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Isobars, Isotopes, and Isotones Explained

- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. An example is 11H, 12H, 13H. - Isobars are elements with the same mass number but different number of protons. An example is 4016S, 4017Cl, 4018Ar, 4019K, 4020Ca. - Isotones are elements with the same number of neutrons but different number of protons or mass number. An example is 3616S, 3717Cl, 3818Ar, 3919K, 4020Ca. - Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms. An example is but

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102 views3 pages

Isobars, Isotopes, and Isotones Explained

- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. An example is 11H, 12H, 13H. - Isobars are elements with the same mass number but different number of protons. An example is 4016S, 4017Cl, 4018Ar, 4019K, 4020Ca. - Isotones are elements with the same number of neutrons but different number of protons or mass number. An example is 3616S, 3717Cl, 3818Ar, 3919K, 4020Ca. - Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms. An example is but

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انور الحاج
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Homework

Give examples for each of the following Isobars- Isotopes- Isotones-


Isomers?
Solution

- **Isotopes** are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons (Z) but
different number of neutrons (N). Isotopes of the same element have the same number of
electrons. Thus, isotopes have the same proton number but different nucleon numbers
(A). An example of isotopes are 1¹H, 1²H, 1³H ¹.

- **Isobars** are elements having the same mass number (A) but different number of
protons (Z). An example of isobars are 40¹⁶S, 40¹⁷Cl, 40¹⁸Ar, 40¹⁹K, and 40²⁰Ca ⁵.

- **Isotones** are elements having the same number of neutrons (N) but a different
number of protons (Z) or mass number (A). An example of isotones are 36¹⁶S, 37¹⁷Cl,
38¹⁸Ar, 39¹⁹K, and 40²⁰Ca ¹.

- **Isomers** are molecules with identical molecular formula but different structure
(distinct arrangements of atoms). An example of isomers are butane and isobutane.
Butane: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ and Isobutane: CH₃-CH(CH₃)-CH₃ ¹.

What is the rest mass energy of Ig of matter (in Joul and MeV)?
The rest mass energy

of 1 gram (1g) of matter can be calculated using Einstein's famous equation:

E = mc2

Where:

E = Energy (in Joules)

m = Mass (in kg)

c = Speed of light (in m/s)

So for 1g of matter (which is 0.001 kg):

E = 0.001 kg * (299,792,458 m/s)2


= 0.001 kg * (299,792,458 m/s)2 * (1 kg/1000g)

= 9x1013 Joules

= 89,875,517,873,081 electron volts (eV)

= 89.875 Tera eV (TeV)

1 Joule = 6.242x1018 eV

So 9x1013 Joules = 9x1013 * (6.242x1018 eV/Joule) = 5.6x1024 MeV

In summary:

1g of matter = 9x1013 Joules = 89.875 TeV = 5.6x1024 MeV

So the rest mass energy of 1g of matter is enormous! This shows that even a tiny
amount of mass can be converted into a huge amount of energy, which is the core
idea behind nuclear energy and Einstein's famous equation (E=mc2).

Using LDM semi empirical formula, find the binding energy per nucleon
for (17^(8)O). Hints: av=14 MeV, as=13 MeV, ac=0.6 MeV, aa=19 MeV,
ap= 34 MeV
The LDM semi empirical formula is used to calculate the binding energy per
nucleon for a nucleus. The formula is given by:

where B is the binding energy per nucleon, av, as, ac, and aa are the volume,
surface, Coulomb, and asymmetry coefficients respectively. δ(A,Z) is the pairing
term given by:
For the nucleus you mentioned, 817O, we have A=17 and Z=8. Substituting these
values and the given coefficients into the formula above, we get:

After calculating this expression, we find that the binding energy per nucleon for
817O is approximately 7.98 MeV.

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