 𝑝

𝑝𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2

Charles’ Law
(1) If the pressure on a particular quantity of gas is held constant, then, with any
change of state, the volume will vary directly as the absolute temperature.

𝑉 ∝ 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝐶𝑇

𝑉 𝑉1 𝑉2
= 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2

(2) If the volume of a particular quantity of gas is held constant, then, with any
changes of state, the pressure will vary directly as the absolute temperature.

𝑃 ∝ 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝑝 = 𝐶𝑇

𝑃 𝑝1 𝑝2
= 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇 𝑇1 𝑇2

Equation of State or Characteristic Equation of a Perfect Gas

Combining Boyle’s and Charles’ laws,

𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
= = 𝐶, 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇1 𝑇2

𝑝𝑉
= 𝑚𝑅
𝑇

𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

𝑝𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)
 where p = absolute pressure
V = volume
v = specific volume
m = mass
T = absolute temperature
R = specific gas constant or simply gas constant

p V m T R
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
English units 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏𝑚 °𝑅
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ °𝑅
𝑁 𝑁∙𝑚
SI units 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑚2 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Problems:
1. A drum 6 in. in diameter and 40 in. long contained acetylene at 250 psia and 90°F.
After some of the acetylene was used, the pressure was 200 psia and the
temperature was 85°F, (a) What proportion of the acetylene was used? (b) What
volume would the used acetylene occupy at 14.7 psia and 80°F? R for acetylene
is 59.35 ft. lb/lb.°R.

Solution:
(a) Let
𝑚1 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚
𝑚2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚
𝑚3 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝑝1 = 250 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇1 = 90 + 460 = 550°𝑅
𝑝2 = 200 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇2 = 85 + 460 = 545°𝑅

𝜋(6 𝑖𝑛)2 (40 𝑖𝑛)

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 = = 0.6545 𝑐𝑢 𝑓𝑡
𝑖𝑛3
(4) (1728 3 )
𝑓𝑡

𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛2
𝑝1 𝑉1 (250 ) (144 ) (0.6545 𝑓𝑡 3 )
𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑚1 = = = 0.7218 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇1 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
(59.35 ) (550 °𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅

𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛2
𝑝2 𝑉2 (200 ) (144 ) (0.6545 𝑓𝑡 3 )
𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑚2 = = = 0.5828 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇2 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
(59.35 ) (545 °𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅
 𝑚3 = 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = 0.7218 − 0.5828 = 0.1390 𝑙𝑏

𝑚3 0.1390
𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = = = 0.1926 𝑜𝑟 19.26%
𝑚1 0.7218

(b)
𝑝3 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

𝑇3 = 80 + 460 = 540°𝑅

𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
𝑚3 𝑅𝑇3 (0.139 𝑙𝑏) (59.35 ) (540°𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅
𝑉3 = = 2 = 2.105 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑝3 𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛
(14.7 2 ) (144 2 )
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡

2. The volume of a 6 × 12-ft tank is 339.3 cu ft. It contains air at 200 psig and 85°F.
How many 1-cu ft drums can be filled to 50 psig and 80°F if it is assumed that the
air temperature in the tank remains at 85°F? The drums have been sitting around
in the atmosphere which is at 14.7 psia and 80°F.

Solution:
Let
𝑚1 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑚2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑚3 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚
𝑚4 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑝1 = 200 + 14.7 = 214.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

𝑇1 = 85 + 460 = 545°𝑅
𝑝2 = 50 + 14.7 = 64.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇2 = 85 + 460 = 545°𝑅
𝑝3 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇3 = 80 + 460 = 540°𝑅
𝑝4 = 50 + 14.7 = 64.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇4 = 80 + 460 = 540°𝑅

For the tank

𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛2
𝑝1 𝑉1 (214.7 ) (144 ) (339.3 𝑓𝑡 3 )
𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑚1 = = = 360.9 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇1 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
(53.34 ) (545 °𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅
 𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛2
𝑝2 𝑉2 (64.7 ) (144 ) (339.3 𝑓𝑡 3 )
𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑚2 = = = 108.7 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇2 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
(53.34 ) (545 °𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 360.9 − 108.7 = 252.2 𝑙𝑏

For the drums

𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛2
𝑝3 𝑉3 (14.7 ) (144 ) (1 𝑓𝑡 3 )
𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑚3 = = = 0.0735 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇3 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
(53.34 ) (540 °𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅

𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛2 3
𝑝4 𝑉4 (64.7 𝑖𝑛2 ) (144 𝑓𝑡 2 ) (1 𝑓𝑡 )
𝑚4 = = = 0.3235 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇4 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
(53.34 ) (540 °𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 = 0.3235 − 0.0735 = 0.25 𝑙𝑏

252.2
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝 = = 1009
0.25

3. It is planned to lift and move logs from almost inaccessible forest areas by means
of balloons. Helium at atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) and temperature
21.1°C is to be used in the balloons. What minimum balloon diameter (assume
spherical shape) will be required for a gross lifting force of 20 metric tons?

Solution:
Let
 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝐻𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑛

For the air

𝐽
𝑅𝑎 = 287.08
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑝𝑎 = 101,325 𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑎 = 21.1 + 273 = 294.1 𝐾

𝑝𝑎 𝑉 (101,325 𝑃𝑎)𝑉
𝑚𝑎 = = = 1.2001 𝑉 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑎 (287.08 𝐽 ) (294.1 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

For the helium

𝐽
𝑅𝐻𝑒 = 2,077.67
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑝𝐻𝑒 = 101,325 𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝐻𝑒 = 21.1 + 273 = 294.1 𝐾

𝑝𝐻𝑒 𝑉 (101,325 𝑃𝑎)𝑉

𝑚𝐻𝑒 = = = 0.1658 𝑉 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝐻𝑒 𝑇𝐻𝑒 (2,077.67 𝐽 ) (294.1 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝐻𝑒 + 20000
1.2001 𝑉 = 0.1658 𝑉 + 20000
1.0343 𝑉 = 20000
𝑉 = 19337 𝑚3

4 3
𝜋𝑟 = 19337 𝑚3
3
𝑟 = 16.65 𝑚
𝑑 = 2(16.65 𝑚) = 33.3 𝑚

4. Two vessels A and B of different sizes are connected by a pipe with a valve. Vessel
A contains 142 L of air at 2,767.92 kPa, 93.33°C. Vessel B, of unknown volume,
contains air at 68.95 kPa, 4.44°C. The valve is opened and, when the properties
have been determined, it is found that pm = 1378.96 kPa, tm = 43.33°C. What is the
volume of vessel B?

Solution:
 For vessel A

𝑃𝐴 = 2,767.92 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝐴 = 142 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑇𝐴 = 93.33 + 273 = 366.33 𝐾

For vessel B

𝑃𝐵 = 68.95 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝐵 = 4.44 + 273 = 277.44 𝐾

For the mixture

𝑝𝑚 = 1378.96 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑚 = 43.33 + 273 = 316.33 𝐾

𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵

𝑝𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝑝𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑝𝐵 𝑉𝐵
= +
𝑅𝑇𝑚 𝑅𝑇𝐴 𝑅𝑇𝐵

(1378.96)𝑉𝑚 (2767.92)(142) (68.95)𝑉𝐵

= +
316.33 366.33 277.44

4.36𝑉𝑚 = 1072.9 + 0.25𝑉𝐵 (1)

𝑉𝑚 = 142 + 𝑉𝐵 (2)

solving eq. 1 and 2 simultaneously

4.36(142 + 𝑉𝐵 ) = 1072.9 + 0.25𝑉𝐵

619.12 + 4.36𝑉𝐵 = 1072.9 + 0.25𝑉𝐵
4.36𝑉𝐵 − 0.25𝑉𝐵 = 1072.9 − 619.12
4.11𝑉𝐵 = 453.78
𝑉𝐵 = 110.4 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

Specific Heat
The specific heat of a substance is defined as the quantity of heat required to
change the temperature of unit mass through one degree.

In dimensional form,

ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 (𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)

𝑐→
(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)(𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
 In differential quantities,

𝑑𝑄
𝑐= 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑑𝑇
𝑚𝑑𝑇

and for a particular mass, m

2
𝑄 = 𝑚 ∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑇
1

(The specific heat equation)

If the mean or instantaneous value of specific heat is used,

2
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑚𝑐(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
1

(constant specific heat)

Constant Volume Specific Heat (cv)

𝑄𝑣 = ∆𝑈

𝑄𝑣 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

Constant Pressure Specific Heat (cp)

 𝑄𝑝 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

2
𝑄𝑝 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊 = ∆𝑈 + ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1

𝑄𝑝 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑝(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )

𝑄𝑝 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1

𝑄𝑝 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = ∆𝐻

Ration of Specific Heats

𝑐𝑝
𝑘= >1
𝑐𝑣

Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas

Joule’s law states that “the change of internal energy of an ideal gas is a function
of only the temperature change.” Therefore, ∆U is given by the formula,

∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

where the volume remains constant or not.

Enthalpy of an Ideal Gas

The change of enthalpy of an ideal gas is given by the formula,

∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

where the pressure remains constant or not.

Relationship Between cp and cv

From ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣 and 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑅𝑑𝑇
𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑅𝑑𝑇

𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅

𝑅
𝑐𝑣 =
𝑘−1
 𝑘𝑅
𝑐𝑝 =
𝑘−1

Problems:
1. For a certain ideal gas R = 25.8 [Link]/lb.°R and k = 1.09 (a) What are the values of
cp and cv? (b) What mass of this gas would occupy a volume of 15 cu ft at 75
psia and 80°F? (c) If 30 Btu are transferred to this gas at constant volume in (b),
what are the resulting temperature and pressure?

Solution:
(a)
𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
𝑘𝑅 (1.09) (25.8 ) 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅
𝑐𝑝 = = = 312.47 𝑜𝑟 0.4016
𝑘−1 1.09 − 1 𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅 𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑐𝑝 0.4016 𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑐𝑣 = = = 0.3684
𝑘 1.09 𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅

(b)
𝑉 = 15 𝑐𝑢 𝑓𝑡
𝑝 = 75 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇 = 80 + 460 = 540°𝑅

𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛2 3
𝑝𝑉 (75 𝑖𝑛2 ) (144 𝑓𝑡 2 ) (15 𝑓𝑡 )
𝑚= = = 11.63 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
(25.8 ) (540°𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅

(c)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
30 = (11.63)(0.3684)(𝑇2 − 540°𝑅)

30 = 4.2845𝑇2 − 2313.6
4.2845𝑇2 = 2343.6
𝑇2 = 547°𝑅

𝑇2 547°𝑅
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 ( ) = 75 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 ( ) = 76 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇1 540°𝑅

2. For a certain gas R = 320 J/kg.K and cv = 0.84 kJ/kg.K° (a) Find cp and k. (b) If 5
kg of this gas undergo a reversible non flow constant pressure process from V1 =
1.133 m3 and p1 = 690 kPa to a state where t2 = 555°C, find ∆U and ∆H.
 Solution:
(a)
𝑘𝐽
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅 = 0.84 + 0.32 = 1.16
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾°

𝑅 0.32
𝑘= +1= + 1 = 1.381
𝑐𝑣 0.84

(b)
𝑝1 𝑉1 (690000 𝑃𝑎)(1.133 𝑚3 )
𝑇1 = = = 488.6 𝐾
𝑚𝑅 𝐽
(5 𝑘𝑔) (320
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 )

𝑘𝐽
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = (5 𝑘𝑔) (0.84 ) (828𝐾 − 488.6𝐾) = 1425.5 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾°

𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = (5 𝑘𝑔) (1.16 ) (828𝐾 − 488.6𝐾) = 1968.5 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Entropy (S, s)
Entropy is that property of a substance which remains constant if no heat enters
or leaves the substance, while it does work or alters its volume, but which
increases or diminishes should a small amount of heat enter or leave.

The change of entropy of a substance receiving (or delivering) heat is defined by

2
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑜𝑟 ∆𝑆 = ∫
𝑇 1 𝑇

where: dQ = heat transferred at the temperature T

∆S = total change of entropy
2
𝑚𝑐𝑑𝑇
∆𝑆 = ∫
1 𝑇

2
𝑑𝑇 𝑇2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐 ∫ = 𝑚𝑐 ln
1 𝑇 𝑇1

(constant specific heat)

Temperature-Entropy Coordinates

𝑑𝑄 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆
2
𝑄 = ∫ 𝑇𝑑𝑆
1

“The area under the curve of the process on the TS plane represents the quantity of
heat transferred during the process.”

Other Energy Relations

2
− ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑝 = 𝑊𝑎 + ∆𝐾
1

(Reversible steady flow, ∆P = 0)

“The are behind the curve of the process on the pV planes represents the work of a
steady flow process when ∆K = 0, or it represents ∆K when Wa = 0.”
Any process that can be made to go in the reverse direction by an infinitesimal change
in the conditions is called a reversible process.
Any process that is not reversible is irreversible.
 REVIEW PROBLEMS

1. An automobile tire is inflated to 32 psig pressure at 50°F. After being driven the
temperature rise to 75°F. Determine the final gage pressure assuming the volume
remains constant.
Ans. 34.29 psig

Given:
𝑝1 = 32 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 46.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇1 = 50°𝐹 + 460 = 510°𝑅
𝑇2 = 75°𝐹 + 460 = 535°𝑅

Required:
𝑝2 = ?

Solution:
𝑝1 𝑝2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

𝑝1 𝑇2 (46.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(535°𝑅)
𝑝2 = = = 48.985 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇1 510°𝑅

𝑝2 = 48.985 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 − 14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊𝒈

2. If 100 ft3 of atmospheric air at zero Fahrenheit temperature are compressed to a

volume of 1 ft3 at a temperature of 200°F, what will be the pressure of the air in
psi?
Ans. 2109 psia

Given:
𝑉1 = 100 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑇1 = 0°𝐹 + 460 = 460°𝑅
𝑝1 = 14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑉2 = 1 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑇2 = 200°𝐹 + 460 = 660°𝑅

Required:
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑇2 (14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(100 𝑓𝑡 3 )(660°𝑅)

𝑝2 = = = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊𝒂
𝑉2 𝑇1 (1 𝑓𝑡 3 )(460°𝑅)
3. A 10-ft3 tank contains gas at a pressure of 500 psia, temperature of 85°F and a
weight of 25 pounds. A part of the gas was discharged and the temperature and
pressure changed to 70°F and 300 psia, respectively. Heat was applied and the
temperature was back to 85°F. Find the final weight, volume, and pressure of the
gas.
Ans. 15.42 lb ; 10 ft3 ; 308.5 psia

Given:
𝑉 = 10 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑝1 = 500 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 85°𝐹 + 460 = 545°𝑅
𝑚1 = 25 𝑙𝑏
𝑇2 = 70°𝐹 + 460 = 530°𝑅
𝑝2 = 300 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

Required:
𝑚2 = ?
𝑉 =?
𝑝3 = ?

Solution:
Since volume remains constant all throughout, therefore:

𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕𝟑

𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

𝑝1 𝑉 𝑝2 𝑉
=
𝑚1 𝑅𝑇1 𝑚2 𝑅𝑇2

𝑝2 𝑚1 𝑇1 (300 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(25 𝑙𝑏)(545°𝑅)

𝑚2 = = = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟐 𝒍𝒃
𝑝1 𝑇2 (500 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(530°𝑅)
𝑝2 𝑝3
=
𝑇2 𝑇3

𝑝2 𝑇3 (300 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(545°𝑅)
𝑝3 = = = 𝟑𝟎𝟖. 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊𝒂
𝑇2 530°𝑅

4. Four hundred cubic centimeter of a gas at 740 mm Hg absolute and 18°C

undergoes a process until the pressure becomes 760 mm Hg absolute and the
temperature 0°C. What is the final volume of the gas?
Ans. 365 cc
 Given:
𝑉1 = 400 𝑐𝑚3
𝑝1 = 740 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 = 74 𝑐𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝑇1 = 18°𝐶 + 273 = 291 𝐾
𝑝2 = 760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 = 76 𝑐𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝑇2 = 0°𝐶 + 273 = 273 𝐾

Required:
𝑉2 = ?

Solution:
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑇2 (74 𝑐𝑚 𝐻𝑔)(400 𝑐𝑚3 )(273 𝐾)

𝑉2 = = = 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝒄𝒄
𝑝2 𝑇1 (76 𝑐𝑚 𝐻𝑔)(291 𝐾)

5. A motorist equips his automobile tires with a relied-type valve so that the pressure
inside the tire never will exceed 240 kPa (gage). He starts a trip with a pressure of
200 kPa (gage) and a temperature of 23°C in the tires. During the long drive, the
temperature of the air in the tires reaches 83°C. Each tire contains 0.11 kg of air.
Determine (a) the mass of air escaping each tire, (b) the pressure of the tire when
the temperature returns to 23°C.
Ans. (a) 0.0065 kg ; (b) 182.38 kPa (gage)

Given:
𝑝1 = 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒)
𝑝2 = 240 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒)
𝑇1 = 23°𝐶 + 273 = 296 𝐾
𝑇2 = 83°𝐶 + 273 = 356 𝐾
𝑚 = 0.11 𝑘𝑔

Required:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ?
𝑝 = 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 23°𝐶?

Solution:
a)
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

𝑁∙𝑚
𝑚𝑅𝑇1 (0.11 𝑘𝑔) (287.08 ) (296 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑉= = = 0.0310 𝑚3
𝑝1 200,000 𝑃𝑎 + 101,325 𝑃𝑎
 𝑝2 𝑉 (240,000 𝑃𝑎 + 101,325 𝑃𝑎)(0.0310 𝑚3 )
𝑚2 = = = 0.1035 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇2 𝑁∙𝑚
(287.08 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 ) (356 𝐾)

𝑚 − 𝑚2 = (0.11 − 0.1035)𝑘𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝒈

b)
𝑁∙𝑚
𝑚2 𝑅𝑇1 (0.1035 𝑘𝑔) (287.08 ) (296 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑝= = = 283,709 𝑃𝑎 = 283.709 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉 0.0310 𝑚3

𝑝 = (283.709 − 101.325)𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂 (𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆)

6. A 6-m3 tank contains helium at 400 K and is evacuated from atmospheric pressure
to a pressure of 740 mm Hg vacuum. Determine (a) mass of helium remaining in
the tank, (b) mass of helium pumped out, (c) the temperature of the remaining
helium falls to 10°C. What is the pressure in kPa?
Ans. (a) 0.01925 kg ; (b) 0.7123 kg ; (c) 1.886 kPa

Given:
𝑉 = 6 𝑚3
𝑇1 = 400 𝐾
𝑝𝑔 = 740 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝑇2 = 10°𝐶 + 273 = 283 𝐾

Required:

𝑚 =?
𝑚2 = ?
𝑃 = 𝑘𝑃𝑎?

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔

0.13332 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑝𝑔 = (760 − 740)𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 = 20 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 × = 2.666 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔

𝑝1 𝑉 (101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(6 𝑚3 )
𝑚= = = 0.7315 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇1 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(2.07767 ) (400 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

a)
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
 𝑝1 𝑉 (2.666 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(6 𝑚3 )
𝑚1 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒈
𝑅𝑇1 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(2.07767 ) (400 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

b)
𝑚2 = 𝑚 − 𝑚1 = (0.7315 − 0.01925)𝑘𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝒈

c)
𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑚1 𝑅𝑇2 (0.01925 𝑘𝑔) (2.07767 ) (283 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑝= = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝑉 6 𝑚3

7. An automobile tire contains 3730 cu in. of air at 32 psig and 80°F. (a) What mass
of air is in the tire? (b) In operation, the air temperature increases to 145°F. If the
tire is inflexible, what is the resulting percentage increase in gage pressure? (c)
What mass of the 145°F air must be bled off to reduce the pressure back to its
original value?
Ans. (a) 0.5039 lb ; (b) 17.57% ; (c) 0.0541 lb

Given:
𝑉 = 3730 𝑖𝑛3
𝑝1 = 32 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 46.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇1 = 80°𝐹 + 460 = 540°𝑅

Required:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = ?
%𝑝 = ?
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 145°𝐹 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = ?

Solution:
a)
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

𝑝1 𝑉 (46.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(3730 𝑖𝑛3 )

𝑚1 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟗 𝒍𝒃
𝑅𝑇1 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛
(53.342 ) (540°𝑅) (12 )
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑅 𝑓𝑡

b)

𝑇2 = 145°𝐹 + 460 = 605°𝑅

𝑝1 𝑝2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
 𝑝1 𝑇2 (46.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(605°𝑅)
𝑝2 = = = 52.317 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇1 540°𝑅

𝑝2 = 52.317 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 − 14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 37.621 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔

37.621 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 − 32 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔

%𝑝 = × 100 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟕%
32 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔

c)
𝑝1 𝑉 (46.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(3730 𝑖𝑛3 )
𝑚2 = = = 0.4498 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇2 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛
(53.342 ) (605°𝑅) (12 )
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑅 𝑓𝑡

𝑚3 = 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = (0.5039 − 0.4498)𝑙𝑏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟏 𝒍𝒃

8. A spherical balloon is 40 ft in diameter and surrounded by air at 60°F and 29.92 in

Hg abs. (a) If the balloon is filled with hydrogen at a temperature of 70°F and
atmospheric pressure, what total load can it lift? (b) If it contains helium instead of
hydrogen, other conditions remaining the same, what load can it lift? (c) Helium is
nearly twice as heavy as hydrogen. Does it have half the lifting force? R for
hydrogen is 766.54 and for helium is 386.04 ft∙lb/lb∙ °R.
Ans. (a) 2382 lb ; (b) 2210 lb

Given:
𝑑 = 40 𝑓𝑡
𝑇1 = 60°𝐹 + 460 = 520°𝑅
𝑝1 = 29.92 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑠

Required:
𝑑
𝑟=
2

4 40 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉 = 𝜋( ) = 33,510.32 𝑓𝑡 3
3 2
14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑝1 = 29.92 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔 × = 14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
29.92 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔

𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
 𝑖𝑛2
𝑝𝑉 (14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(33,510.32 𝑓𝑡 3 ) (144 )
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = = 2556.6 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
(53.342 ) (520°𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑅

a)
𝑇ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 70°𝐹 + 460 = 530°𝑅

𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
𝑅ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 766.54
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑅

3) 𝑖𝑛2
𝑝1 𝑉 (14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(33,510.32 𝑓𝑡 (144 2 )
𝑓𝑡
𝑚ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = = = 174.55 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
(766.54 ) (530°𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑅

𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑚ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = (2556.6 − 174.55)𝑙𝑏 = 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟐 𝒍𝒃

b)
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 70°𝐹 + 460 = 530°𝑅

𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
𝑅ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 386.04
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑅

𝑖𝑛2
𝑝1 𝑉 (14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(33,510.32 𝑓𝑡 3 ) (144 )
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑚ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = = = 346.6 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑇ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
(386.04 ) (530°𝑅)
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑅

𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑚ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 = (2556.6 − 346.6)𝑙𝑏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒃

Therefore, it is not half the lifting force.

9. A reservoir contains 2.83 cu m of carbon monoxide at 6895 kPa and 23.6°C. An

evacuated tank is filled from the reservoir to a pressure of 3497 kPa and a
temperature of 12.4°, while the pressure in the reservoir decreases to 6205 kPa
and the temperature to 18.3°C. What is the volume of the tank? R for CO is 296.92
J/kg∙K°.
Ans. 0.450 m3

Given:
𝑉𝐶𝑂 = 2.83 𝑚3
𝑝1 = 6895 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇1 = 23.6°𝐶 + 273 = 296.6 𝐾
 𝑝2 = 3497 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇2 = 12.4°𝐶 + 273 = 285.4 𝐾
𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 6205 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 18.3°𝐶 + 273 = 291.3 𝐾

Required:
𝑉𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = ?

Solution:
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

𝑝1 𝑉𝐶𝑂 (6895 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(2.83 𝑚3 )

𝑚1 = = = 221.57 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇1 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(0.29692 ) (296.6 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝐶𝑂 (6205 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(2.83 𝑚3 )

𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = = = 203.02 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(0.29692 ) (291.3 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

𝑚 = 𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = (221.57 − 116.79)𝑘𝑔 = 18.55 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑚𝑅𝑇2 (18.55 𝑘𝑔) (0.29692 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 ) (285.4 𝐾)
𝑉𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝟑
𝑝2 3497 𝑘𝑃𝑎

10. A gas initially at 15 psia and 2 cu ft undergoes a process to 90 psia and 0.60 cu ft,
during which the enthalpy increases by 15.5 Btu; cv = 2.44 Btu/lb∙ °R. Determine
(a) ∆U, (b) cp, and (c) R.
Ans. (a) 11.06 Btu ; (b) 3.42 Btu/lb∙R° ; (c) 762.4 ft∙lb/lb∙ °R

Given:
𝑝1 = 15 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑉1 = 2 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑝2 = 90 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑉2 = 0.60 𝑓𝑡 3
∆𝐻 = 15.5 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑐𝑣 = 2.44 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅

Required:
∆𝑈 = ?
𝑐𝑝 = ?
𝑅 =?
 Solution:
∆𝑊𝑓 = (𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 ) = [(90 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(0.60 𝑓𝑡 3 ) − (15 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)(2 𝑓𝑡 3 )]

𝑓𝑡 3 ∙ 𝑙𝑏 144 𝑖𝑛2 ∙ 𝐵𝑡𝑢

∆𝑊𝑓 = (24 )( ) = 4.44 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑖𝑛2 778 𝑓𝑡 3 ∙ 𝑙𝑏

a)
∆𝐻 = 15.5 𝐵𝑡𝑢 = 𝑄𝑝

𝑄𝑝 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊𝑓

∆𝑈 = 𝑄𝑝 − ∆𝑊𝑓 = (15.5 − 4.44)𝐵𝑡𝑢 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟔 𝑩𝒕𝒖

b)
∆𝑈 = 11.06 𝐵𝑡𝑢 = 𝑄𝑣

𝑄𝑣 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

𝑄𝑣 11.06 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑚(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = = = 4.53 𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅
𝑐𝑣 2.44 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅

𝑄𝑝 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

𝑄𝑝 15.5 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑐𝑝 = = = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟐 𝑩𝒕𝒖/𝒍𝒃 ∙ 𝑹°
𝑚(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 4.53 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑅°

c)
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅

𝑅 = 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 = (3.42 − 2.44)𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅 = 0.98 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅

𝑅 = (0.98 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏 ∙ °𝑅)(778 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏/𝐵𝑡𝑢) = 𝟕𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝒇𝒕 ∙ 𝒍𝒃/𝒍𝒃 ∙ °𝑹

11. For a certain gas, R = 0.277 kJ/kg∙K and k = 1.384, (a) What are the value of cp
and cv? (b) What mass of this gas would occupy a volume of 0.425 cu m at 517.11
kPa and 26.7°C? (c) If 31.65 kJ are transferred to this gas at constant volume in
(b), what are the resulting temperature and pressure?
Ans. (a) 0.7214 and 0.9984 kJ/kg∙R° ; (b) 2.647 kg ; (c) 43.27°C, 545.7 kPa

Given:
𝑅 = 0.277 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑘 = 1.384
Required:
𝑐𝑝 = ?
𝑐𝑣 = ?
𝑚 =?
𝑇 =?
𝑝 =?

Solution:
a)
𝑅 0.277 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑐𝑣 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝑲
𝑘−1 1.384 − 1

𝑘𝑅 (1.384)(0.277 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾)
𝑐𝑝 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝑲
𝑘−1 1.384 − 1

b)
𝑉 = 0.425 𝑚3
𝑝 = 517.11 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇 = 26.7°𝐶 + 273 = 299.7 𝐾

𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

𝑝𝑉 (517.11 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.425 𝑚3 )
𝑚= = = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝟕 𝒌𝒈
𝑅𝑇 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(0.277 ) (299.7 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

c)
𝑄𝑣 = 31.65 𝑘𝐽

𝑄𝑣 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

𝑄𝑣
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 =
𝑚𝑐𝑣

𝑄𝑣 31.65 𝑘𝐽
𝑇2 = + 𝑇1 = + 299.7 𝐾 = 316.27 𝐾
𝑚𝑐𝑣 (2.647 𝑘𝑔)(0.7214 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾)

𝑇2 = 316.27 𝐾 − 273 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝟕°𝑪

𝑝1 𝑝2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
 𝑝1 𝑇2 (517.11 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(316.27 𝐾)
𝑝2 = = = 𝟓𝟒𝟓. 𝟕 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝑇1 299.7 𝐾