HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)

Part XV Analytical chemistry

Chemistry: Chapter 63 Quantitative methods of analysis

Structured questions

Sections 63.163.2
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1.20 g of impure sodium carbonate were dissolved in water and made up to 250.0 cm 3
solution. 25.0 cm3 of the solution was transferred into a conical flask and titrated with
0.1 M hydrochloric acid. It required 20.00 cm3 of hydrochloric acid for complete
reaction.

(a) Name the apparatus used to transfer 25.0 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution.
(1 mark)

(b) (i) Suggest a suitable indicator used for this titration. (1 mark)

(ii) State the observable change at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the percentage by mass of the impurities in the original sample.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0) (4 marks)

##
(a) Pipette 1
(b) (i) Methyl orange 1
(ii) The reaction mixture changed from yellow to orange. 1

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

(c) Number of moles of HCl = 0.1 M × dm3 = 0.002 mol 1

2HCl + Na2CO3(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

∴ number of moles of Na2CO3 in 25.0 cm3 of solution

= mol = 0.001 mol

Number of moles of Na2CO3 in 250.0 cm3 of solution

= 0.001 mol × = 0.01 mol 1

Mass of Na2CO3 in 250.0 cm3 of solution

= 0.01 mol × (23.0 × 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol1 = 1.06 g 1
Mass of impurities = (1.20  1.06) g = 0.14 g

∴ percentage by mass of impurities = × 100% = 11.7% 1

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|!|CMELF0156300002|!|
Acidified potassium permanganate solution oxidizes oxalic acid (H2C2O4) to carbon
dioxide and water. A certain amount of oxalic acid was dissolved in distilled water and
made up to a 250.0 cm3 solution. 25.0 cm3 of the solution required 23.00 cm3 of 0.034
M potassium permanganate solution for complete reaction.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction between oxalic acid and potassium
permanganate solution. (1 mark)

(b) State the observation at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the mass of oxalic acid present in 250.0 cm3 of the solution.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0) (3 marks)

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

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(a) 5H2C2O4(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 2MnO4(aq)  2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2(g) + 8H2O(l) 1
(b) The reaction mixture changed from colourless to purple. 1

(c) Number of moles of MnO4 = 0.034 M × dm3 = 7.82 × 104 mol 1

∴ number of moles of H2C2O4 in 25.0 cm3 of solution

= 7.82 × 104 mol × = 1.96 × 103 mol

Number of moles of H2C2O4 in 250.0 cm3 of solution

= 1.96 × 103 mol × = 1.96 × 102 mol 1

Mass of H2C2O4 in 250.0 cm3 of solution

= 1.96 × 102 mol × (1.0 × 2 + 12.0 × 2 + 16.0 × 4) g mol1 = 1.76 g 1
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|!|CMELF0156300003|!|
A certain amount of sodium sulphite salt was dissolved in distilled water and made up
to a 250.0 cm3 solution. 25.0 cm3 of the salt solution required 15.25 cm3 of 0.01 M
acidified potassium permanganate solution for complete reaction.

(a) Write an ionic equation for the redox reaction involved. (1 mark)

(b) State the colour change at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the molarity of sulphite ions in the 25.0 cm3 solution. (2 marks)

(d) Calculate the mass of sodium sulphite salt in the 250.0 cm3 solution.
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Na = 23.0, S = 32.1) (2 marks)

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

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(a) 2MnO4(aq) + 5SO32(aq) + 6H+(aq)  2Mn2+(aq) + 5SO42(aq) + 3H2O(l) 1
(b) The reaction mixture changed from colourless to purple. 1

(c) Number of moles of MnO4 = 0.01 M × dm3 = 1.53 × 104 mol 1

∴ number of moles of SO32 in 25.0 cm3 of solution

= 1.53 × 104 mol × = 3.83 × 104 mol

Molarity of sulphite ions = = 0.0153 M 1

(d) Number of moles of Na2SO3 in 250.0 cm3 of solution

= 3.83 × 104 mol × = 3.83 × 103 mol 1

Mass of Na2SO3
= 3.83 × 103 mol × (23.0 × 2 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 3) g mol1 = 0.483 g 1
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|!|CMELF0156300004|!|
A certain amount of calcium chloride was dissolved in distilled water and made up to
250.0 cm3 solution. 25.0 cm3 of the solution required 25.60 cm3 of 0.150 M silver
nitrate solution for complete reaction.

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(b) Suggest a suitable indicator used for this titration. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the mass of calcium chloride present in 250.0 cm3 solution.
(Relative atomic masses: Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40.1) (3 marks)

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

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(a) CaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)  2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) 1
(b) Potassium chromate 1

(c) Number of moles of AgNO3 = 0.150 M × dm3 = 3.84 × 103 mol 1

∴ number of moles of CaCl2 in 25.0 cm3 of solution

= mol = 1.92 × 103 mol

Number of moles of CaCl2 in 250.0 cm3 of solution

= 1.92 × 103 mol × = 0.0192 mol 1

Mass of CaCl2 = 0.0192 mol × (40.1 + 35.5 × 2) g mol1 = 2.13 g 1

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|!|CMELF0156300005|!|
Calcium chloride is a drying agent. A sample of calcium chloride was analysed using
Mohr’s method. The steps involved are shown below:
Step 1: 0.90 g of calcium chloride sample was dissolved in distilled water and the
solution was made up to 250.0 cm3 solution.
Step 2: 25.0 cm3 of the sample solution was transferred to a conical flask.
Step 3: A few drops of indicator W were added to the solution.
Step 4: The solution was titrated with 0.05 M silver nitrate solution.

(a) (i) Name indicator W. (1 mark)

(ii) State the colour change at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between calcium chloride and silver

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

nitrate. (1 mark)

(c) In the titration, 27.30 cm3 of silver nitrate was used. Calculate the percentage by
mass of calcium chloride in the sample.
(Relative atomic masses: Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40.1) (3 marks)

##
(a) (i) Potassium chromate 1
(ii) The reaction mixture changed from yellow to reddish-brown. 1
(b) CaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)  2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) 1

(c) Number of moles of AgNO3 = 0.05 M × dm3 = 1.37 × 103 mol 1

∴ number of moles of CaCl2 in 25.0 cm3 of sample

= mol = 6.85 × 104 mol

Number of moles of CaCl2 in 250.0 cm3 of sample

= 6.85 × 104 mol × = 6.85 × 103 mol 1

Mass of CaCl2 = 6.85 × 103 mol × (40.1 + 35.5 × 2) g mol1 = 0.76 g

Percentage by mass of CaCl2 in the sample = × 100% = 84.4% 1

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|!|CMELF0156300006|!|
The concentration of chloride ions in an unknown water sample was determined by
Mohr’s method. 25.0 cm3 of the water sample required 20.60 cm3 of 0.105 M silver
nitrate solution to reach the end point of the titration.

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

(a) Name the indicator used. (1 mark)

(b) State the observation at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)

(c) Write the chemical equation for the reaction associated with the observation in
(b). (1 mark)

(d) Calculate the molarity of chloride ions in the water sample. (2 marks)

##
(a) Potassium chromate 1
(b) A reddish-brown precipitate forms. 1
(c) 2Ag+(aq) + CrO42(aq) Ag2CrO4(s) 1
(d) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)  AgCl(s)

Number of moles of AgNO3 = 0.105 M × dm3 = 2.16 × 103 mol 1

∴ number of moles of Cl ions in 25.0 cm3 of water sample

= 2.16 × 103 mol

Molarity of Cl ions in the water sample = = 0.0864 M 1

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|!|CMELF0156300007|!|
The molarity of barium hydroxide solution can be determined by titrating with
standard sodium sulphate solution. 25.0 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution required
30.00 cm3 of 0.02 M sodium sulphate solution for complete reaction.

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

(a) Name this type of titration. (1 mark)

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(c) Describe briefly how to detect the equivalence point of the titration. (3 marks)

(d) Calculate the molarity of barium hydroxide solution. (2 marks)

##
(a) Precipitation titration 1
(b) Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2NaOH(aq) 1
(c) During the titration, record the conductivity and the corresponding
volume of sodium sulphate solution added. 1
Plot a graph of conductivity (current) against the volume of sodium
sulphate solution added. 1
The intersection of two straight lines corresponds to the equivalence point. 1

(d) Number of moles of Na2SO4 = 0.02 M × dm3 = 6.0 × 104 mol 1

∴ number of moles of Ba(OH)2 = 6.0 × 104 mol

Molarity of Ba(OH)2 = = 0.024 M 1

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|!|CMELF0156300008|!|
The concentration of chloride ions in a sample was determined by Mohr’s method.

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

25.0 cm3 of the sample solution required 14.50 cm 3 of 0.85 M silver nitrate solution to
reach the end point of the titration.

(a) State the observation at the end point of the titration. (1 mark)

(b) Explain why Mohr’s method should be carried out in pH 6.59. (2 marks)

(c) Calculate the concentration of chloride ions in the sample solution. (2 marks)

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(a) A reddish-brown precipitate forms. 1
(b) If the pH is too high, the silver ions may react with the hydroxide ions,
forming silver oxide precipitate. 1
If the pH is too low, the chromate ions will change to hydrogen chromate
ions or dichromate ions. 1

(c) Ag (aq) + Cl (aq)  AgCl(s)
+

Number of moles of Ag+ = 0.85 M × dm3 = 0.0123 mol 1

∴ number of moles of Cl in 25.0 cm3 of solution = 0.0123 mol

Concentration of Cl in the sample = = 0.492 M 1

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Section 63.3
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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

In redox titrations, the reagents involved are oxidizing agents and reducing agents.

(a) Give ONE example of commonly used oxidizing agent and reducing agent
respectively. (2 marks)

(b) 2.90 g of an iron tablet was dissolved in excess dilute sulphuric acid and the
solution was made up to 250.0 cm 3 by adding distilled water. 25.0 cm 3 of the iron
tablet solution required 32.50 cm3 of 0.02 M potassium dichromate solution for
complete reaction.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the molarity of iron(II) ions in the iron tablet solution. (2 marks)

(iii) Calculate the percentage by mass of iron in the tablet.

(Relative atomic mass: Fe = 55.8) (2 marks)

##
(a) Oxidizing agent: potassium permanganate / potassium dichromate /
potassium iodate (accept other reasonable answers) 1
Reducing agent: iron(II) sulphate / oxalic acid / sodium thiosulphate
(accept other reasonable answers) 1
2
(b) (i) 6Fe2+(aq) + Cr2O7 (aq) + 14H+(aq)
 6Fe3+(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) 1
(ii) Number of moles of Cr2O72

= 0.02 M × dm3 = 6.50 × 104 mol 1

∴ number of moles of Fe2+ in 25.0 cm3 of the solution

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

= 6.50 × 104 × 6 mol = 3.90 × 103 mol

Molarity of Fe2+ ions = = 0.156 M 1

(iii) Number of moles of Fe2+ in 250.0 cm3 of solution

= 3.90 × 103 mol × = 0.039 mol 1

Mass of iron in the tablet = 0.0390 mol × 55.8 g mol1 = 2.18 g

Percentage by mass of iron in the tablet = × 100% = 75.2% 1

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|!|CMELH0156300010|!|
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the active ingredient of chlorine bleach. It can be
produced by bubbling chlorine into sodium hydroxide solution.
Cl2(g) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)

(a) Explain whether chlorine is oxidized or reduced to the following species.

(i) NaCl (1 mark)

(ii) NaOCl (1 mark)

(b) With the aid of a chemical equation, explain why acids should NOT be added to
chlorine bleach. (2 marks)

(c) Outline the procedure for determining the amount of NaOCl in a sample of
chlorine bleach with the help of the following two equations: (4 marks)
OCl(aq) + 2I(aq) + 2H+(aq)  I2(aq) + Cl(aq) + H2O(l)
I2(aq) + 2S2O32(aq)  2I(aq) + S4O62(aq)

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

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(a) (i) Cl2 is reduced to NaCl as the oxidation number of Cl decreases from
0 to 1. 1
(ii) Cl2 is oxidized to NaOCl as the oxidation number of Cl increases
from 0 to +1. 1
(b) When an acid is added to chlorine bleach, toxic chlorine forms. 1
Cl + OCl + 2H+  Cl2 + H2O 1
(c) Dilute a known volume of chlorine bleach in a volumetric flask. 1
Transfer a known volume of the diluted bleach into a conical flask. 1
Add excess KI(aq) and excess dilute H2SO4(aq) to the diluted bleach. 1
Titrate the reaction mixture with standard Na2S2O3(aq) using starch as
indicator. 1
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|!|CMELF0156300011|!|
The molarity of hypochlorite ions in a commercial bleach can be determined by the
following procedure:
1. Transfer 25.0 cm3 of a commercial bleach into a 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask.
2. Add distilled water to the volumetric flask to make up to 250.0 cm 3 bleach
solution.
3. Transfer 25.0 cm3 of diluted bleach solution into a conical flask.
4. Add about 10.0 cm3 of 0.5 M sulphuric acid and about 10.0 cm 3 of 0.5 M
potassium iodide solution to the conical flask.
5. Titrate the reaction mixture with a standard sodium thiosulphate solution.

(a) Name the apparatus used to transfer 25.0 cm3 of diluted bleach solution into a
conical flask. (1 mark)

(b) State the observation when potassium iodide solution is added to the bleach.
(1 mark)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

(c) (i) Suggest an indicator for the titration. (1 mark)

(ii) Explain why the indicator should be added after the reaction mixture
becomes pale yellow. (2 marks)

(d) 25.0 cm3 of diluted bleach solution required 20.15 cm3 of 0.05 M sodium
thiosulphate solution for complete reaction.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the molarity of hypochlorite ions in the original bleach. (3 mark)

##
(a) Pipette 1
(b) The solution changes from colourless to brown. 1
(c) (i) Starch solution 1
(ii) If starch solution is added too early, some of the iodine will react
with starch. 1
This may reduce the amount of iodine in the reaction mixture. 1
(d) (i) I2(aq) + 2S2O32(aq)  2I(aq) + S4O62(aq) 1
(ii) Number of moles of Na2S2O3 reacted with I2

= 0.05 M × dm3 = 1.01 × 103 mol 1

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

∴ number of moles of I2 produced from the reaction between OCl

and I = mol = 5.05 × 104 mol

∴ number of moles of OCl in 25.0 cm3 diluted bleach solution

= 5.03 × 104 mol 1
Number of moles of OCl in the original bleach

= 5.03 × 104 mol × = 5.03 × 103 mol

Molarity of OCl(aq) = = 0.202 M 1

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|!|CMELF0156300012|!|
The mass of iron in commercial iron tablets can be determined by redox titration with
acidified potassium permanganate solution.

(a) Outline an experimental procedure to determine the mass of iron in commercial

iron tablets. (4 marks)

(b) 25.0 cm3 of the iron tablet solution required 12.60 cm 3 of 0.005 M potassium
permanganate solution for complete reaction.
(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(ii) State and explain whether an indicator is required to detect the end point of
the titration. (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

(iii) Calculate the molarity of iron(II) ions in the iron tablet solution. (2 marks)

##
(a) Crush the weighed iron tablets using the pestle and mortar. Add dilute
sulphuric acid to dissolve the iron tablets, forming an Fe2+ solution. 1
Transfer the filtered Fe2+ solution into a volumetric flask and dilute the
solution to the mark of the volumetric flask. 1
Transfer a measured volume of the Fe2+ solution into a conical flask. 1
Titrate the Fe2+ solution with standard potassium permanganate solution. 1
(b) (i) MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq)  Mn2+(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) 1
(ii) No indicator is required in the titration 1
as the solution changes from yellow to light purple at the end point. 1
(iii) Number of moles of MnO4

= 0.005 M × dm3 = 6.30 × 105 mol 1

Number of moles of Fe2+ = 6.30 × 105 mol × 5 = 3.15 × 104 mol

∴ molarity of iron(II) ions in the iron tablet solution

= = 0.0126 M 1

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|!|CMELF0156300013|!|
An experiment was done to determine the percentage by mass of iron in an impure
iron sample. 2.75 g of the sample was first warmed with excess dilute nitric acid. The
resultant solution was then boiled. After cooling and filtration, the solution was
diluted to 250.0 cm3 with distilled water. 25.0 cm3 of the solution required 16.70 cm3
of 0.020 M acidified potassium permanganate solution to reach the end point of the
titration.

(a) Write the ionic equations for the reaction

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

(i) between iron and dilute nitric acid, and (1 mark)

(ii) between the filtrate and acidified potassium permanganate solution. (1 mark)

(b) State and explain whether an indicator is required to detect the end point of the
titration. (2 marks)

(c) Calculate the percentage by mass of iron in the sample.

(Relative atomic mass: Fe = 55.8) (3 marks)

(d) State ONE assumption for the experiment. (1 mark)

##
(a) (i) 3Fe(s) + 2NO3(aq) + 8H+(aq)  3Fe2+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) 1
(ii) 5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq)  5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) 1
(b) No indicator is required in the titration 1
as the solution changes from yellow to light purple at the end point. 1

(c) Number of moles of MnO4 = 0.020 M × dm3 = 3.34 × 104 mol 1

Number of moles of Fe2+ in 25.0 cm3 solution

= 3.34 × 104 mol × 5 = 1.67 × 103 mol
Number of moles of Fe2+ in 250.0 cm3 solution

= 1.67 × 103 mol × = 0.0167 mol

Mass of Fe in the sample = 55.8 g mol1 × 0.0167 mol = 0.93 g 1

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Percentage by mass of Fe in the sample = × 100% = 33.8% 1

(d) The impurities are insoluble in water / the impurities do not react with
dilute nitric acid or acidified potassium permanganate solution. 1
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|!|CMELH0156300014|!|
A steel sample consists of iron and carbon only. The percentage of iron in the sample
can be determined as follows:
Step 1: Dissolve 1.40 g of steel sample in dilute sulphuric acid.
Step 2: Filter the reaction mixture.
Step 3: Add water to the filtrate and make up the solution to 250.0 cm3.
Step 4: Transfer 25.0 cm3 of the solution into a conical flask.
Step 5: Titrate the solution with 0.02 M potassium permanganate solution.
Step 6: Record the volume of potassium permanganate solution used to reach the
end point.
The following table summarizes the experimental results:
1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm ) 3
22.40 45.20 24.20
Initial burette reading (cm3) 0.00 22.40 1.50

(a) Explain why concentrated sulphuric acid should NOT be used to dissolve the
sample. (1 mark)

(b) Write an equation for the reaction between iron and dilute sulphuric acid. (1
mark)

(c) Name the apparatus used to make up the solution to 250.0 cm3. (1 mark)

(d) Explain why an indicator is NOT required to detect the end point of the titration.
(1 mark)

(e) Calculate the percentage of iron in the steel sample.

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Part XV Analytical chemistry

(Relative atomic mass: Fe = 55.8) (3 marks)

##
(a) Carbon in steel will also react with concentrated sulphuric acid. 1
(b) Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq)  FeSO4(aq) + H2(g) 1
(c) Volumetric flask 1
(d) At the end point, the reaction mixture changes from yellow to light purple. 1
(e) Average volume of potassium permanganate solution used

= = 22.75 cm3

5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq)  5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

Number of moles of MnO4

= 0.02 mol dm3 × dm3 = 4.55 × 104 mol 1

Number of moles of Fe2+ in 25.0 cm3 solution

= 4.55 × 104 mol × 5 = 2.28 × 103 mol
Number of moles of Fe2+ in 250.0 cm3 solution

= 2.28 × 103 mol × = 0.0228 mol

Mass of iron = 55.8 g mol1 × 0.0228 mol = 1.27 g 1

Percentage by mass of iron in steel sample = × 100% = 90.7% 1

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|!|CMELH0156300015|!|

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

A water-soluble iron(II) compound has an unknown iron content. The following

analysis is performed to find its iron content.
Step 1 Dissolve 7.67 g of the iron(II) compound in 50.0 cm3 of water.
Step 2 Make up the solution to 250.0 cm3.
Step 3 Transfer 25.0 cm3 of the diluted iron(II) solution into a conical flask.
Step 4 Add an excess of 50.0 cm3 of 0.06 M acidified potassium permanganate
solution to convert all Fe2+ to Fe3+.
Step 5 Titrate the excess acidified potassium permanganate solution with 0.05
M sodium oxalate solution. The solution requires 27.60 cm3 of sodium
oxalate solution to reach the end point.

(a) State the colour change at the end point at step 5. (1 mark)

(b) Suggest why KMnO4 is not used as a primary standard. (1 mark)

(c) Write the ionic equations for

(i) the reaction between iron(II) ions and acidified potassium permanganate
solution, and (1 mark)

(ii) the reaction between acidified potassium permanganate solution and sodium
oxalate solution. (1 mark)

(d) Calculate the percentage by mass of iron in the iron(II) compound.

(Relative atomic mass: Fe = 55.8) (3 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

(e) How would you change the above analysis so that it can be used to find the
percentage by mass of iron in an iron(II) oxide sample? Explain briefly. (2 marks)

##
(a) From yellow to light purple 1
(b) It is a very strong oxidizing agent and not chemically stable. 1
(c) (i) 5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq)  5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) 1
(ii) 2MnO4(aq) + 5C2O42(aq) +16H+(aq)
 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2(g) + 8H2O(l) 1

(d) Number of moles of C2O42 = 0.05 mol dm3 × dm3 = 0.00138 mol 1

Number of moles of excess MnO4 = 0.00138 mol × = 5.52 × 104 mol

Number of moles of MnO4 reacted with 25.0 cm3 of Fe2+ solution

= 0.06 M × dm3  5.52 × 104 mol = 2.45 × 103 mol

Number of moles of Fe2+ in 25.0 cm3 of solution

= 2.45 × 103 mol × 5 = 0.0123 mol
Number of moles of Fe2+ in 250.0 cm3 of solution

= 0.0123 mol × = 0.123 mol 1

Mass of iron in the compound = 55.8 g mol1 × 0.123 mol = 6.86 g

Percentage by mass of iron = × 100% = 89.4% 1

(e) Since iron(II) oxide is insoluble in water, 1

a dilute acid should be used to dissolve the sample instead of water. 1
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|!|CMELF0156300016|!|
The quality of a water sample can be determined by permanganate index. A 50.0 cm 3
water sample was acidified with dilute sulphuric acid and mixed with 25.0 cm3 of
0.002 M potassium permanganate solution. 25.0 cm3 of 0.005 M sodium oxalate
solution was added to react with excess potassium permanganate solution. By

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

performing titration, 6.05 cm3 of 0.002 M potassium permanganate solution was

required to remove all the remaining sodium oxalate.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction between oxalate and permanganate. (1 mark)

(b) State the observation at the end point of titration. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the permanganate index of the water sample. (4 marks)

(d) According to the international standard, the permanganate index for consumable
raw water should not exceed 4 mg dm3. Determine if the water sample should be
used as consumable raw water. (1 mark)

##
(a) 2MnO4(aq) + 5C2O42(aq) + 16H+(aq)  2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2(g) + 8H2O(l) 1
(b) The reaction mixture changes from colourless to light purple. 1
(c) Number of moles of MnO4 that reacted with excess C2O42

= 0.002 M × dm3 = 1.21 × 105 mol 1

∴ number of moles of the remaining C2O42

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 63

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

= 1.21 × 105 mol × = 3.03 × 105 mol

Number of moles of C2O42 that reacted with excess MnO4

= 0.005 M × dm3  3.03 × 105 mol = 9.45 × 105 mol 1

∴ number of moles of excess MnO4 being removed by C2O42

= 9.45 × 105 mol × = 3.78 × 105 mol

Number of moles of MnO4 that reacted with the reducing agents in the
water sample

= 0.002 M × dm3  3.78 × 105 mol = 1.22 × 105 mol 1

Mass of KMnO4 reacted with the reducing agents in the water sample
= 1.22 × 105 mol × (39.1 + 54.9 + 16.0 × 4) g mol1 = 1.93 × 103 g

Permanganate index = 1.93 × 103 g × dm3

= 0.0386 g dm3 = 38.6 mg dm3 1

(d) As the permanganate index of the sample is higher than the international
standard, the sample should not be used as consumable raw water. 1
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|!|CMELH0156300017|!|
When an egg is boiled for a long time, a green substance may form on the surface of
the egg yolk. The green substance is iron(II) sulphide. It forms when iron(II) ions in
the egg yolk react with hydrogen sulphide formed from the egg white at high
temperatures.

(a) When iron(II) sulphide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, a smell of bad egg is
detected.
(i) Suggest the compound that is responsible for the smell of bad egg. (1 mark)

(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between iron(II) sulphide and

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

dilute hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)

(b) To determine the percentage by mass of iron(II) sulphide in an egg yolk, a

student performs the following experiment:
Step 1 Crush an egg yolk (weighed 11.8 g) using the pestle and mortar.
Step 2 Add 10.0 cm3 of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid to the egg yolk.
Step 3 Transfer the filtered egg yolk solution into a 250.0 cm 3 volumetric
flask and dilute the solution to the mark.
Step 4 Transfer 25.0 cm3 of the egg yolk solution into a conical flask.
Step 5 Titrate the solution with standard sodium hydroxide solution.

(i) Suggest an indicator for the titration. (1 mark)

(ii) 25.0 cm3 of the egg yolk solution requires 9.05 cm3 of 0.050 M sodium
hydroxide solution to reach the end point. Calculate the percentage by mass
of iron(II) sulphide in the egg yolk.
(Relative atomic masses: S = 32.1, Fe = 55.8) (3 marks)

(iii) State ONE assumption in the experiment. (1 mark)

##
(a) (i) Hydrogen sulphide 1
(ii) FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq)  FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g) 1

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part XV Analytical chemistry

(b) (i) Methyl orange / phenolphthalein 1

(ii) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Number of moles of NaOH reacted with excess HCl

= 0.050 mol dm3 × dm3 = 4.53 × 104 mol 1

∴ number of moles of excess HCl = 4.53 × 104 mol

Number of moles of HCl reacted with FeS

= 1.0 mol dm3 × dm3  4.53 × 104 mol ×

= 5.47 × 103 mol 1

∴ number of moles of FeS = = 2.74 × 103 mol

Mass of FeS = 2.74 × 103 mol × (55.8 + 32.1) g mol1 = 0.241 g

Percentage by mass of FeS in egg yolk = × 100 % = 2.04

% 1
(iii) Other substances in the egg yolk do not react with dilute
hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide solution. 1
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© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 63