3.9.18 The first resonant frequency of an organ pipe open on both sides is 300 Hz.

What is the first resonant

frequency of a similar but closed on both sides organ pipe?
3.9.19 Why is the hollow body of a violin or cello shaped? How does its size affect the tone of the sound?
3.9.20 In a pressure chamber filled with a mixture of helium and oxygen, the speed of sound is much greater
than the speed of sound in air. How would the sound of the voices of people talking in the pressure
chamber change? Will the tone of the tuning fork change there?
3.9.21 With what force should a guitar string of length l = 60 cm and linear density µ = 0.1 g/cm be stretched
so that it sounds with frequency ν = 100 Hz at the first harmonic, i.e. at the first resonant frequency?
3.9.22 A string is excited by passing an alternating current through it, so that the magnetic force on the side of a
small magnet M changes harmonically. The frequency of the current corresponds to the third harmonic
of the string. The length of the string is l. Where should the magnet be placed to make the amplitude
of oscillations greatest?

3.9.23 If you pick up the first harmonic rod with your hand, it almost immediately stops sounding. Explain
why. Where should the rod be held for this effect to appear the weakest?
3.9.24 A single crystal of sapphire at low temperatures and appropriate suspension has an energy loss of 10−8
of the oscillation energy per period in vacuum at the first harmonic. How many times will these losses
increase when vibrating in air? The density of sapphire is 3 · 103 cm
kg
3 , the speed of sound in air is 330

m/s, the density of air is 1.3 cm3 .

kg

3.9.25 Academician I. V. Obreimov began his explanation of one-sided hearing this way: ”...Fishermen can’t
stand to be approached and talked to. And they’re right. The fish in the water can hear conversations
on shore just fine. And we, on shore, can’t hear ”fish talk.” The fact is that as we move from air to water
and from water to air, the energy of the sound stream . ” (William Bragg. The World of Sound. M.:
Science, 1965. p. 333). Continue the explanation and back it up with quantitative estimates, assuming
that humans respond to pressure fluctuations starting at about the same amplitude as fish.
3.9.26 . Determine the mass of a body connected through an elastic support of stiffness k and mass m to a rigid
floor if the first resonant frequency of longitudinal vibrations of this system is ω.

4 Fluid Mechanics

4.1 Fluid Pressure

4.1.1 What is fluid pressure? Think of a way to measure pressure.

36
 4.1.2 There is a rectangular prism in a liquid whose dimensions are shown in the figure. Find the sum of
forces acting on the front and bottom faces of the prism if the fluid pressure is 2 · 1025 Pa. What is the
sum of forces acting on the prism?
4.1.3 The resultant force acting from the compressed liquid on the three faces of a regular tetrahedron is F .
The edge length of the tetrahedron is a. Determine the pressure of the liquid.
4.1.4 There is a piston in a tube whose longitudinal section is shown in the figure. The fluid pressure on both
sides of the piston is the same. Is the piston in equilibrium?

4.1.5 A ball overlaps an opening of radius r in a flat wall separating fluids with pressures 3P and P . With
what force is the ball pressed against the opening?
4.1.6 A conical plug closes two holes in a flat vessel filled with liquid at pressure P . The radius of the holes is
r and R. Determine the force acting on the plug from the liquid side.

4.1.7 . A spherical balloon of radius R with walls of thickness ∆ is ruptured by internal pressure P . Determine
the tensile strength of the wall material.
4.1.8 Why does a sausage in boiling water burst lengthwise and not crosswise?
4.1.9 Three communicating vessels with water are covered with pistons. A horizontal stick is hinged to the
pistons on vertical rods. At what point should force F be applied to the stick to make it remain horizontal?
The diameters of the vessels and the distances between them are shown in the figure.

4.1.10 A hydraulic press filled with water has pistons that have cross-sections of 100 and 10 cm2 . A weight of
80 kg is placed on the larger piston. To what height will the small piston then rise?
4.1.11 A cube with an edge of 20 cm is in water. The lower edge of the cube is at a distance of 1 m from the
surface of the water. What is the force acting from the water side on the lower face of the cube? What
is the force acting on the side edge of the cube? Find the vector sum of the forces acting from the side of
the water on the body. The atmospheric pressure is 105 Pa.

37
4.1.12 . The bottom face of a regular tetrahedron with edge a, completely immersed in a liquid of density ρ, is at
depth h. Determine the force exerted by the liquid on the side edge of the tetrahedron if the atmospheric
pressure is P .

4.1.13 . In a vessel, the bottom of which forms an angle α with the horizon, there is a cube with edge a, made
of material of density ρ. The upper edge of the cube is at depth h. Liquid does not flow under the base
of the cube. The atmospheric pressure is P , the density of the liquid is ρ0 . Find the force with which the
cube acts on the bottom of the vessel.

4.1.14 A tube of radius r is closed from below by a metal disk and immersed into liquid to depth H. Radius of
disk R, height h. The axis of the disk is at distance a from the axis of the tube. The density of the liquid
is ρ0 , the density of the metal is ρ. To what height must the liquid be poured into the tube for the disk
to detach from the tube?

4.1.15 There is a cylindrical hole in the upper part of a vessel with water, tightly closed by a movable piston.
A vertical tube is inserted into the piston. The radius of the piston is 10 cm, the radius of the tube is 5
cm, the mass of the piston together with the tube is 20 kg. Determine the height of the water column in
the tube at equilibrium of the system.

38
4.1.16 A piston overlapping a cylindrical tube of inner radius 10 cm can be moved by a long vertical rod. The
tube with the piston at its lowest end position is lowered into a cylindrical vessel of radius 1 m to a depth
of 0.5 m. To what height from the initial level of water in the vessel can the water in the tube be raised?
The atmospheric pressure is 105 Pa.

4.1.17 A liquid is poured into a hemispherical bell, the edges of which fit tightly against the surface of a table,
through a hole at the top. When the liquid reaches the hole, it lifts the bell and begins to flow from under
it. Find the mass of the bell if its inner radius is R and the density of the liquid is ρ.

4.1.18 Prove that in two communicating vessels the liquid in the field of gravity has minimal potential energy
when the liquid levels in both vessels are at the same height.
4.1.19 In a cylindrical vessel of radius R, partially filled with liquid of density ρ, there is a hole in the side wall
plugged by a cork. What work must be done to push the stopper to length l? The cork is a cylinder of

39
 radius r. The center of the hole is at depth h. The vessel is high enough so that the liquid does not pour
out of it. Do not consider friction.
4.1.20 Find the pressure at distance r from the center of a liquid planet of radius R if the liquid has density ρ.
What is the pressure at the center of the planet? Gravitational constant γ.
4.1.21 . There is a gas bubble in a vessel with liquid. There is no gravity field. The vessel starts moving with
constant acceleration. Where will the bubble start moving?
4.1.22 At what angle to the horizon will the surface of the liquid in the vessel sliding on an inclined plane that
makes an angle α to the horizon, if the friction coefficient is µ?
4.1.23 . A closed cylinder of radius R, filled to three quarters of its volume with a liquid of density ρ, rotates in
weightlessness together with the liquid with angular velocity ω around its axis. How does the pressure
in the liquid vary with the distance to the walls of the cylinder?

4.1.24 Find the surface shape of the liquid in a vertically placed cylindrical beaker that rotates with the liquid
around its axis with angular velocity ω.

4.2 Swimming. Archimedes’ law

4.2.1 Determine the fluid pressure on the bottom surface of the floating puck of section S and mass m, if the
atmospheric pressure is P0 .
4.2.2 At the interface between two liquids of densities rho1 and ρ2 , a puck of density ρ (ρ1 < ρ < ρ2 ) floats.
The height of the puck is H. Determine the depth of its immersion in the second liquid.
4.2.3 A thin-walled beaker of mass m floats vertically on the interface between liquids of densities ρ1 and ρ2 .
Determine the depth of immersion of the beaker into the lower liquid if the bottom of the beaker has
thickness h and area S, and the beaker itself is filled with liquid of density ρ1 .

4.2.4 . A rectangular parallelepiped of material of density ρ floats in the liquid of density ρ0 . The height of
the parallelepiped b, width and length a. At what ratio of a to b is its position stable?
4.2.5 A wooden cube with 0.5 m edges floats in a lake, two thirds of its volume submerged in water. What
minimum work must be done to completely submerge the cube in water?
4.2.6 A piece of iron weighs 9.8 N in water. Determine its volume. The density of iron is 7.8 · 103 kg
m3 .
4.2.7 A body in water weighs three times less than in air. What is the density of the body?

40
 4.2.8 Two weights of equal mass are suspended from the beam of a scale. If one of the weights is placed in a
liquid of density ρ1 and the other in a liquid of density ρ2 , the equilibrium is maintained. Find the ratio
of the densities of the weights.
4.2.9 The communicating vessels of diameter d1 and d2 are filled with liquid of density ρ. By how much will
the level of liquid in the vessels rise if one of the vessels is occupied by a body of mass m of a material
whose density is less than ρ?
4.2.10 Determine the force of tension of the bottom line of the float shown in the figure, if the float is submerged
in water for two thirds of its length. The weight of the float is 2 r.
4.2.11 With what force a heavy stick presses on the bottom of the reservoir, if a hollow ball of radius r, rigidly
connected to the stick, is half immersed in the liquid? The density of the liquid is ρ, the length of the
stick is l.
4.2.12 Determine the force of the tension of the thread connecting two balls of volume 10 cm3 each, if the upper
ball floats half-immersed in water. The lower ball is three times heavier than the upper one.

4.2.13 Two identical logs are placed in the water as shown in the figure. The bottom log is tied to a vertical
wall with ropes that make an angle of 45◦ with it. The upper log is half submerged in water. Determine
the density of the wood.

4.2.14 Determine the pressure force of the logs of mass m on the walls of the channel. The upper log is half
submerged in water, and the lower log touches the upper part of the water surface. The logs are equal.

41
4.2.15 How does the force pressing two identical half-cylinders of a floating bathyscaphe depend on the depth
of its immersion H if it floats on the surface of liquid as shown in Fig. a and b? The radius of the
bathyscaphe R, the length L, the density of the liquid ρ.

4.2.16 Prove that the force with which the halves of the floating bathyscaphe are pressed to each other does not
depend on the inclination of the plane of contact of the hemispheres of the bathyscaphe if it is completely
submerged in water.

4.2.17 A 10 cm high conical plug with a 90◦ angle at the apex blocks a hole of radius 5 cm in a vessel. What
must be the mass of this plug so that it will not float when the water level in the vessel changes?

4.2.18 Solve the problem 4.2.17 provided that the hole of radius r is overlapped by a ball of radius R, and the
density of the liquid is equal to ρ.

4.2.19 The inclination of a cubic box half-immersed in liquid is equal to α. Determine the mass of each of the
two opposite edges of the box. Neglect the mass of the other parts of the box. The density of the liquid
is ρ, the length of the ribs of the box is a.

42
4.2.20 Determine the minimum tension force of two ropes tying a wide raft consisting of two layers of logs. The
mass of each log is m. The upper layer of logs is half submerged in water.

4.2.21 a. A wooden cylinder of radius 1 m and height 0.2 m floats up from a depth of 1 m. The density of the
wood is 0.8 · 103 m
kg
3 . What amount of heat will be released by the time the water and the cylinder are

finished moving?
b. A cylindrical plug of radius r and height h falls into a cylinder of radius R partially filled with liquid.
The initial height of the lower surface of the plug above the liquid level H, the initial velocity is zero.
What quantity of heat will be released by the moment when the motion of liquid and plug is over? The
density of plug ρ, density of liquid ρ0 > ρ.

4.2.22 What quantity of heat will be released in the water when an air bubble of radius R = 0.1 m from depth
H = 10 m floats up in it?

43
4.2.23 What is the minimum amount of work needed to lift a bathysphere of radius 2 m and mass 35 t from the
bottom of the sea onto the board of a ship? The sea depth is 100 m, the shipboard height is 3 m, and the
density of the sea water is 1.02 m3 .
kg

4.2.24 A cylindrical spaceship of radius R rotates around its axis with angular velocity ω. The pool in the ship
has a depth H, and the bottom of the pool is the side wall of the ship. a. Will the astronaut be able to
swim in this pool? Describe a feature of the space pool. Determine the density of a stick of length l < H
floating in the pool, if its upper part of length ∆ protrudes from the water. b. In the pool one can observe
the following interesting phenomenon: two balls of different densities connected by a thread move either
to the free surface or to the wall of the spaceship, depending on ”depth”, if the density of one ball is more
and the density of the other is less than the water density. Explain this phenomenon.
4.2.25 A cylindrical vessel of radius R filled with liquid of density ρ rotates with angular velocity ω about its
axis. In the vessel there is a ball of radius r and density 2ρ. Find the force with which the ball presses
on the side wall of the vessel.
4.2.26 A vertical cylindrical vessel of radius R partially filled with liquid rotates with the liquid around its
axis. A balloon of radius r is tied to the side wall of the vessel on a thread of length l; during rotation
the thread forms an angle α with the wall. Determine the angular velocity of rotation of the vessel.

4.2.27 A liquid molecule consists of two loosely connected groups of atoms. The volume of these groups is the
same, their masses are equal m1 and m2 . When the liquid is rotated in a centrifuge of radius R with
angular velocity greater than ω, the molecules begin to disintegrate. Estimate the bonding strength of
the groups of atoms in the molecule.

4.3 The motion of an ideal fluid

4.3.1 A pumping station in the city maintains a pressure of 5 atm in the water pipe on the first floor level.
Determine (neglecting the friction of the fluid flow) the velocity of the jet of water flowing from the taps

44
 on the first, second, and third floors if the taps on each subsequent floor are 4 m higher than the taps on
the previous floor. To which floor will the water no longer flow up the plumbing?
4.3.2 A vessel with water is suspended from the ceiling. The height of the water in the vessel is h. By how
much will the force of tension of the suspension change, if a small hole is opened in the bottom of the
vessel, from which the jet of section S will flow out? The density of the water is ρ.
4.3.3 A pump must pump a volume of water V every second to a height h through a pipe of constant cross-
section S. What is the power of the pump? The density of the water ρ.
4.3.4 a. A steady stream of liquid flowing through a pipe of variable cross-section presses the section of pipe
A between sections 1 and 2, which according to Newton’s third law presses the liquid in the opposite
direction. Consequently, the force acting on the liquid from this section is directed against the motion
of the liquid. Why does the fluid in the region to the right of section 2 have more velocity than in the
region to the left of section 1? b. What is the force acting on the liquid on the side of the pipe section
A? The area of sections 1 and 2 is equal to S1 and S2 , respectively. The density of the liquid is ρ. In the
region to the right of section 2 the velocity of the fluid is v and the pressure in it is zero.

4.3.5 A liquid of density ρ flows out of a wide vessel through a narrow cylindrical tube in the bottom of the
vessel. How are the pressure and velocity of the liquid vertically distributed in the vessel and the tube?
The air pressure is P0 .

4.3.6 A liquid of density ρ flows through a tube of cross-section S bent at right angles with velocity v. With
what force the liquid acts on the pipe if the pressure of the liquid at the outlet of the pipe is P ? Neglect
the force of gravity.
4.3.7 A pump is a horizontally placed cylinder with a piston of area S and an outlet of area s located on the
axis of the cylinder. Determine the velocity of the liquid jet from the pump if the piston moves with a
constant velocity under the action of force F . The density of the liquid is ρ.

4.3.8 A wide stream of water flows down a long inclined plane. Over the distance l along the stream the depth
of the stream decreases by half. Along which path will the depth of the stream decrease by a factor of
four?
4.3.9 A slab of mass m is held in place in a horizontal position N by jets of liquid of density ρ, striking vertically
upwards. The area of each orifice is S. The velocity of the fluid at the outlet of the holes is v. At what
height above the holes is the slab held in place if, after reaching the slab, the liquid is flung from it
horizontally?
4.3.10 With what acceleration will a long cylindrical body of density ρ and radius r move along the axis of a
vertical tall cylindrical vessel of radius R filled with liquid of density ρ0 ? What is the pressure difference
between the upper and lower bases of the body if its length is equal to h?
4.3.11 How many times will the discharge of water over a wide dam increase if the height of the water level
above the edge doubles?

45
4.3.12 Water flows out of a wide vessel through a triangular notch in its wall. How many times will the rate of
lowering of the water level decrease as the height of the water level changes from H to h?
4.3.13 A wide jet of liquid of thickness h falls at angle α with velocity v onto a plane. Into which jets does the
falling jet disintegrate?

4.3.14 Two wide metal plates, placed at angle 2α to each other, are moving with velocity v along the normal to
their surface. Find the velocity of the jets produced when the plates collide, treating the motion of the
metal as the motion of an ideal fluid.
4.3.15 Determine the shape of the stationary jet formed after the collision of two jets of radius R and r that
moved toward each other with the same velocity.
4.3.16 ”. . . In 1941 the Germans invented the cumulative anti-tank shell. On the cone of the shell is a fuse. On
impact it causes detonation and ignites the entire charge. The projectile penetrates the entire armor.
In 1944 such German shells came into our hands and into the hands of the Allies. A wide experiment
was started. Many additional effects and paradoxes were discovered. They began to find out what was
flying, what was penetrating? At first they thought it was an armor-busting projectile, that the armor
was pierced by a jet of hot gas. No, it turned out that it is metal, and in the most inexplicable way: in front
of the plate at a speed of 8 km/s, inside the plate at 4 km/s, behind the plate again at 8 km/s” (from the
opening speech of Academician M.A. Lavrentiev, Presidium Chairman of SB AS USSR, to the students
of the Summer Physics and Mathematics School in 1971). Explain this phenomenon. Determine with
what speed the wall of a metal conical cavity overlapping the charge moved, if the angle at the apex of
the cavity is 30◦ .

46
4.3.17 Fluid at the initial moment fills the vertical part of length l in a thin L-shaped tube. The density of
the liquid is ρ. Find how the height of its level depends on time. Find the pressure distribution at the
moment when the height of the liquid column is halved.

4.3.18 Water flows out of a hole in the bottom of a tall vessel. The cross-section of the vessel is S, the cross-
section of the jet is s. The water level in the vessel moves with constant acceleration. Find this acceler-
ation.
4.3.19 In a cylinder with a piston there is water inside which at the initial moment there is a cavity of volume V
. The piston exerts a constant pressure P on the water. What energy does the water gain at the moment
when the cavity disappears?
4.3.20 A spherical cavity of radius R is formed in a liquid of density ρ. The pressure in the liquid is P . Determine
the velocity of the boundary of the cavity at the moment when its radius decreases to the value r?
4.3.21 Estimate at what speed of the propeller edge of the boat in the water the cavity is formed.

4.4 Viscous fluid flow

4.4.1 The space between two parallel planes is filled with a fluid of viscosity η. One of the planes is moving
with velocity v0 , the other is at rest. Find the distribution of the velocity of the fluid between the planes
and the force of viscous friction acting per unit area of each of the planes. The distance between the
planes is h.
4.4.2 Find the velocity distribution of the fluid during steady-state flow between two planes. The distance
between the planes is h, the viscosity of the fluid is η. Find the fluid flow rate per unit of flow width if
the pressure drop per unit of flow length (in the direction of the fluid flow) is P .

47
4.4.3 a. Determine the flow rate per unit width of a stream flowing down an inclined plane at an angle α to
the horizon. The viscosity and density of the fluid are equal to η and ρ, respectively. The thickness of
the stream is h. b. Estimate the slope of the bed of a channel 2 m deep, the average velocity of the water
in which is 1 m/s. The viscosity of the water is 10−3 N · ms2 .

4.4.4 Determine the steady-state velocity of a puck of mass m and radius R on an inclined plane forming an
angle α with the horizon when there is a layer of grease of thickness ∆ and viscosity η between the puck
and the plane.
4.4.5 A liquid is pumped from one vessel to another through a long tube of radius R and length l. The pressure
difference at the ends of the tube is P , the viscosity of the liquid is η. Determine the dependence on the
distance from the tube wall: a) the velocity gradient of the liquid; b) the velocity of the liquid. Determine
the volume of liquid flowing through the tube per unit time.
4.4.6 Half of the liquid flows out of a vertically placed thin tube filled with a viscous liquid after time T . After
how much time will the rest of the liquid flow out?

4.4.7 A thin cylindrical tube of length l and diameter d is completely filled with liquid of density ρ and viscosity
η. Determine the time of liquid flowing out of the tube if its axis is inclined to the horizon at an angle α.
4.4.8 The space between a shaft of radius r rotating around its axis and a stationary tube of radius R coaxial
to the shaft is filled with liquid of viscosity η. The momentum of forces acting per unit length of the
shaft is M . Determine the dependence on the distance to the shaft axis: a) the gradient of the angular
velocity of the fluid: b) the angular velocity of the fluid, as well as the angular velocity of the shaft.
4.4.9 A stationary flow of a viscous fluid is maintained in a tube of variable cross section. In sections 1 and 2,
the velocity can be assumed to be constant across the section. The areas of sections 1 and 2 are S1 and
S2 , respectively, and the pressure of liquid in them are P1 and P2 , respectively. The velocity of the fluid
flowing in section 1 is equal to v1 . Find the force with which the liquid acts on the pipe section between
sections 1 and 2.

4.5 Fluid surface tension

4.5.1 What is called surface tension? Give examples of surface tension forces.
4.5.2 Why does water in the cockpit of a spaceship ”hang” in the air in the form of a ball? The smaller the
mercury droplets on the floor, the more their shape resembles a ball. Why?

4.5.3 Estimate the maximum size of the water droplets that can hang from the ceiling. The surface tension
of water is 0.073 N/m.
4.5.4 Films of two liquids are separated by a bar of length l. The surface tension of the liquids is equal to σ1
and σ2 respectively. What force acts on the bar from the side of the liquids?

4.5.5 Find the surface tension of the liquid if a loop of rubber thread of length l and stiffness k, placed on a
film of this liquid, stretched in a circle of radius R after the film was pierced inside the loop.

48
 4.5.6 a. What work must √ be done to stretch a liquid of volume V with surface tension σ into a film whose
thickness is ∆ ≪ 3 V ? b. Estimate how many times the work to stretch 1 g of mercury into a film whose
thickness is close to the diameter of the mercury atom is less than the specific heat of vaporization of
mercury, which is 290 J/g. The surface tension and density of mercury are 0.465 N/m and 13.6 cm g
3.

4.5.7 An iron cube lubricated with paraffin floats in water so that its top face is at water level. The water does
not wet the paraffin. Find the length of the edge of the cube.
4.5.8 A puck of radius r and height 2h, not wetted by the liquid, floats on the surface of the liquid. The density
of the liquid and the puck is equal to ρ. The surface of the liquid is in contact with the side surface of
the puck. Determine the surface tension of the liquid.
4.5.9 Estimate what the acceleration of free fall must be on the planet for a person to walk on it on water in
shoes with non-wetting soles.
4.5.10 A long plate of width l is brought into contact with the liquid surface. The plate then began to be lifted.
How does the force acting per unit length of the plate depend on the height of its rise x? The density of
the liquid is ρ, the surface tension is σ. The mass per unit length of the plate m.

4.5.11 A large and thin plate does not sink if it is carefully placed on the water surface. Determine the maximum
mass of a unit of its area. The plate is not wetted by water.
4.5.12 a. The sum of forces acting on the volume of liquid highlighted in the figure is zero. Using this, determine
the height to which the liquid rises along the vertical wall. The edge angle θ. The surface tension and
density of the liquid are σ and ρ. b. To what height will the water rise along the vertical wall, which it
completely wets?

49
4.5.13 a. Determine the thickness of a layer of liquid spilled on a horizontal plane. The edge angle θ, the
liquid density ρ, and the surface tension σ. b. Determine the thickness of a layer of water spilled on a
horizontal plane covered with paraffin.

4.5.14 a. A large area of a liquid is covered by a layer of oil. The surface tension and density of the liquid σj
and ρj , the surface tension and density of the oil σm and ρm , and the surface tension of the liquid-oil
boundary σj.m. Determine the thickness of the oil layer. b. In 1977 the Argo Merchant, a tanker with
a displacement of 28, 691 tons, struck a reef; the hull of the tanker broke in two, spilling a full load of
oil into the sea. Black oil slicks spread out over thousands of square miles. Determine the total area of
these slicks. The surface tension of oil is 0.03 N/m, the density of oil is 0.8 · 103 m3 , and oil is not wetted
kg

by water. Take oil mass as 0.8 of tanker’s displacement.

4.5.15 Prove that the volume of liquid that will rise above its general level (in the figure this volume is separated
by a dashed line) depends only on the perimeter of the cross section of the stick immersed in liquid and
does not depend on the shape of this cross section.
4.5.16 a. Prove that the pressure of the liquid under its cylindrical surface of radius R is equal to R
σ
(σ is the
surface tension of the liquid). For the proof use the equilibrium condition for the liquid volume above
the plane A. b. Prove that the pressure of the liquid under its spherical surface of radius R equals 2σ
R.

4.5.17 Determine the maximum and minimum pressures inside a spherical liquid droplet that is floating in
another liquid. The distance from the center of the drop to the liquid surface h, the drop radius R, the
liquids density ρ, the surface tension at the liquid interface σ.

4.5.18 A liquid wets a vertical wall (see figure to Problem 4.5.12). How does the radius of curvature of the liquid
surface depend on the height x to which the liquid rises above its level? The density of the liquid is ρ,
the surface tension is σ.

50
4.5.19 The outer radius of a soap bubble is R, the thickness of its wall is h. Find the air pressure inside the
bubble. The air pressure outside the bubble is P0 , the surface tension of water is σ.
4.5.20 Estimate how much water can be carried away in the sieve? The area of the sieve and its cell are 0.1 m2
and 1 mm2 , respectively. The sieve is not wet with water.
4.5.21 Two light bodies, both wetted or both non-wetted by water, floating on the water surface, are attracted
to each other. If one body is wetted by water and the other is not, then the bodies will repel each other.
Explain this phenomenon.
4.5.22 A small drop of fat floats on the surface of a liquid whose surface tension is σ. The surface tension of
the fat on the air-fat boundary is σ1 , on the fat-liquid boundary σ2 . Determine the thickness of the drop
if its radius is r.
4.5.23 One more soap bubble of radius R0 ”sits” on the soap bubble of radius r. What is the radius of curvature
of the film separating them? What angle do the films form at the points of contact?

4.5.24 The radius of curvature of the droplet at its upper point is R. What is the mass of the droplet if its height
h, the radius of contact of the droplet with the horizontal plane on which it is located, is r? The density
of the liquid is ρ, the surface tension is σ, the plane is not wetted by the liquid.
4.5.25 Carefully place a square plate on four mercury balls lying on a horizontal plane as shown in the figure
(top view). The radius of each ball is 1 mm, the mass of the plate is 80 g, and the surface tension of the
mercury is 0.465 N/m. There is no wetting. At what distance from the horizontal plane will the lower
surface of the plate be?

4.5.26 What work against surface tension forces must be done to separate a spherical drop of mercury of radius
3 mm into two identical drops?
4.5.27 Estimate at what distance from the tap the radius of the water jet will decrease by a factor of one and a
half. The velocity of water coming out of the tap is 0.3 m/s, the initial radius of the jet is 2 mm.

4.6 Capillary phenomena

4.6.1 a. When removing a grease stain from the surface of a fabric, it is advisable to moisten the edges of the
stain with petrol-soaked absorbent cotton rather than the stain itself. Why? b. In order for the ointment
to be better absorbed into ski boots, how should they be heated: from the outside or from the inside?

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4.6.2 A capillary of radius R is lowered into a wetting liquid with surface tension σ and density ρ. Determine
the height to which the liquid will rise. Determine the work done by the surface tension forces and the
potential energy of the liquid in the capillary. Why do these quantities not coincide?
4.6.3 Determine the maximum radius of the tree capillaries at a height of 10 m. Water completely wets the
capillaries.
4.6.4 a. Using the result of Problem 4.4.5, determine the volume of liquid flowing per unit time through a cap-
illary of radius r connected to the liquid if its surface in the capillary is established (due to evaporation)
at distance h from its base. Viscosity of the liquid η, surface tension σ, the liquid completely wets the
capillary. Approve the maximal volume of blood which can be supplied to tissues in 1 s by capillaries of
radius 10 m and length 1 mm. If the number of capillaries is 105 , viscosity 5 · 10−3 N · ms2 , surface tension
7 · 10−2 N/m.

4.6.5 What is the relative error of atmospheric pressure measurement at the height of the mercury column if
the inner diameter of the barometric tube not wetted by mercury is 5 mm, the surface tension is 0.465
N/m, the mercury density is 13.6 cm
g
3 ?

4.6.6 In two long capillaries, open on both sides and arranged vertically, there are water columns of length
2 and 4 cm. Find the radius of curvature of the lower meniscus in each of the capillaries if their inner
diameter is 1 mm and the wetting is complete.

4.6.7 A vertical capillary of radius r and height h is connected to a wide vessel with a tube at the bottom of
the vessel. How does the difference of liquid levels in the vessel and capillary depend on the height x of
the liquid level in the vessel? At what value of x will the liquid start pouring out of the capillary? The
surface tension of the liquid σ, its density ρ. The liquid is completely wetting the capillary.

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 4.6.8 Liquid in a long capillary rises to height h. Determine the radius of curvature of meniscus in the short
capillary whose length is h2 . Radius of both capillaries r, edge angle θ.

4.6.9 The capillary half-filled with liquid rotates around the axis OO′ . The length of the capillary is 2l, its
radius is r. The density of the liquid is ρ and the surface tension is σ. The liquid completely wets the
capillary. At what angular velocity of the capillary will the liquid flow out?
4.6.10 In a capillary dropped vertically into water to depth l, water has risen to height h. Close the lower end
of the capillary, remove the capillary from the water and reopen it. Determine the length of the column
of water remaining in the capillary, if the wetting is complete.

4.6.11 A bent glass capillary of radius r = 0, 1 mm is lowered into a vessel with water whose temperature is
being changed. The graph of temperature dependence of surface tension is shown in the figure. At what
temperature will water flow from the vessel if H = 15 cm?

4.6.12 Where would a drop of wetting and non-wetting liquid move in a horizontally placed conical capillary?

4.6.13 To what height will the liquid rise along a vertical conical capillary with an angle at the apex α ≪ 1 rad?
Density of liquid ρ, its surface tension σ, height of capillary H. The liquid completely wets the capillary.
4.6.14 How high will the liquid rise between two vertical plates, distance ∆ between them, if the edge angle of
the first plate is θ1 , of the second θ2 ? The density of the liquid ρ, its surface tension σ.

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4.6.15 What force acts on parallel square plates with side a, partially immersed in liquid, if the edge angle of
their outer surfaces is 90◦ , and of their inner surfaces is θ and π — θ? The density of the liquid ρ, its
surface tension σ.
4.6.16 With what force are two parallel square plates with side a partially immersed in a liquid attracted to
each other if they are not wetted by the liquid? The density of the liquid ρ, the distance between the
plates δ, the surface tension of the liquid σ.
4.6.17 To what height will the liquid of density ρ rise in a fully wetted capillary if its cross section is S and its
perimeter is l? How does the period of small vertical oscillations of the liquid in this capillary depend
on the height of the liquid? The surface tension of the liquid σ.

5 Molecular physics

5.1 Thermal motion of particles

5.1.1 Estimate the average kinetic energy and root-mean-square velocity of fog particles with a diameter of
10 microns in the air at a temperature of 5◦ C.
5.1.2 How many times do the root-mean-square velocities of two particles performing Brownian motion in a
drop of water differ, if their masses differ by four times?
5.1.3

5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.7

5.1.8
5.1.9
5.1.10

5.1.11
5.1.12
5.1.13
5.1.14

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