SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 357

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

CHAPTER 8

8.6 Infinite G.P. and its Sum

G.P. of the form a, ar, ar2, ar3, ... is called infinite G.P. Now, to find the formulae for
finding sum to infinity of a G.P., we begin with an example.
Let us consider the G.P.,
2 4
1, , , ...
3 9
2
Here a = 1, r = . We have
3
n
2
1−  
 3   2 n 
Sn = = 3 1 −   
1−
2   3  
3
n
2
Let us study the behaviour of   as n becomes larger and larger:
3

n 1 5 10 20

n
2
  0.6667 0.1316872428 0.01734152992 0.00030072866
3

n
2
We observe that as n becomes larger and larger,   becomes closer and closer to
3
n
2
zero. Mathematically, we say that as n becomes sufficiently large,   becomes
3
n
 
2
sufficiently small. In other words as n → ∞ ,   → 0. Consequently, we find that the
3
sum of infinitely many terms is given by S ∞ = 3 .
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Now, for a geometric progression, a, ar, ar2, ..., if numerical value of common ratio r
is less than 1, then
a (1 − r n ) a ar n
Sn = = −
(1 − r ) 1− r 1− r
In this case as n →∞, rn → 0 since |r| < 1. Therefore
a
Sn →
1− r
Symbolically sum to infinity is denoted by S ∞ or S.
a
Thus, we have S = 1 – r .
For examples,
1 1 1 1
(i) 1+ + 2 + 3 + . .. = = 2.
2 2 2 1
1−
2
1 1 1 1 1 2
(ii) 1− + 2 − 3 + ... = = =
2 2 2  −1  1+
1 3
1−  
 2  2

Exercise 8.3

Find the sum to infinity in each of the following Geometric Progression.

1 1
1. 1, , , ... (Ans. 1.5) 2. 6, 1.2, .24, ... (Ans. 7.5)
3 9
20 80 35 −3 3 −3 −3
3. 5, , , ... (Ans. ) 4. , , ,... (Ans. )
7 49 3 4 16 64 5
1 1 1
5. Prove that 3 2 × 3 4 × 3 8 . . . = 3
6. Let x = 1 + a + a2 + ... and y = 1 + b + b2 + ..., where |a| < 1 and |b| < 1. Prove that
xy
1 + ab + a2b2 + ... =
x + y −1
 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 359

CHAPTER 12

12.6 Limits Involving Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Before discussing evaluation of limits of the expressions involving exponential and
logarithmic functions, we introduce these two functions stating their domain, range and
also sketch their graphs roughly.
Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), the great Swiss mathematician introduced the number
e whose value lies between 2 and 3. This number is useful in defining exponential
function and is defined as f (x) = ex, x ∈ R. Its domain is R, range is the set of positive
real numbers. The graph of exponential function, i.e., y = ex is as given in Fig.13.11.

Fig. 13.11

Similarly, the logarithmic function expressed as loge R+ → R is given by loge x = y,

if and only if ey = x. Its domain is R+ which is the set of all positive real numbers and
range is R. The graph of logarithmic function y = loge x is shown in Fig.13.12.
360 MATHEMATICS

Fig. 13.12

ex – 1
In order to prove the result lim = 1 , we make use of an inequality involving
x→ 0 x
ex −1
the expression which runs as follows:
x
1 ex – 1
≤ ≤ 1 + (e – 2) |x| holds for all x in [–1, 1] ~ {0}.
1+ x x
ex − 1
Theorem 6 Prove that lim =1
x→ 0 x
Proof Using above inequality, we get
1
≤ e − 1 ≤ 1 + | x| (e – 2), x Î [–1, 1] ~ {0}
x

1+ x x
1 1 1
lim = = =1
Also x→ 0 1+ x 1 + lim x 1+ 0
x→ 0
 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 361

and lim 1 + ( e − 2 ) x  = 1 + ( e − 2 ) lim x = 1 + ( e − 2 )0 = 1

x→ 0 x→0

Therefore, by Sandwich theorem, we get

ex −1
lim =1
x→ 0 x
log e (1 + x )
Theorem 7 Prove that lim =1
x→0 x
log e (1 + x )
Proof Let = y . Then
x
lo g e (1 + x ) = x y
⇒ 1 + x = e xy
e xy − 1
⇒ =1
x
e xy − 1
or .y = 1
xy

e xy − 1
⇒ lim lim y = 1 (s in c e x → 0 g iv e s x y → 0 )
xy → 0 xy x→ 0

 e xy − 1 
⇒ li m y = 1  a s l i m = 1
x→ 0 xy → 0 xy
 
lo g e (1 + x )
⇒ lim =1
x→ 0 x

e3x − 1
Example 5 Compute lxi→m0
x
Solution We have

e3x − 1 e3x − 1
lim = lim ⋅3
x→ 0 x 3x→0 3x
 ey −1
= 3  lim  , w h ere y = 3 x
 y→0 y 
= 3 .1 = 3
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e x − sin x − 1
Example 6 Compute lim
x →0 x

e x − sin x − 1  e x − 1 sin x 
lim = lim  −
Solution We have x→0 x x →0
 x x 

ex −1 sin x
= lim − lim = 1 −1 = 0
x →0 x x → 0 x
log e x
Example 7 Evaluate lim
x →1 x −1
Solution Put x = 1 + h, then as x → 1 ⇒ h → 0 . Therefore,
log e x log e (1 + h )  log e (1 + x ) 
lim = lim = 1  since lim = 1 .
x→1 x −1 h→ 0 h  x→0 x 

Exercise 13.2

Evaluate the following limits, if exist

e4x − 1 e 2+ x − e 2
1. lim (Ans. 4) 2. lim (Ans. e2)
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x
ex − e5 e s in x − 1
3. lim (Ans. e5) 4. lim (Ans. 1)
x→ 5 x−5 x→0 x
ex − e3 x ( e x − 1)
5. lim (Ans. e3) 6. lim (Ans. 2)
x→ 3 x−3 x→ 0 1 − co s x

lo g e (1 + 2 x ) lo g (1 + x 3 )
7. lim (Ans. 2) 8. lim (Ans. 1)
x→ 0 x x→ 0 s in 3 x
 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 363

Notes
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