FOCUS COACHING CENTRE

CET – NEET- CRASH COURSE

SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
UNIT 7-EQILIBRIUM
RESOURCE PERSON : PRIYANKA RAJARAM

SYNOPSI
1. Rate of reaction:
i) Rate of reaction is the change in the molar concentration of one of the reactants or
products in unit time.

ii) Rate of reaction =

iii) For the reaction
A + 2B 3C + 4D, reaction rates are related as

Active mass is the molar concentration (moles dm-3) or partial pressure expressed in Nm-2.

2. The Chemical Equilibrium

(i) A chemical reaction is said to be in chemical equilibrium when the concentration of
reactants and products do not change with time. Certain other observable properties like
pressure, density or colour also remain unchanged at equilibrium.
(ii) The chemical equilibrium is attained when the rate of forward reaction becomes equal to
the rate of backward reaction (rf = rb)
(iii) Presence of catalyst enables the reaction to attain equilibrium earlier and does not alter
the concentration of reactant and product at equilibrium.
(iv) It is attained only in reversible reaction and in closed vessel.
v) The position of equilibrium is disturbed by changing the concentration or pressure if n is
not equal to zero.
vi) Change in temperature changes the position of equilibrium.

3. Law of Mass Action

At a constant temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to
the product of the molar concentrations (or active mass) of the reactants
For example, let us consider the reaction:
aA + bB cC + dD
Applying law of mass action to both the reactions,
Rate of forward reaction (v1)  [A]a[B]b = k1[A]a[B]b
Rate of backward reaction (v2)  [C]c[D]d
Where k1 is the rate constant for the forward reaction and k b is the rate constant for the
backward reaction.
At the equilibrium v1 = v2. Therefore,
k1[A]a[B]b = k2[C]c[D]d
k1 [ C ]c [ D ]d
=K ( or K c ) =
or
k2 [ A ]a [ B ]b ……(1)

Here K or Kc represents the equilibrium constant for the reversible reaction when molar
concentrations of the species are considered.

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 1

 For the chemical reactions that are taking place in the gaseous phase (reactants and
products are gaseous nature), the partial pressure of the reactants and products may be
considered instead of their molar concentrations.
c d
P c× P D

a b
A B
KP = P ×P
Kp and Kc are related as KP = KC(RT)n
If n = 0, Kp = Kc
n = +ve, Kp > Kc
If n = -ve, Kp < Kc

4. Characteristics of Equilibrium Constant

(i) The value of the equilibrium constant depends upon equilibrium concentrations of
products and reactants species but not on the initial concentrations.
(ii) The equilibrium constant for a reaction changes with the change in temperature.
(iii) For a reversible reaction the value of equilibrium constant for the backward reaction is
reciprocal of the value for the forward reaction. For example, let the value of K c for the
following reaction be 20 at 720K.
[ HI ]2
=
[ H 2 ][ I 2 ]
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g); KC = 20
For the reverse reaction
[ H 2 ][ I 2 ] 1
=
2 [ HI ] 20
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g); KC’ =
(iv) The value of K depends on the stoichiometry of reactants and products at the point of
equilibrium. For example,
2NO + O2 2NO2 ………K1
and NO + 1/2O2 NO2 ………K2

K1 and K2 are related as K2 =

√ K1
5. Le-Chatelier Principle
If any kind of stress (such as change in concentration, temperature or pressure ) is applied
on equilibrium, it shifts in a direction that tends nullify the effect of the stress. For example,
(i) Decrease in the concentration of any of the products or increase in the concentration of
any the reactants push the equilibrium in the Forward direction
(ii) In an endothermic reaction, an increase in temperature favours the forward reaction. In
an exothermic reaction, low temperature favours the forward reaction.
(iii) Increase of pressure pushes the equilibrium towards the side in which Number of
Gaseous Moles or Volume decreases.
(iv) Effect of Inert gas (a) For a reaction at constant volume i.e., when the number of moles
of reactants are equal to the number of moles of the products, the addition of inert gas has
no effect.
(b) When an inert gas is added to the equilibrium system at constant pressure, the
equilibrium will shift in a direction in which there is increase in the number of moles of
gases.
(v) A catalyst increases the rate of forward and backward reaction to the same extent.
Ex: 1) N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO(g) H = 43 k cal (endothermic) high temperature and high
concentration favour forward reaction. Pressure (or volume) has no effect as n = 0.
2) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) H = -22.5 k cal (exothermic) high concentration of N 2 and
H2, low T & high P (as n = -ve) favour forward reaction.

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 2

 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
Electrolyte
 Electrolyte is a substance which conducts electricity either in aqueous solution or in molten
state. Example: NaCl
 Solid electrolyte does not conduct electricity since the ions are held to the lattice points by
strong ionic bonds.
 Non-electrolyte is a substance which does not conduct electricity in aqueous solution or in
molten state. Example: Rubber
Strong electrolyte
Strong electrolyte is an electrolyte which undergoes almost complete ionization when
dissolved in water at moderate concentration. For strong electrolyte  = 1.
Examples: Acids like HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
Bases like NaOH, KOH
All salts like NaCl, KNO3, NH4Cl , Sodium acetate
Weak electrolyte
Weak electrolyte is an electrolyte which undergoes partial ionization when dissolved in
water at moderate concentration.
Examples: Organic acids like acetic acid, benzoic acid, HCN, H3PO4etc

Bases like ammonium hydroxide, LiOH, aniline etc.

Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation - postulates
 When an electrolyte is dissolved in water it dissociates into charged particles called ions.
This process is known as ionisation or dissociation.
 The number of positive charges equal to the number of negative charges, so that the
solution of an electrolyte is always neutral.
 The ions are responsible for the passage of electricity. The ‘+’ve ions are called cations
because they move towards cathode during electrolysis. Similarly ‘’ve ions are known as
anions.
 The dissociation of an electrolyte is always partial so that there is an equilibrium between
the charged particles and the undissociated molecules.
 The fraction of an electrolyte that dissociates in water is known as degree of ionisation.

 The degree of ionisation increases with dilution.

 Properties of an electrolyte in solution are the properties of ions.

Factors influencing ionisation of an electrolyte

1) Temperature 2) Nature of the electrolyte
3) Nature of the solvent 4) Presence of other ions
5) Dilution
Ostwald’s dilution law
At constant temperature, the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte varies with dilution
2
α C
such that the value of the expression 1 − α is a constant.

Theories of Acids and Bases:

I. Classical View:
An acid is a substances, whose aqueous solution.

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 3

 1) turns blue litmus to red. 2) tastes sour,
3) reacts with active metal to produce H2 gas and 4) neutralizes bases.
A base is a substance, whose aqueous solution,
a) turns red litmus to blue 2) has bitter taste 3) has soapy touch and 4) neutralizes
acids.
II. Arrhenius theory:
A compound that contains hydrogen and dissociates in water to produce positive hydrogen
ion (H+) is called acid. Ex: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 etc.
A compound that dissociates in water to produce negative hydroxyl ion (OH -) is called base.
Ex: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
III. Bronsted - Lowry theory of acids and bases
An acid is a substance which can donate a proton and base is a substance which can receive a
proton.
+ −
HCl + H2O ↔ H3O + OH
HCl donates a proton and hence is an acid
Water receives a proton .Hence it is a base.
H3O+ is called hydronium ion.
Conjugate acid base pair: A pair of acid and base which differs by a proton is called conjugate
−
acid – base pair. H2O and OH is a conjugate pair
Amphoteric Substance
A substance which can act both as an acid and base is called amphoteric substance.
−
Water can donate a proton and form OH ion.
Water can accept a proton giving hydronium ion, H3O+
Thus water is an amphoteric substance
IV. Lewis theory: According to Lewis theory, an acid is a substance which can accept a pair of
electrons and a base is a substance which can donate a pair of electrons
NH3 + BF3  NH3  BF3
Ammonia donate a pair of electrons. So it is a Lewis base
Boron trifluoride accepts a pair of electrons and hence is an Lewis acid

Ionic product of water

In water or aqueous solution
The product of [H+] and [OH-] is called ionic product of water

Value is 10 – 14 at 250C
In an acidic solution [H+] > [OH-] [H+] > 10-7 mol/dm3 & [OH-] < 10-7 mol/dm3 at 298 K
In a neutral solution [H ] = [OH ]=10 mol/dm3 at 298 K
+ - -7

In a basic solution [H+] < [OH-] at 298K [H+] < 10-7 mol/dm3 & [OH-] > 10-7 mol/dm3
Kw 10 − 14
[ H+ ] = =
[OH − ] [OH − ] and vice versa
For a weak acid, [H+] = α C = √ a
K C
−
For a weak base, [OH ] = α C = √ Kb C
Relative strengths of acids and bases

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 4

Similar expression can be written for the comparison of the relative strengths of bases.
pH Value: pH value of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm to the base ten of the molar
concentration of hydrogen ions present in the solution. pH = log10 [ H+ ]
Note:
pH of gastric juice = 1.5  2.0 pH of urine = 6.1
pH of milk = 6.3 pH of saliva = 5.5  7.0
pH of blood = 7.4

pOH of the solution: pOH = log10 [ OH ]

pKa of an acid: pKa = log10 Ka

pKb of a base:. pKb = log10 Kb

pKw = -log Kw

Larger the value of Ka and Kb stronger the acid and the base.
For pure water pH = pOH=7
For acidic solution, pH < 7 or pOH > 7
PH of acid solution of [H+] concentration 10-8M = -log[10-8] = +8 is not possible, Here pH is
calculate by adding the [H+] of water to it. Total [H+] concentration = 10-8 + 10-7 = 1.1 x 10-7
M
PH = - log 1.1 x 10-7 = 7 – log 1.1 = 6.96
[H+] of monobasic acid = 10-pH
[OH-] of monobasic base = 10-pOH

Common ion effect

Suppression of degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte by adding a common ion is called
common ion effect.
Consider the dissociation of ammonium hydroxide
+ −
NH 4 OH ⇔ NH 4 + OH
If to this solution ammonium chloride having ammonium ion as the common ion is added,
then the ammonium ion concentration increases and hence the equilibrium shifts to the left.
This suppresses the dissociation of ammonium hydroxide.
Applications
 In qualitative analysis
 In salting out soap

Solubility product
At constant temperature, the product of concentrations of the constituent ions in saturated
solution raised to the appropriate powers is called solubility product.

Expression for solubility product value

Relationship between solubility and Solubility product

Salt Expression for solubility product
AB KSP = [ A+ ] [ B ]= s2
A2B KSP = [ A+ ]2 [ B ]=4s3

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 5

 AB2 KSP = [ A+ ] [ B ]2=4s3
A3B KSP = [ A+ ]3 [ B ]=27s4

If Ionic product > Ks precipitation takes place

Ionic product = Ks solution is saturated
Ionic product < Ks Unsaturated solution – no precipitation

Buffer solution
 A solution whose pH does not change by the addition of a small amount of an acid or base
is called a buffer solution.

 Buffer solution consists of either a mixture of

weak acid and its salt with a strong base
(Eg: CH3COOH + CH3COONa - acid buffer ) or
weak base and its salt with a strong acid
(NH4OH + NH4Cl - basic buffer)

Henderson's equation
for the pH or the POH of a buffer solution
[ salt ] [ salt ]
pH =pK a + log pOH = pK b +log
 [ acid ]  [base ]
An electrode consists of an electronic conductor in contact with an electrolytic conductor.
A combination of two electrodes forms a cell.

Factors affecting strength of acids.

As the tendency of H atom in a molecule to go away as H + ion increases, the acid becomes
stronger. For example, Cl – OH (hydrochlorous acid) is an acid whereas Na – OH is a base. Here,
due to the higher electronegativity of Cl, H atom of Cl  OH readily comes out as H+ ion.
In general, strength of an acid depends on
a) Electronegativity of the atom attached to hydrogen
b) Size of the atom attached to hydrogen
c) Nature of the groups attached to the electronegative atom which is attached to
hydrogen.
d) Cation is a stronger acid than a neutral molecule. Anion is a still weaker acid. Eg.
is the order of strength of some acids
Along a period, electronegativity generally increases with increase in atomic number.
Strength of acids of similar type gradually increases with increase in electronegativity of
the atom attached to hydrogen. For example, Strength of following acids increases in the
order CH4 < NH3 < H2O < HF
When the acid is stronger, the conjugate base is weaker. Hence, strength of the conjugate
bases decreases in the order
CH 3  NH 2  OH   F 
Down the group, the size of the atom attached to hydrogen gradually increases. Removal
of H+ becomes easier. As a result, strengths of some acids below are in the order
HF < HCl < HBr < HI

Strengths of the conjugate bases are in the order F- > Cl- > Br- > I-
e) If more number of electronegative atoms or groups are attached to the atom attached to
hydrogen the acid becomes stronger.
For example HOCl < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 acid strength increases.

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 6

Comparison of strength of acids
The magnitude of H+ ion (H3O+ ion) concentration in acid solution of same concentration
helps in comparing strengths of different acids.
K K
Consider two acids HA1 and HA2 , having dissociation constants a1 and a2 respectively.
 H    K a .C K a .C K a2 .C
Since , For HA1 , [H+]1 = . For HA2 , [H+]2 =
 H   K a1 strength of HA1
1
 
+ +
Ka 1 K a2  H 

K a
strength of HA2
 [H ]1 : [H ]2 = : or 2 2

Salt Hydrolysis
Aqueous solutions of salts like NaCl, KNO 3 are neutral. They have a pH of 7. However, all
salt solutions are not neutral. Salt solutions can be acidic or basic due to their partial reaction
with water.
Reaction between cation or anion of a salt with water to produce an acidic or basic
solution is called ‘salt hydrolysis’
Three types of salts undergo hydrolysis
(a) Salt of a strong base and a weak acid. Eg. CH3COONa, Na2CO3 , KCN , Na3PO4
(b) Salt of a weak base and a strong acid. Eg. NH 4Cl
(c) Salt of a weak acid and a weak base. Eg. CH 3COONH4

Hydrolysis of the salt of a strong base and weak acid. Eg. CH3COONa. Such a solution is
basic because OH- ions are produced during hydrolysis.
CH3COONa being a salt of weak acid, CH3COOH and strong base, NaOH gets completely ionised
in aqueous solution. CH3COONa(aq) → CH3COO– (aq)+ Na+(aq)

Acetate ion thus formed undergoes hydrolysis in water to give acetic acid and OH - ions
CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(l) → CH3COOH(aq) + OH-(aq)
Acetic acid being a weak acid (Ka = 1.8 × 10–5) remains mainly unionised in solution. This results
in increase of OH– ion concentration in solution making it alkaline. The pH of such a solution is
more than 7.

1 1 1
Note: pH = 2 pKw + 2 pKa + 2 log C
Kw K2
Kh  h
Ka K a .C
Hydrolysis constant Degree of hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of the salt of a strong acid and a weak base Eg. NH4Cl
Such a solution is slightly acidic because H+ ions are produced during hydrolysis.
NH4Cl formed from weak base, NH4OH and strong acid, HCl, in water dissociates completely.
NH4Cl(aq) → NH+4(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Ammonium ions undergo hydrolysis with water to form NH 4OH and H+ ions
NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) → NH4OH(aq) + H+(aq)
Ammonium hydroxide is a weak base (Kb = 1.77 × 10–5) and therefore remains almost unionised
in solution. These results in increased of H+ ion concentration in solution making the solution
acidic. Thus, the pH of NH4Cl solution in water is less than 7.
1 1 1
Note: pH = 2 pKw - 2 pKb - 2 log C
Kw Kw
h
K b .C
Hydrolysis constant Kh = K b Degree of hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of the salt of a weak acid and a weak base Eg. CH3COONH4

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 7

 Consider the hydrolysis of CH3COONH4 salt formed from weak acid and weak base. The
ions formed undergo hydrolysis as follow:
CH3COO– + NH4+ + H2O CH3COOH + NH4OH
CH3COOH and NH4OH, also remain into partially dissociated form:
CH3COOH CH3COO– + H+ NH4OH NH4+ + OH–
H2 O H+ + OH–
Without going into detailed calculation, it can be said that degree of hydrolysis is independent of
concentration of solution, and pH of such solutions is determined by their pK values:
pH = 7 + ½ (pKa – pKb)
The pH of solution can be greater than 7, if the difference is positive and it will be less than 7, if
the difference is negative.
Kw Kw
h Kh 
K a .K b K a .K b
Note: Degree of hydrolysis Hydrolysis constant
1 1 1
pH = 2 pKw + 2 pKa - 2 pKb

CLASSWORK AND ASSIGNMENT

1. In chemical reaction, , the system will be known in equilibrium when

(A) 50% of A changes to B
(B) A completely changes to B
(C) only 10% of A changes to B
(D) the rate of change of A to B and B to A on both the sides are same
2. At 500 K, equilibrium constant, Kc, for the following reaction is 5. What would be the

equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction?

(A) 0.04 (B) 0.4 (C) 25 (D) 2.5
3. At 490 C, the equilibrium constant for the synthesis of HI is 50, the value of K for the
dissociation of HI will be
(A) 20.0 (B) 2.0 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.02

4. In the reaction the equilibrium concentration of PCl 5 and PCl3 are

0.4 and 0.2 mol/L respectively. If the value of K c is 0.5 what is the concentration of Cl 2 in

mol/L?

(A) 0.5 (B) 1.0 (C) 1.5 (D) 2.0

5. For a gaseous reaction xA + yB lC + mD

(A) KP = KC
(B) KP = (KC)l + m
(C) Kp = Kc(RT)( l + m)  (x + y)
(D) KLpL = 1/ Kc

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 8

6. If Kp for a reaction A(g) + 2B(g) 3C(g) + D(g) is 0.05 atm at 1000 K, its K c in terms of R will
be

(A) 20000 R (B) 0.02 R (C) 5  105 R (D)

7. Le Chatelier’s principle is applicable only to a
(A) heterogeneous reaction (B) system in equilibrium
(C) irreversible reaction (D) homogeneous reaction
8. In what manner will increase of pressure affect the following equation?
C(s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2(g)
(A) Shift in the forward direction (B) shift in the reverse direction
(C) Increase in the yield of hydrogen (D) No effect
9. The exothermic formation of CIF3 is represented by the equation:
Cl2 (g) + 3F2 (g) 2ClF3 (g); H = 329 kJ
Which of the following will increase the quantity of ClF3 in an equilibrium mixture of Cl2, F2
and ClF3 ?
(A) increasing the temperature (B) removing Cl2
(C) increasing the volume of the container (D) adding F2.

10. The equilibrium constant for the reaction:

N2 (g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 (g) is K and for the reaction:

K and will be related to each other as:

(A) K = K (B) (C) (D)

11. Equilibrium constants K1 and K2 for the following equilibria and

are related as

(A) (B) (C) (D)

12. For an equilibrium reaction involving gases, the forward reaction is first order while the
reverse reaction is second order. The units of Kp for the forward equilibrium is
(A) atm (B) atm2 (C) atm1 (D) atm2

13. For the reaction the standard free energy is G– > 0 The equilibrium

constant (K) would be

(A) K = 0 (B) K > 1 (C) K = 1 (D) K < 1

14. Choose the wrong statement with respect to an equilibrium state

(A) it is dynamic in nature

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 9

 (B) it can be attained from either direction of the reaction
(C) it can be attained only in a closed container
(D) it can be attained in an open or a closed container

15. Three reactions involving are given below:

I. H3PO4 + H2O  H3O+ +
II.
III.
In which of the above does act as an acid?
(A) II only (B) I and II (C) III only (D) I only
16. The species which acts as a Lewis but not a Bronsted acid is
(A) (B) 02 (C) BF3 (D) 0H
17. Which of the following is a conjugated acid  base pair?
(A) HCl, Na0H (B) NH4Cl, NH40H (C) (D) KCN, HCN
18. Which of the following solvents are aprotic?
(1) NH3 (2) SO2 (3) CH3CN (4) CH3CO2H
(A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 1, 3, 4 (C) 2, 3 (D) 1, 3

19. When OH ion concentration of a solution increases, its

(A) pH increases (B) pH decreases
(C) H+ ion concentration increases (D) pH remains constant
20. pH of 108 M KOH is
(A) 8 (B) 7.02 (C) 6.98 (D) 6
21. pH of a solution of a strong acid is 5.0. What will be the pH of the solution obtained after
diluting the given solution 100 times?
(A) 5.8 (B) 6.7 (C) 9.3 (D) 13

22. The pH of a solution formed by mixing equal volumes of two solutions. A and B of a strong
acid having pH = 6 and pH = 4f respectively is
(A) 5 (B) 4.3 (C) 6 (D) 5.5

23. A 0.01 M ammonia solution is 5% ionized. The concentration of the OH  ions is

(A) 0.005 M (B) 0.0001 M (C) 0.0005 M (D) 0.05

24. A weak base has a dissociation constant 2  104. pH of its 0.02 M solution is
(A) 9.6 (B) 8.6 (C) 11.3 (D) 2.6

25. If Ka = 105 for a weak acid, then pKb for its conjugate base would be
(A) 1010 (B) 9 (C) 109 (D) 5

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 10

26. In the precipitation of third group of basic radicals in qualitative analysis, NH 4Cl is added
before adding NH4OH to
(A) Increase the concentration of Cl ions
(B) increase the concentration of ions
(C) Keep the pH constant
(D) decrease the concentration of OH ions

27. The solubility of a saturated solution of calcium fluoride is 2  1010 mol/litre. Its
solubility product is
(A) 12  102 (B) 14  104 (C) 22  1011 (D) 32  1032

28. In which of the following cases, does the reaction go farthest to completion
(A) K = 104 (B) K = 10 (C) K = 104 (D) K = 1
29. When OH ion concentration of a solution increases, its
(A) pH increases (B) pH decreases
(C) H+ ion concentration increases (D) pH remains constant

K
30. If S and sp are respectively solubility and solubility product of a sparingly soluble binary
electrolyte, then
2
(a)
S=K sp
(b)
S=K sp
1
S= √ K sp S= K sp
2
(c) (d)

31. The pH of blood does not appreciably change by a small addition of an acid or a base
because blood
(a) Contains serum protein which acts as buffer
(b) Contains iron as a part of the molecule
(c) Can be easily coagulated
(d) It is body fluid

32. Which is a buffer solution

CH 3 COOH +CH 3 COONa
(a)
CH 3 COOH +CH 3 COONH 4
(b)
CH 3 COOH +NH 4 Cl
(c)
(d) NaOH + NaCl

33. The pH of 0.0001 N solution of KOH will be

(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 10 (d) 12

34. Buffer solution is prepared by mixing

(a) Strong acid + its salt of strong base
(b) Weak acid + its salt of weak base
(c) Strong acid + its salt of weak base
(d) Weak acid + its salt of strong base

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 11

35. Which one of the following statements is not true
− 2−
(a) The conjugate base of H 2 PO4 is HPO4
(b) pH+ pOH =14 for all aqueous solutions
−8
(c) The pH of 1×10 M HCl is 8
(d) 96,500 coulombs of electricity when passed through a CuSO 4 solution deposits 1 gram
equivalent of copper at the cathode

36. One mole of ammonia was completely absorbed in one litre solution each of (1)1M HC1,
(2) 1M CH3COOH and (3) 1 M H2SO4 at 298 K. The decreasing order for the pH of the
resulting solutions is (Given : Kb(NH3) = 4.74) (2014)
(a) 2 > 3 > 1 (b) 1 > 2 > 3 (c) 2 > 1 > 3 (d) 3 > 2 > 1

37. For the equilibrium, CaO3(s)⇌ CaO(s)+ CO2(g) ;Kp = 1.64 atm at 1000 K 50 g of CaCO 3 in a 10
litre closed vessel is heated to 1000 K. Percentage of CaCO 3 that remains unreacted at
equilibrium is (Given R = 0.082 L atm K– mol-1) (2014)
(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 20

38. The pair of compound which together in solution is

(a) NaHCO3 and H2O (b) Na2CO3 and NaOH
(c) NaHCO3 and NaOH (d) NaHCO3 and Na2CO3

39. In presence of HCI, H2S results the precipitation of group-2 elements but not group-4
elements during qualitative analysis. It is due to
(a) higher concentration of H+
(b) lower concentration of H+
(c) higher concentration of S2-
(d) lower concentration of S2-

3 +¿¿ −¿¿
40. In the reaction, Fe ( OH )3 ( s) ⇌ Fe (aq) + 3 OH (aq) if the concentration of OH– ions is decreased
by 1/4 times, then the equilibrium concentration of Fe3+ will increase by (2016)
(a) 8 times (b) 16 times (c) 64 times (d) 4 times.

41. Equilibrium constants K1 and K2 for the following equilibria

1
1) NO(g )+ O 2 (g) ⇌ NO 2(g ) 2) 2 NO2 (g) ⇌ 2 NO(g) +O 2 (g) (2016)
2
1 1
a) K 1= √ K 2 b) K 2= c)K1 =2K1 d) K 2= 2
K1 K1

42. The reaction quotient, `Q; is useful in predicting the direction of the reaction. Which of the
following is incorrect? (2017)
(a) If Qc >Kc, the reverse reaction is favoured.
(b) If Qc < Kc , the forward reaction is favoured.
(c) If Qc > Kc , forward reaction is favoured.
(d) If Qc = Kc , no reaction occur.

43. The equilibrium constant for the reaction, N2(g)+O2(g)⇌ 2N0(g) is 4 ×10−4at 2000 K. In
presence of a catalyst, the equilibrium is attained ten times faster. Therefore, the equilibrium
constant in presence of catalyst at 2000 K is (2017)
−3 −4 −4 −2
a) 4 ×10 b) 40 × 10 c)4 ×10 d)4 ×10

44. The relationship between Kp and Kc is Kp = Kc ( RT )∆ n. What would he the value of ∆ n for
the reaction, NH4C1(s) ⇌ NH3(g) +HCl(g)?
(a) 1 (b) 0.5 (c) 1.5 (d) 2 (2018)

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 12

45. Acidity of BF3 can be explained on which of the following concepts?
(a) Arrhenius concept (b) Bronsted Lowry concept
(c) Lewis concept (d) Bronsted Lowry as well as Lewis

46. The conjugate base of NH3 is

+¿¿
(a) NH40H (b) NH20H (c) NH2 (d) NH 4

47. Which of the following is the strongest

(a) Cl– (b) OH– (c) CH30– (d) CH3C00–

FOCUS COACHING CENTRE 13