POINTERS TO REVIEW IN DIASS

 In practical terms, therapy happens when a person who is in distress asks for
support and encourages another person to enter kind of relationship with
him/her

 Social sciences are investigating human society and the different forces that
operate within it.
The different disciplines of the Social Sciences look at human societies and divest
perspectives and focus on an area of expertise for analysis. Such areas provide
social scientists with specific expertise, tools and skills that can help them better
understand social phenomena.

 Applied Social Sciences, on the other hand, focuses on the practical application
of the various theories, frameworks, concepts, and methodologies learned
from the Social Sciences in real-life settings.
Scholars from the social sciences argued that there is a need for more
collaboration in the various fields of the social sciences. This suggests that the
various areas of social sciences need to work together effectively to resolve
problems. This multidisciplinary approach to the study of various social problems
has become the focus and the beginning of applied social sciences.

 Applied social sciences concentrate on the use and application of the various
ideas, theoretical models and hypotheses of social science disciplines to better
explain society and the various challenges and issues it faces.

 Preview on Counseling
As an application of the social sciences, counseling provides guidance, assistance
and support to individuals who are distracted by a range of problems in their lives.
Professional guidance is provided to the individual through counseling, and this is
done through the application of psychological methods such as the collection of
case history data, personal interviews and skills tests. Counseling may be provided
by psychologists, life coaches, job psychologists and personal development
counselors.

 Preview on Social Work

Social research is another technical practice in the social sciences related to it.
Having been trained in social sciences to interact and understand social realities,
an applied social sciences practitioner has a good theoretical and conceptual
foundation for social work practice. Through social work, professionals are
supporting people, families, associations and neighborhoods to strengthen their
individual and mutual well-being.

 Communication Studies
Applied social sciences provide appropriate instruction for employment in the
communications field. Practitioners in applied social sciences have ample
experience in this field as they are equipped with communication theories and
principles that allow them to understand and educate the public about the social,
political, cultural, and economic realities. Communication professionals have the
skills to write, create and deliver news accurately and creatively to the public.

GOAL OF COUNSELING

• Preventive Goals
• Enhancement Goals
• Reinforcement Goals
• Cognitive Goals
• Physiological Goals
• Psychological Goals.

• Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid

some undesired outcomes

• Enhancement Goals – Improve special skills and abilities

• Reinforcement Goals – helps client to recognize that what they are

doing, thinking and feeling is fine

• Cognitive Goals – involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and

cognitive skills

• Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for
good physical health

• Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills,

learning emotional control and developing positive self-concept

 Counseling is a specific term with diverse definitions

and objectives. Counseling is important in nearly
every area of a person's life — cognitive, mental,
economic, financial, psychological, and others.
It is also applied to individuals, families and groups.

 Counseling can be delivered through different

methods, such as: face-to-face dialogue, group
work, telephone, email, or other written materials.

There are several topics related to individual therapy, such as depression, sexual
harassment, anxiety, class, relationships, faith, philosophy, teenage problems, loss,
frustration, tension, vocation, studies, and others. In terms of family therapy,
problems include divorce, family dynamics, life changes, miscommunication, envy,
money issues, parenting, remarriage, and others.
 Counseling is a professional relationship & collaborative effort between client
and counselor.

 Counseling is generally a non-clinical intervention.

 Counseling is not to be confused with psychiatry, which is a branch of general

medicine that deals with the treatment of the mentally ill by medically-trained
professionals using clinical interventions including drugs, surgical procedures,
and non-physical approaches.

- unstructured and there can be a subjective judgment on the part of the scorer.

- structured and scoring procedures are purely objective.

 PRINCIPLE
Etymology: Latin word principium, which means origin or foundation. It is a rule or
belief
governing one's personal life

 PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING:
1. Listening Skills
2. Clarified Thinking
3. Release of Emotional Tension
4. Reassurance
5. Reorientation
6. Advice
7. Respect

[Link] SKILLS
– it is the counselor’s attempt to understand both the content of the problem
and the emotions
the client is experiencing
related to the problem.

PASSIVE
LISTENING
versus
ACTIVE
LISTENING

[Link] OF EMOTIONAL TENSION – as a person begins to explain their concerns

to a listener, they release their pent-up frustrations and other personal issues. For
emotional release to take place, client must acknowledge his feelings.
3. CLARIFIED THINKING – When tensions subside, clients become more relaxed
and tend to become more coherent and rational. This removes mental blocks that
prevents client from finding solution to the problem. This encourages a client to
accept responsibility for problems and to be more rational in solving them.

4. REASSURANCE – a way of giving them courage to face a problem or confidence

that they are pursuing a suitable course of action. It can bring about a sense of
relief that may empower a client to function normally again.

5. REORIENTATION – this requires a revision of the client’s behavior to reach a

high goal or revision of the client’s goal to bring it more in line with realistic
attainment, enabling client to recognize and accept own limitations.

6. ADVICE – The counselor makes judgments about a client’s problems and lays
out options for a course of action. It has to avoid breeding a relationship in which
the client feels inferior and emotionally dependent on the counselor.

“For even the very wise cannot see all ends.”

― Gandalf, J.R.R. Tolkien,
The Fellowship of the Ring

7. RESPECT – client must be treated appropriately no matter how different the

client’s behavior, personality, and views may be from that of the counselor.

SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINE

1. ANTHROPOLOGY - ETYMOLOGY: ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropology was taken from Greek words "anthropos" meaning
"man" and "logos" meaning "to
study."
Anthropology is the branch of knowledge that deals with the scientific study of
man, his works, his body,
his behavior, and values, in time and space. It is the
study of physical, social, and cultural development
and behavior of human beings since their
appearance on earth.

three subfields of anthropology:

A).SOCIAL CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Sociocultural anthropology deals with the investigation of the culture and social
organization of people, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and
exchange, kinship and family structure, gender relations, childrearing and
socialization, religion, family and social systems, the arts, and other forms of
sociocultural behavior.

B). ACHEOLOGY
Archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and
analysis of material culture.
The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts,
sites, and cultural landscapes.

C).BIOLOGICAL or physical ANTHROPOLOGY

It is the scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of
human beings, their extinct ancestors, and related non-human primates,
particularly from an evolutionary perspective. Some
examine fossils to understanding human evolution, compare genetics, and
physiological adaptations of humans to environment, and observe behavior of
human and nonhuman primates.

2. ) ECONOMICS-
is a branch of knowledge that deals with the production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services.
Economics comes from the Greek word "oikanomia" meaning"household
management."

-It is the science of choice. It is the study of how man could

best allocate and utilize the scarce resources of society to satisfy his unlimited
want.

2 TYPES OF ECONOMICS:

 MICROECONOMICS- focuses on the behavior of Individual consumers and

producers.
 MACROECONOMICS- examines overall economies on a regional, national, or
international scale.

3. ) GEOGRAPHY-
Geography is the study of locations and distributions of human and physical
phenomena on the Earth's surface, the causes behind these distributions, and
predictions on how and why changes will take place.

2 MAIN BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY:

 Physical Geography- Studies the structure of the environment including

climate, landforms, and other natural patterns.
 Human Geography- Studies the effect of human behavior on the environment.
It also includes looking at cultural, economic, and political impacts.

4. ) HISTORY-
etymology: history The word history is taken from the Greek word "istoria"
which translates to "to know."
History is the systematic inquiry of man's recorded past for thepurpose of
establishing causal relationships, validating historical facts, and reconstruction of
chronological events.

5. ) LINGUISTICS-
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study
because it entails a comprehensive and systematic analysis of language,
particularly its structure and evolution over time.

6. ) POLITICAL SCIENCE-
Political Science is the systematic study of state and government. Its objective is to
have an understanding and knowledge of the state and of the principles and ideals
which underlie its organization and acivities.

7. )PSYCHOLOGY-
is applied to understanding oneself as his method of adopting an environment. It
helps him understand himself and predict other human behavior as his basic step
to influence others to meet their desire or goal.

8. ) SOCIOLOGY-
Sociology examines the dynamics of constituent parts of societies such as
institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, or age groups. Sociology
also studies social status, social movements, and social change, as well as societal
disorder in the form of crime, deviance, and revolution.

9. ) DEMOGRAPHY-
It uses methods from history, economics, anthropology, sociology, and other fields.
Demography is useful for governments and private businesses as a means of
analyzing and predicting social, cultural, and economic trends related to
population.

 COUNSELING PROCESS

A.) RELATIONSHIP BUILDING - The first step involves building

a relationship and focuses on engaging clients to explore issues that directly affect
them. The counselor will attempt to build a certain amount of rapport with their
client, but not to an extent that would allow them to become emotionally
involved. The first interview is important because the client is reading the verbal
and nonverbal messages and make inferences about the counselor and the
counseling situation.

B.)PROBLEM ASSESSMENT - While the counselor and the client are in the process
of establishing a relationship, a second process is taking place, i.e., problem
assessment. This step involves the collection and classification of information
about the client's life situation and reasons for seeking counseling.
C.)GOAL SETTING - Like any other activity, counseling must have a focus. Goals are
the results or outcomes that client wants to achieve at the end of Counseling.
Goals should be defined in explicit and measurable terms. Goals should be
feasible. Goals should be stated in positive terms that emphasize growth.

D.) COUNSELING INTERVENTION-There are different points of view concerning

what good counselor should do with clients depending on the theoretical positions
that the counselor subscribes to. For example. the person-centered approach
suggests that the counselor gets involved rather than intervenes by placing
emphasis on the relationship. The behavioral approach attempts to initiate
activities that help clients alter their behavior

E. ) EVALUATION, TERMINATION OR REFERRAL- All counseling session aims

towards successful termination. Terminating the Counseling process will have to be
conducted with sensitivity with the client knowing and agreeing that it will have to
end.

BY: PANCHO ROSBEL N.

03/30/2023