Objective:
The objective of this lab is to design and test active integrator and
differentiator circuits using operational amplifiers (op-amps). The circuits will
be designed to achieve a specific frequency response, and the input signals will be
varied to observe the corresponding output waveforms. This lab aims to provide
hands-on experience in designing and analyzing the performance of active
integrators and differentiators.
Equipment Required:
Op-Amp (e.g., 741)
Power supply
Function generator
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
Resistors (various values)
Capacitors (various values)
Connecting wires
Grounding wire
Procedure:
1. Circuit Setup:
Connect the power supply to the breadboard and set it to the desired voltage level
(e.g., +12V and -12V).
Place the op-amp on the breadboard, ensuring the correct pin alignment.
For the Active Integrator:
Connect a resistor (R) between the inverting input (pin 2) of the op-amp and the
output (pin 6).
Connect a capacitor (C) between the inverting input (pin 2) and the ground.
For the Active Differentiator:
Connect a resistor (R) between the non-inverting input (pin 3) of the op-amp and
the output (pin 6).
Connect a capacitor (C) between the non-inverting input (pin 3) and the ground.
2. Designing the Circuits:
Determine the desired frequency response for each circuit (integrator and
differentiator).
Calculate the required resistor and capacitor values using the following formulas:
For the Active Integrator: R = 1 / (2 * π * f * C), where f is the desired
frequency.
For the Active Differentiator: C = 1 / (2 * π * f * R), where f is the desired
frequency.
Choose resistor and capacitor values from the available options or use variable
components for flexibility.
Set the resistor and capacitor values on the breadboard accordingly.
3. Testing the Circuits:
Connect the function generator to the input of each circuit.
Set the function generator to produce different types of input signals (e.g., sine
wave, square wave, triangle wave) with the desired frequency.
Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the input of the circuit and channel 2 to
the output.
Adjust the time scale and voltage scale on the oscilloscope for clear waveform
visualization.
Apply different input signals and observe the corresponding output waveforms for
each circuit.
Analyze the behavior and characteristics of the output waveforms for different
input signals.
Observation Table: Input-Output Waveforms
Circuit Frequency Response Input Signal Output Waveform
Active Integrator Low-pass Filter Sine Wave Sine Wave
Active Integrator Low-pass Filter Square Wave Triangle Wave
Active Differentiator High-pass Filter Square Wave Sine Wave
Active Differentiator High-pass Filter Triangle Wave Square Wave
precaution:
Ensure that the power supply voltages are within the specified limits for the
op-amp.
Take necessary precautions while handling electronic components and equipment.
Double-check all connections before powering on the circuit.
Follow all safety guidelines provided by your instructor or lab supervisor.
Results and Analysis:
Record the designed resistor and capacitor values for each circuit.
Describe the observed input and output waveforms for both the active integrator and
differentiator circuits.
Compare the characteristics and behavior of the output waveforms for different
input signals.
Analyze the performance of each circuit in terms of the frequency response and
signal processing capabilities.
Conclusion:
In this lab, we successfully designed and tested active integrator and
differentiator circuits using op-amps. By determining
