SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME

CONJECTURE

Kisui Clinton Muthiani

BMCS/134J/2017

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

July 29, 2021

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Introduction
The research proposal aims at proving sum of prime and
semi-prime problem and developing a formula to express any even
number greater than 10 as sum of odd prime and odd-semi-prime
number.The conjecture was introduced in 2012 by Mathematician
called Geoffrey Marnell.
Keywords: Prime, Semi-prime.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Definition 2.1 (PRIME NUMBER)

Prime number is defined as a number which has only two factors ie
1 and itself.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Definition 2.1 (PRIME NUMBER)

Prime number is defined as a number which has only two factors ie
1 and itself.

Example 1
2,3,5,7,11,13,17 etc are prime numbers since the only factors of
each are 1 and themselves.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Definition 2.1 (PRIME NUMBER)

Prime number is defined as a number which has only two factors ie
1 and itself.

Example 1
2,3,5,7,11,13,17 etc are prime numbers since the only factors of
each are 1 and themselves.

Factorization method is the simplest method to tell whether a

given number is prime or not since it can not be factorised as it
does not have other factors except 1 and itself.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Definition 2.1 (PRIME NUMBER)

Prime number is defined as a number which has only two factors ie
1 and itself.

Example 1
2,3,5,7,11,13,17 etc are prime numbers since the only factors of
each are 1 and themselves.

Factorization method is the simplest method to tell whether a

given number is prime or not since it can not be factorised as it
does not have other factors except 1 and itself.

Every prime number p > 3 can be written in the form of 6n ± 1,

where n ∈ N
To know some prime numbers greater than 40,following formula is
used
n2 + n + 41 where n=1, 2, 3,..., 39
Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE
SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Definition 2.2 (SEMI-PRIME NUMBER)

Semi-prime number is a natural number that can be expressed as
product of 2 prime numbers not necessary distinct (The semi-prime
is either a square of prime or square free)[1].

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Definition 2.2 (SEMI-PRIME NUMBER)

Semi-prime number is a natural number that can be expressed as
product of 2 prime numbers not necessary distinct (The semi-prime
is either a square of prime or square free)[1].

Example 2
9 = 3x3
15 = 5x3
34 = 17x2
65 = 13x5
91 = 13x7
Forms basic representation of semi-prime number

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Definition 2.2 (SEMI-PRIME NUMBER)

Semi-prime number is a natural number that can be expressed as
product of 2 prime numbers not necessary distinct (The semi-prime
is either a square of prime or square free)[1].

Example 2
9 = 3x3
15 = 5x3
34 = 17x2
65 = 13x5
91 = 13x7
Forms basic representation of semi-prime number

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Background Information
On March 23rd 2012, The sum of prime and semi-prime conjecture
was posted under Author Geoffrey Marnel. In previous years,there
have been different research on representation of even numbers as
of sum and difference of two primes, odd numbers are represented
as the sum of an odd prime and an even semi-prime,also the
representation of odd numbers greater than 7 as sum of three
primes(Goldbach weak conjecture) etc.
The proposed study is aimed to study whether all even numbers
greater than 10 can be represented as sum of an odd prime and an
odd semi-prime number.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Example 3
Some even numbers greater than 10 represented as the sum of
prime and semi-prime numbers.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Example 3
Some even numbers greater than 10 represented as the sum of
prime and semi-prime numbers.
12 = 9+3 = (3x3)+3
12 = 10+2 =(5x2)+2
26 = 21+5 = (7x3)+5
48 = 35+13 = (7x5)+13
48 = 46+2 = (23x2)+2
74 = 55+19 = (11x5)+19
92 = 51+41 = (17x3)+41
120 = 91+29 = (13x7)+29
186 = 143+43 = (13x11)+43
270 = 209+61 = (11x19)+61
The research will be dealing with strictly representing sum of odd
prime and odd semi-prime number as even number greater than 10

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Statement of the problem

This research aims to see whether every even number greater than
10 can be expressed as sum of an odd prime and an odd
semi-prime number.This article will try to develop a formula to
express even numbers greater than 10 as sum of odd prime and
odd semi-prime numbers

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Statement of the problem

This research aims to see whether every even number greater than
10 can be expressed as sum of an odd prime and an odd
semi-prime number.This article will try to develop a formula to
express even numbers greater than 10 as sum of odd prime and
odd semi-prime numbers

Objectives
1 To show that the conjecture is true for all even natural
numbers greater than 10
2 To develop a formula of representing each even number
greater than 10 as sum of an odd prime and an odd
semi-prime number.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Significance of the study

To allow safe transmission of private and sensitive information
across computer networks, prime numbers are combined
innovatively to produce cryptographic keys[2].

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Significance of the study

To allow safe transmission of private and sensitive information
across computer networks, prime numbers are combined
innovatively to produce cryptographic keys[2].

Significance of the study

Because prime factorization is exceedingly difficult, higher security
may be imposed with combination of prime numbers and
semi-prime numbers,which is a beautiful characteristic and can be
used in the RSA system (public-key encryption technology ).

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Significance of the study

To allow safe transmission of private and sensitive information
across computer networks, prime numbers are combined
innovatively to produce cryptographic keys[2].

Significance of the study

Because prime factorization is exceedingly difficult, higher security
may be imposed with combination of prime numbers and
semi-prime numbers,which is a beautiful characteristic and can be
used in the RSA system (public-key encryption technology ).

Significance of the study

Protecting IoT devices as well as information transfer across the
IoT network in a secure manner. The cryptographic techniques are
suitably scaled down in this context, and the lower prime numbers
used in the encryption keys can give hackers greater room to
operate.
Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE
SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Literature Review
Shan-Guang Tan On his article [3] studied and proved the theorem
on representation of even numbers as sum of two odd primes.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Literature Review
Shan-Guang Tan On his article [3] studied and proved the theorem
on representation of even numbers as sum of two odd primes.

Theorem 4
If there exists a finite positive number n0 such that for every
number n greater than n0 , the even number 2n can be represented
√
as the sum of two odd primes √ where one is smaller than 2n and
another is greater than 2n- 2n.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Literature Review
Shan-Guang Tan [3] proved theorem on the representation of odd
numbers as the sum of an odd prime and an even semiprime.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Literature Review
Shan-Guang Tan [3] proved theorem on the representation of odd
numbers as the sum of an odd prime and an even semiprime.

Theorem 5
If there exists a finite positive number n0 such that for every
number n greater than n0 , the odd number 2n + 1 can be
represented as the sum of an odd prime p√and an even semiprime
2q where q is an√odd prime smaller than 2n and p is greater
than 2n + 1 − 2 2n.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Literature Review
Weisstein [4] Proved Goldbach weak conjecture which states that
every odd integer greater than 7 can be expressed as sum of three
odd primes.The Authour used Golbach’s partition approach to
proof the conjecture.Given an equation for a Goldbach partition,one
can produce Goldbach partition for any odd integer greater than 7.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Literature Review
Weisstein [4] Proved Goldbach weak conjecture which states that
every odd integer greater than 7 can be expressed as sum of three
odd primes.The Authour used Golbach’s partition approach to
proof the conjecture.Given an equation for a Goldbach partition,one
can produce Goldbach partition for any odd integer greater than 7.

Three tables for construction of Goldbach partition equations were

covered.Therefore knowing a single Goldbach partition equation for
an odd interger,one can by hand find a Goldbach partition quickly
for any other odd integer.Based on Goldbach’s weak conjecture
proof,technique used to partition any odd integer to sum three
primes can be improved and applied in our approach to come up
with suitable formula in the research.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Methodology
We will use python program to generate semi-prime numbers to
any given range.
Since Shan-Guang Tan on his article [3] represented even numbers
as sum of two odd primes, in the research we are going to try
improving the approach and come up with formula to express even
numbers greater than 10 as sum of odd prime and odd semiprime
numbers.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Methodology
We will use python program to generate semi-prime numbers to
any given range.
Since Shan-Guang Tan on his article [3] represented even numbers
as sum of two odd primes, in the research we are going to try
improving the approach and come up with formula to express even
numbers greater than 10 as sum of odd prime and odd semiprime
numbers.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

We are going to try using Goldbach partition approach for odd

numbers greater than 7 representented as sum of three prime
numbers to try solving The sum of prime and semi-prime
conjecture

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

We are going to try using Goldbach partition approach for odd

numbers greater than 7 representented as sum of three prime
numbers to try solving The sum of prime and semi-prime
conjecture

Example 6
9-101, 1001, 400,000,001,001
9 = 3+3+3
9+(101-9) = 3+3+[(3+(101-9))]
9+92 = 3+3+(3+92)
101 = (3+4)+(3+2)+(95-6)
101 = 7+5+89

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Other partitions are

• 29-53
17+5+7
• 101-9
7+5+89

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Conclusion
If the formula to be developed is successful in meeting all the
requirements of the problem, then it will open room for more
research and advance the applications in safe transmission of
information and increase protection of IoT devices.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

References I

[1] Kaddoura I., Abdul-Nabi S., & Al-Akhrass K. (2016). New

Formulas for Semi-Primes. Testing, Counting and
Identification of the nth and next Semi-Primes. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1608.05405.
[2] Overmars, A., & Venkatraman, S. (2019). A fast factorisation
of semi-primes using sum of squares. Mathematical and
Computational Applications, 24(2), 62.
[3] Tan, S. G. (2016). On the representation of even numbers as
the sum and difference of two primes and the representation
of odd numbers as the sum of an odd prime and an even
semiprime and the distribution of primes in short intervals.
arXiv preprint arXiv:1110.3465.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

References II

[4] Weisstein, E. W. (2002). Goldbach conjecture.

https://mathworld. wolfram. com/.

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

Table: Schedule
Month May June July
Identification of topic X
Research on Topic X
Proposal writing and defense X

Table: Budget

ITEMS UNITS COST QUANTITY TOTAL COST

Laptop 26,000 1 26,000
Printing papers 500 2 1,000
Printing 6 500 3,000
Binding 100 2 200
Internet 1,000 3 3,000
Total 33,200
Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE
SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE

THANK YOU

Kisui Clinton Muthiani BMCS/134J/2017 SUM OF PRIME AND SEMI-PRIME CONJECTURE