Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

1. (a) flinear = 1 + x

(b) Define %error as 100×[ex – (1+x)]/ex

x flinear ex %error
5×10-6 1.000005 1.000005000 -
5×10-4 1.0005 1.0005001 10-5%
5×10-2 1.05 1.05127 0.1%
0.5 1.5 1.649 9.0%
5 6 148.4 96%

(c) Somewhat subjectively, we note that the relative error is ~ 0.1% or better for x ≤ 0.05
so use this as our estimate of what constitutes “reasonable.”

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

.
2.

(a)

t 8t 4sin2t %error
10-6 8×10-6 8.000×10-6 0% (to 4 digits)
10-4 8×10-4 8.000×10-4 0% (to 4 digits)
10-2 8×10-2 0.07999 0.01%
10-1 8×10-1 0.7947 0.7%
1.0 8.0 3.637 120%

(b) This linear approximation holds well (< 1% relative error) even up to t = 0.1. Above
that value and the errors are appreciable.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

3. .

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

4. (a) We replace the voltage source with a short circuit and designate the downward current
through the 4  resistor as i'.

Then, i' = (10)(9)/(13) = 6.923 A

Next, we replace the current source in the original circuit with an open circuit and
designate the downward current through the 4  resistor as i".
Then, i" = 1/13 = 0.07692 A

Adding, i = i' + i" = 7.000 A

(b) The 1 V source contributes (100)(0.07692)/7.000 = 1.1% of the total current.

(c) Ix(9)/13 = 0.07692. Thus, Ix = 111.1 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

5. (a) Open circuit the current source, and note that 2  || 2  = 1 .

Now, short circuit the voltage source instead.

Combining,

(b) Each source contributes equally, hence 50%.

(c) To obtain , must provide 1 A, so increase the current source to 3 times its
current value, or 3 A.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

6. (a) Open circuiting the 4 A source leaves 5 + 5 + 2 = 12  in parallel with the 1 

resistor. Thus, = (7)(1||12) = (7)(0.9231) = 6.462 V

Open circuiting the 7 A source leaves 1 + 5 = 6  in parallel with 5 + 2 = 7 . Assisted

by current division,

Thus, v1 = 6.462 – 2.154 = 4.308 V

(b)

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

7. (a)

(b) We see from the simulation output that the 7 A source alone contributes 12.89 V. The
output with both sources on is 5.526 V, which agrees within rounding error to our hand
calculations (5.522 V).

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

8. (a) 4 V → 8 V; 10 V → 20 V

(b) 4 V → –4 V; 10 V → –10 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

9.

(as anticipated)

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

10. (a) With the right-hand voltage source short-circuited and the current source open-
circuited, we have 2 || 5 = 10/7 

By voltage division,

With the other voltage source short-circuited and the current source open-circuited, we
have (3 + 1) ||5 = 2.222 .

. Then,

Finally, with both voltage sources short-circuited, we find that

Adding these three terms together, vx = 1.316 V

(b) (0.9)(1.316) = 0.7368 + 1.105k – 0.5263

Solving, k = 0.8814. Hence, we should reduce the 2 A source to 2k = 1.763 A

(c) Our three separate simulations:

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

Our reduced voltage alternative:

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

11. We select the bottom node as the reference, then identify v1 with the lefthand terminal of
the dependent source and v2 with the righthand terminal.

Via superposition, we first consider the contribution of the 1 V source:

and

Solving, v1’ = 0.237 V

Next, we consider the contribution of the 2 A source:

and

Solving, v1” = –2373 V. Adding our two components, v1 = –2373 V.

Thus, ix = v1/7000 = –339 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

12. (a) Begin by short-circuiting the voltage source.

KCL yields or

Now, open-circuit the independent current source instead.

Hence,

(b) P1(left) =

P1(right) =

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

13.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

14. (a)

(b) PR =

(c) PR = as before. Thus,

the plot will be unchanged. We note a clear maximum value at R = 5 k.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

15. We cannot involve the 5  resistor in any transforms as we are interested in its current.

Hence, combine the 7 and 4  to obtain 11 ; Transform to 9/11 A curent source in

parallel with 11 .

3 + 9/11 = 42/11 in parallel with 1 .

No further simplification is advisable although 5 || 11 = 3.44 . Hence,

V5 = (42/11)(3.44) = 13.13 V so I = 13.13/5 = 2.63 A

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

16. For the circuit depicted in Fig. 5.22a, i7 = (5 – 3)/7 = 285.7 mA.

Thus, P7 = 7.(i7)2= 571 mW.

For the circuit depicted in Fig. 5.22c, i7 = (5 – 3)/7 = 285.7 mA.

Thus, P7 = 7.(i7)2= 571 mW.

The power dissipated by this resistor is unchanged since it is proportional to (i7)2 which
is unchanged.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

17. (a) The transform available to us is clearer if we first redraw the circuit:

We can replace the current source / resistor parallel combination with a 10 V voltage
source (“-“ terminal at the top node) in series with a 2 M resistor. The circuit is easily
analyzed with mesh analysis:

[1]

[2]

Solving, i = –577.5 nA

(b)

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

18. (a) Perform the following steps in order:

Combine the 27 A and 750 k to obtain 20.25 V in series with 750 k in series with
3.5 M.

Convert this series combination to a 4.25 M resistor in parallel with a 4.765 A source,
arrow up.

Convert the 15 V/ 1.2 M series combination into a 12.5 A source (arrow down) in
parallel with 1.2 M. This appears in parallel with the current source from above as well
as the 7 M and 6 M.

Combine: 4.25 M || 1.2 M || 7 M = 0.8254 M. This, along with the -12.5A +
4.765 A yield a -7.735 A source (arrow up) in parallel with 825.4 k in parallel with 6
M.

Convert the current source and 825.4 k resistor into a 6.38 V source (‘+’ reference up)
in series with 825.4 k and 6 M.

0.8254 M

6.38 V 6 M

(b)

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

19. (a) We combine the 1  and 3  resistors to obtain 0.75 . The 2 A and 5 A current
sources can be combined to yield a 3 A source.

These two elements can be source-transformed to a (9/4) V voltage source (“+” sign up)
in series with a 0.75  resistor in series with the 7 V source and the far-left 3  resistor.

(b) In the original circuit, we define the top node of the current sources as v1 and the
bottom node is our reference node.

Then nodal analysis yields (v1 + 7)/3 + v1/1 + v1/3 = 5 – 2

Solving, v1 = 2/5 V and so the clockwise current flowing through the 7 V source is

i = (-7 – v1)/3 = -37/15. Hence, P7V = 17.27 W

Analyzing our transformed circuit, the clockwise current flowing through the 7 V source
is (-7 – 9/4)/3.75 = -37/15 A. (as before)

Again, P7V = 17.27 W.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

20. (a) We start at the left, switching between voltage and current sources as we
progressively combine resistors.

12/47 = 0.2553 A in parallel with 47  and 22 

47 || 22 = 15 

Back to voltage source: (0.2553)(15) = 3.83 V in series with 15 .

Combine with 10  to obtain 25 . Back to current source: 3.83/25 = 0.153 A in parallel

with 25  and 7 . Note that 25 || 7 = 5.47 

Back to voltage source: (0.153)(5.47) = 0.837 V in series with 5.47 . Combine with
next 7  to obtain 12.47 . Back to current source: 0.837/12.47 = 0.0672 A in parallel
with 12.47  and 9 .

12.47 ||9 = 5.227 . Back to voltage source: (0.0672)(5.227) = 0.351 V in series with
5.227 . Combine with 2  to yield 7.227 .

We are left with a 0.351 V source in series with 7.227  and 17 .

(b) Thus, Ix = 0.351/(17 + 7.227) = 14.49 mA and P17 = 17(Ix)2 = 3.57 mW

(c) The current through the 17  resistor in the original circuit is 14.489 mA; in the
simplified equivalent (due to small rounding errors) we find 14.488 mA – essentially the
same, and in agreement with our hand calculations.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

21. We combine the 3 A source and 1  resistor to obtain 3 V in series with 1 in series
with  all of which is in parallel with 7 . We transform the 9 A current source into an
81 V source, “+” reference on the bottom, in series with 9 .

We combine the two 10  resistors in parallel (5 ) and the dependent current source to
obtain a dependent voltage source, “+” reference on the right, controlled by 25V x. This
source is in series with 5  and all other transformed components and the 4  resistor.
We may combine the two independent voltage sources and the 1, 2, 5 and 9  resistors,
but must retain the 4  resistor:
17 

235Vx 4
84 V

Then defining a clockwise current i as shown,

Solving, Vx = –4.25 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

22. (a) Because the controlling current flows through the dependent source as well as the 7
, we cannot transform the dependent voltage source into a dependent current source;
doing so technically loses I1.

Thus, we replace the voltage source and 11  resistor with a (9/11) A current source
(arrow up) in parallel with an 11  resistor.

(b) 28I1 – (9/11)(11) – 10(2) + 4I1 = 0

Solving, I1 = 29/32 A. Hence, P7 = 7(I1)2 = 5.75 W

(c)

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

23. Combine IN and RN to yield a voltage source INRN in series with RN. Combine RC and ICC
to yield a voltage source ICCRC in series with RC.

Then, IB is a clockwise mesh current in the lefthand mesh. Defining IC as a clockwise

mesh current in the righthand mesh,

-INRN + Vo + REIB – REIC = 0

where IC = -IB

so

-INRN + Vo + REIB + REIB = 0

Solving,

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

24. The independent source may be replaced by a (2/6) A current source, arrow pointing up,
in parallel with 6 . The dependent voltage source may be replaced by a dependent
current source (arrow pointing up) controlled by v3. This is in turn in parallel with 2 .

No further simplification or reduction of components is really possible here.

Choose the bottom node as the reference node. Name the top left node vx and the top
right node vy. Then,

Since v3 = vx – vy, we can solve to obtain v3 = 67.42 mV

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

25. (a) Vth = 9(3/5) = 27/5 = 5.4 V

Rth = 1 + 2||3 = 2.2 

(b) By voltage division, VL = Vth (RL/RL + Rth)

So:

RL VL
1 1.688 V
3.5  3.313 V
6.257  3.995 V
9.8  4.410 V

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

26. (a) Remove RL; Short the 9 V source.

Rth seen looking into the terminals = 1 + 3||2 = 2.2 

Returning to the active circuit with RL removed,

Voc = 9(3)(3 + 2) = 5.4 V = Vth

Hence, IN = Vth/Rth = 2.455 A.

(b) and

(c) This is easier on a plot of power versus load resistance, where it can be seen that maximum
power is delivered to R = RTh = 2.2 . This corresponds to iL = 1.23 A on the graph above.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

27. (a) By inspection, iN = 5 A.

Removing the source and RL and looking in, RTh = 10 || 10 = 5 .

(b) VTh = [Link] = (5)(5) = 25 V. RTh = 5 .

(c)

RL () iL(A) PL (W)

0 5.00 0
1 4.17 17.4
2 3.57 25.5
5 2.50 31.3
10 1.67 27.9

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

28. (a) 1.1 k || 2.3 k = 744 ; 2.5 k || 744 = 573.4 

[1]

[2]

Solving, voc = 1.423 V = vTh

= 1.364 mA

Thus, Rth = voc/isc = 1.04 k

(b) P4.7k = (4700)[voc/(RTh + 4700)]2 = 289 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

29. (a) 1.1 k || 2.3 k = 744 ; 2.5 k || 744 = 573.4 

[1]

[2]

Solving, voc = 1.423 V = vth

= 1.364 mA = iN

Thus, Rth = voc/isc = 1.04 k

(b) P1.7k = (1700)[voc/(Rth + 1700)]2 = 459 W

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

30. (a) Define three clockwise mesh currents i1, i2 and i3, respectively in the three meshes,
beginning on the left. Short the opn terminals together. Then, create a supermesh:

[1]

[2]

[3]

Solving, isc = i3 = 100.3 mA

Short the voltage source, open circuit the current source, and look into the open
terminals:

Rth = 220 + 75 + 45||122 = 328 

Thus, Vth = Rth(isc) = 32.8 V

(b) P100 = (100)[Vth/(100 + Rth)]2 = 587.3 mW

(c) Only the second mesh equations needs to be modified:

[2’]

Solving, i3 = 76.83 mA and so P100 = (100)(i3)2 = 590 mW

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

31. Define nodal voltages V1 at the top of the 3  resistor and Voc at the open terminals (the
bottom node is our reference node).
Then,

Solving, Voc = -0.293 V = VTh

Looking into the terminals of the inactive network, RTh = [2||3 + 5] || 2 = 1.512 .

(b)

(c) The current through the 1  resistor in the original circuit simulates as 0.1165 A, and
in the Thévenin equivalent circuit as 0.1166 A, both in agreement with our hand
calculations.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

32. Define three clockwise mesh currents i1, i2, i3 starting on the left.
Then
[1]
[2]
[3]
Solving,
i2 = 129 mA. Hence, voc = vx = 5i2 = 645.2 mV

Next, short the voltage sources and open circuit the current source. Then,
Rth = 5 || (2 + 3||1) = 1.774 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

33. (a) Employ nodal analysis:

[1]

[2]
Solving, v1 = 54/31 V and v2 = 34/31 V. Thus, VTH = vX = v1 – v2 = 645.2 mV

By inspection, RTH = 5 || [2 + 1||3] = 1.774 

Thus, iN = vTH/RTH = 363.7 mA and RN = RTH = 1.774 

(b) iload = (0.3637)(1.774)/(5 + 1.774) = 95.25 mA

Pload = 5(iload)2 = 45.36 mW

(c) 363.7 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

34. (a) Define three clockwise mesh currents i1, i2, i3, respectively, starting on the left, in
addition to isc which flows through the shorted leads once RL is removed.

By inspection, i1 = 0.3 A, and isc = i3 since the 6 k resistor is shorted here.

Then, [1]
[2]

Solving, isc = i3 = 177.5 mA

Looking into the open terminals with the sources zeroed,

Rth = 6000 || 10000 || 120000 = 800 

(b) 34.63 mA
(c) The two currents agree with each other, and with our hand calculation. (The sign
difference is an artifact of how RL2 was placed. Rotating it by180 degrees will yield the
same sign.)

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

35. (a) We select the bottom node as the reference node. The top left node is then –2 V by
inspection; the next node is named v1, the next v2, and the far right node is voc.

[1]

[2]
Solving,
mV
Next, we short the output terminals and compute the short circuit current. Naming the
three clockwise mesh currents i1, i2 and isc, respectively, beginning at the left,
[1]
[2]
[3]
Solving, isc = -5.2295 mA.
Hence

= 35.43 

(b) Connecting a 1 A source to the dead network, we can simplify by inspection, but
performing nodal analysis anyway:

[1]

[2]

[3]
Solving, vtest = 35.43 V hence RTH = 35.43/1 = 35.43 

(c) Connecting a 1 A source, we can write three mesh equations after defining clockwise
mesh currents:
[1]
[2]
[3]
Solving,
i3 = –28.23 mA. Thus, RTH = 1/(–i3) = 35.42 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

36. (a) We can ignore the 3  resistor to determine voc. Then, i4 = (1)(2)/(2 + 5) = 2/7 A.
Hence, voc = 4i4 = 1.143 V

isc: A source transformation is helpful here, yielding 2 V in series with 2 . Then noting
that 3 || 4 = 1.714 , V3 = 2(1.714)/(3 + 1.714) = 0.7272 V
Hence,
isc = v3/3 = 242.4 mA

Consequently, RTH = voc/isc = 4.715 

(b) Connect the 1 A source as instructed to the dead network, and define vx across the
source. Then vx = (1)(3 + 4 ||3) = 4.714 V.
Hence,
RTH = 4.714 

(c) Connect the 1 V source to the dead network as instructed, and define ix flowing out of
the source. Then, ix = [3 + 3 ||4]-1 = 1/4.714 A.

Consequently, RTH = 1/ix = 4.714 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

37. (a) Choose the bottom node as the reference, and name the top right node voc. Then,

Solving,
voc = –9.03 V.

Isc = 20/9 – 10 = -7.78 A

Hence, RTH = voc/isc = 1.16 

(b) By inspection, RTH = 2|| 4 || 9 = 1.16 

(c) Connect current source ix such that the arrow points into the top open terminal. Define
vx across the current source such that the ‘+’ reference is at the head of the current source
arrow.

Hence,

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

38. (a) Between terminals a and b, RTH = 4 + (11 + 21) || 2 + 10 = 15.88 

(b) Between terminals a and c, RTH = 4 + (11 + 21) || 2 + 12 = 17.88 

(c) Between terminals b and c, RTH = 10 + 12 = 22 

(d) Note that the magnitude of RTH is the same as that of the voltage across the 1 A source
in each simulation, respectively.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

39. We connect a 1 A source across the open terminals of the dead network, and compute the
voltage vx which develops across the source.

By nodal analysis, 1 + 10vx = vx/21. Solving, vx = 0.1005 V.

Hence,
RTH = vx/1 = –100.5 m

(the dependent source helps us achieve what appears to be a negative resistance!)

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

40. We short the terminals of the network and compute the short circuit current. To do this,
define two clockwise mesh currents (the 1500  resistor is shorted out).
[1]
[2]
Solving, i2 = isc = iN = –116.3 mA

Next, we zero out the independent source and connect a 1 A test source across the
terminals a and b such that 1 A flows into a. Define vtest with the ‘+’ reference at terminal
a, and the cathode at terminal b. Then,

Solving, vtest = 1500 - ix so RTH = vtest/1 = 1000 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

41. To find isc, short circuit the 10 k resistor. This sets v1 = 0, effectively open circuiting the
dependent source. Hence,

isc = 1/10×103 = 0.1 mA

To find voc, we define a clockwise mesh current i2 such that it flows into the ‘+’ reference
of the 1 V source. Then,

Hence,
v1 = 0.143 V = voc

Thus, IN = 100 A, arrow pointing down, and RTH = voc/isc = 1.43 k.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

42. Rotate the diagram 90o clockwise. Connect a 1 A source between a and b such that the
head of the arrow points to terminal a. Define a clockwise mesh current i2 flowing into
the ‘+’ reference of the dependent voltage source. Then,

Solving, vab = 13.15 V.

Hence, RTh = vab/1 = 13.15 .

Since there is no independent source in the network, this represents both the Thévenin
and Norton equivalent.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

43. Connect a 1 A source to the open terminals, and select the bottom node as the reference
terminal. Define v1 at the top of the 1 A source. Then

1 = v1/106 so v1 = 106 V and RTh = v1/1 = 1 M

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

44. Disconnect the two elements left of the dashed line. We note our solution will be 2 M
in parallel with another effective resistance. To simplify, remove the 2 M resistor.
Then, apply a 1 A test source to the open terminals and define vx across the 1 A source
such that the “+” reference is at the arrow head of the source. Select the bottom node as
the reference and define v2.

Req = vx/1, so we need an expression for vx.

vx = v + v2 = r(1) + v2 = r + (1 + 0.02r)(1000||2000)

or

vx = r+ 667(1 + 0.02r)

Hence, Rth =

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

45. First, we determine vTH by employing nodal analysis:

[1]

[2]
Solving,

We now find RTH by injecting 1 A of current into the dead network and determining the
voltage which develops:

[1] and

[2]

Solving,

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

46. (a) Open circuiting the current source, removing the load resistor, and looking back into
those terminals, we see 5 k || 5 k or
RTh = 2.5 k

VTh = Voc = (2×10-3)(2.5×103) = 5 V

(b)

(c) When RL = RTh (= 2500 ).

(d)

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

47. (a) Define a clockwise mesh current i. Then 5i + 4 + 2 = 0 and i = –6/5 A

vout = 2 + 2i = 2 – 12/5 = –400 mV

By inspection of the dead network, RTH = 2 || 3 = 1.2 

(b) Choose Rout = RTH = 1.2 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

48. (a) A quick source transformation and we have all voltage sources. Then, remove Rout
and short the open terminals. Mesh analysis yields

[1]
[2]
Solving,
iN = i2 = -7.5 mA

Next, zero out all sources, remove Rout, and look into the open terminals.

RTh = 1000 || 2000 = 667 

(b) Maximum power is obtained for Rout = RTh = 667 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

49. Yes, it would theoretically result in maximum power transfer. Since we’re charged for
the energy we use (power multiplied by time), this would cost the consumer a fortune. In
reality, we don’t want all the power the utility can provide – only the amount we need!

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

50. We need only RTh. Setting all sources to zero, removing RL, and looking into the
terminals,
RTh = 5 || 2 || 3 = 968 m

Setting RL = RTh = 968 m achieves maximum power delivery.

However, we note that the two sources cancel, such that VTh = 0. So, technically, RL will
absorb 0 W regardless of its value, to be pedantic.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

51. We select the bottom node as reference, and then define two nodal voltages Va and Vb.
Va = (4)(5) = 20 V and Vb = (-2)(2) = -4 V

Thus, Vab = Voc = VTh = Va – Vb = 20 – (-4) = 24 V

By inspection, RTh = 5 + 2 = 7 

(b) IN = VTh/RTh = 24/7 A

(c) Selecting RL = RTh = 7 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

52. (a) Define clockwise mesh current i. Then

where
Hence,

Solving,
i = 417.7 mA and so v2 = 1.378 V = vTH

Consequently, P = (v2)2/3.3 = 575.4 mW

(b) Find RTH by connecting a 1 A source across the open terminals.

. Solving, v2 = 10 V.

Thus, RTH = v2/1 = 10 

Hence, replace the 3.3  resistor in the original circuit with 10 .

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

53. We connect a 1 A source across the open terminals and define vtest across the source such
that its “+” reference corresponds to the head of the current source arrow. Then, after
defining nodal voltages v1 and v2 at the top left and top right nodes, respectively,

and so v1 = 3.077 V

so v2 = -3.846 V

By KVL, vtest = v1 – v2 = 6.923 V so RTH = 6.923  We select this value for RL to

ensure maximum power transfer.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

54. We zero out the current source and connect 1 V to terminals a and b. This allows us to
know a prior what the dependent source values are, since they are controlled by that
voltage. Using iterative source transformation,

(0.1)(100||50) = 3.33 V in series with 33.3 

Combine the 3.33 V and 2 V sources, and the 33.3  and 20  resistors.

Thus, and the current flowing from our 1 V test source = 0.01876.

RTh = 1/0.01876 = 53.3 

Thus, select 53.3  to obtain maximum power transfer.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

55. We note that the equations which describe the two equivalent circuits are already
developed and provided as Eqs. 23-24 and Eqs. 25-26, respectively. Equating terms most
directly results in the equations for R1, R2 and R3.

The next step is to divide those equations to find the following ratios:

; and .

These three equations yield two equations for RA, two for RB and two for RC, which
may be equated (respectively) to obtain:

Solving, we find that

, ,

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

56. For the first circuit, we compute 71 .

Then,
R1 = (33)(17)/ = 7.901 
R2 = (17)(21)/ = 5.028 
R3 = (21)(33)/ = 9.761 

For the second circuit, = 7.9 k

Then,
R1 = (1.1)(4.7)/7.9 = 654.4 
R2 = (4.7)(2.1)/7.9 = 1.249 k
R3 = (21.)(1.1)/7.9 = 292.4 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

57.

For the circuit on the left, R1 = 33 , R2 = 21  and R3 = 17 .

R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1 = 1611 so

RA = 1611/21 = 76.71 
RB = 1611/17 = 94.76 
RC = 1611/33 = 48.82 

For the circuit on the right, R1 = 1300 , R2 = 2100  and R3 = 4700 .

R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1 = 1.871×107 so

RA = 1.871×107 / 2100 = 8.910 k

RB = 1.871×107 / 4700 = 3.981 k
RC = 1.871×107 / 1300 = 14.39 k

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

58. We begin by converting the bottom section to a T network (R1, R2, R3)

=2+3+R=5+R
R1 = 2R/ = 2R/(5 + R)
R2 = 3R/ = 3R/(5 + R)
R3 = (3)(2)/ = 6/(5 + R)

We now have 30  in series with R1, 10  in series with R2. Those branches are in
parallel. The total is in series with R3.
The new network then is equivalent to

(30 + R1) || (10 + R2) + R3 =

Solving, R = 5.5  (rounded)

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

59. RA = 42 ; RB = 200 ; RC = 68 .
Then R1 = 27.10 , R2 = 43.87 , and R3 = 9.213 

The new network is then (100 + 27.1) || (R + 43.87) + 9.213 = 70.6 

Solving, R = 74.86 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

60. Define Rx = R || RB
RA = RB = RC = 3R2/R = 3R

Thus, Rx = (3R)(R)/(3R + R) = (3/4)R

Define R11 = (3R)(0.75R)/(3R + 0.75R + 3R) = R/3

R22 = (0.75R)(3R)/(3R + 0.75R + 3R) = R/3
R33 = (3R)(3R)/(3R + 0.75R + 3R) = 4R/3

Combine series resistances then define

RAA = (R2 + 4R23 + 4R2/3) = 11R/3

RBB = (R2 + 4R2/3 + 4R2/3) = 11R/4
RCC = (R2 + 4R2/3 + 4R2/3)/R = 11R/3

The equivalent resistance is then 2[(4R/3) || (11R/3)] || (11R/4) = 2514 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

61. We can neglect the 110  resistor (no current flow).

Identify the 11, 23 and 31  as R1, R2, R3 and convert to a  network with
RA1 = 118.8 
RB1 = 42.2 
RC1 = 56.8 

Identify the 55, 46, and 61  as R1, R2, R3 and convert to a  network with
RA2 = 188.9 
RB2 = 142.5 
RC2 = 158.0 

Then Rw = RA1 || 31 = 24.6 

Rx = RB1 || RB2 = 32.6 
Ry = 25 || RA2 = 22.1 

We are left with one last transformation, converting Ry, RC1 and Rx into a  network:

Then, Rin = 63 || RB || [RA||RC2 + RC||Rw] = 25.7 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

62. We begin by noting that (6 + 12) || 20 = 9.474 .

Define  = R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1 = (9)(5) + (5)(6) + (6)(0) = 129

Then RA = /R2 = 25.8 

RB = /R3 = 21.5 
RC =/R1 = 14.3 

After this conversion, we have RC || 4 = 3.126 , RA || 3 = 2.688 .

Now define  = RAA + RBB + RCC = 2.688 + 21.5 + 2.126 = 27.31 .

Then R11 = 2.116, R22 = 2.461 and R33 = 0.0377. This last resistance appears in
series with 10 .

Performing one last conversion,

Define  = (2.116)((2.461) + (2.461)(10.31) + (10.31)(2.116) = 52.40

Ra = /2.461 = 21.29 
Rb = /10.31 = 5.082 
Rc = /2.116 = 24.76 

By inspection,

RTh = Rb || [(Rc||7) + (Ra||9.474)] = 3.57 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

63. (a) Shorting the 9 V source leaves the 11  in parallel with 2 . Name this RA = 1.69 .
Then, RB = 22 , and RC = 1 .

Converting this to a T network, with R = RA + RB + RC = 24.69 .

Then, RTh = (12+R1) || (10+R2) + R3 = 6.098 .

Define three nodal voltages on the original circuit after naming the bottom node as the
reference node: V1, V2, Voc.
Then,

Solving, Voc = -606.7 mV

(b) P1 = [0.6067/7.098]2 (1) = 7.306 mW

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

64. (a) By inspection, RTh = 6 + 6||3 = 8 

Then, Voc = 16(3)/(6 + 3) = 5.333 V

IN = Voc/RTh = 5.333/8 = 666.7 mA

Thus, the Thévenin equivalent is 5.333 V in series with 8 

and the Norton equivalent is 666.7 mA in parallel with 8 

(b) The three simulations agree within acceptable rounding error.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

65. (a) We name the resistors (left to right) R A = 1 , RB = 2 , and RC = 1 .

Then, RA + RB + RC = 4  and

Thus, our final circuit is

0.5  0.5 

0.25 

(b) Using a 1  load resistor and a 1 V test source, we note both sources provide the same
current.

I(V2): -1.36566 device_current

I(V1): -1.36566 device_current

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

66. The wording points to the need for a Thévenin (Norton) equivalent. Simplifying using -
 conversion, note 1 k || 7 k = 875 ; 10 k || 2.2 k = 1.803 k

R1 = (10)(4)/19 = 2.105 k
R2 = (4)(5)/19 = 1.053 k
R3 = (5)(10)/19 = 2.632 k

By inspection, RTh = R3 + (R1 + 875) || (R2 + 1803) = 4090 

VTh = (3.5)(R2 + 1803)/ (R1 + 875 + R2 + 1803) = 1.713 V

Then, Pabs =

(a) 175 nW

(b) 1.65 nW

(c) 24.38 pW

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

(d) 2.02 aW

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

67. (a) Change the 25 V source to 10 V; then the two legs are identical.

(b) A load resistance equal to RTh will absorb maximum power. In this case, shorting the
two voltage sources and looking into the open terminals yields

RTh = 15 || (10 + 5) = 7.5 

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

68. As constructed, we may find the power delivered to the 2.57  resistor by first
determining the Thévenin equivalent. Removing the load resistor, we define a clockwise
current i such that

5i – 25 + 10i + 15i + 10 = 0 or i = 0.5 A

Hence, VTh = Voc = 15i + 10 = 17.5 V.

RTh = 15 || (5 + 10) = 7.5 

Hence, the power dissipated by the 2.57  resistor is

We need twice this, or 15.52 W so the voltage needed across the resistor must increase by
a factor of . We can achieve this by increasing VTh by the same factor. This is
accomplished by simply scaling both voltage sources by the same factor.

Hence, 25 V is replaced with 35.4 V and 10 V is replaced with 14.1 V.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

69. (a) RTh = 5 || [1.8 + 5.4 + 3] = 3.355 

(b) Retain RTh = 3.355  so leave all resistors unchanged.

Power to load is three times too large, so the voltage across the load is times too

large. Thus, reduce all sources by :

1.2 A becomes 692.8 mA

0.8 A becomes 461.9 mA
0.1 A becomes 57.74 mA

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

70. We first simplify the circuit and obtain its Thévenin equivalent.

Choose the bottom node as the reference. Designate the top left nodal voltage V1 and the
top right nodal voltage V2. Then

Solving, V2 = VTh = -769.7 mV

By inspection RTh = 5 || (8.4 + 1.8) = 3.355 

To precisely mimic the behavior of the circuit at the open terminals, the battery should
have an open circuit voltage of 769.7 mV, and an internal series resistance of 3.355 .
We note that due to the sign of the voltage, the ‘+’ terminal of the battery should be
connected in place of the bottom terminal of the load.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

71. <Design> To solve this problem, we need to assume that “45 W” is a designation that applies
when 120 Vac is applied directly to a particular lamp. This corresponds to a current draw of 375
mA, or a light bulb resistance of 120/ 0.375 = 320 .

Original wiring scheme New wiring scheme

In the original wiring scheme, Lamps 1 & 2 draw (40)2 / 320 = 5 W of power each, and Lamp 3
draws (80)2 / 320 = 20 W of power. Therefore, none of the lamps is running at its maximum
rating of 45 W. We require a circuit which will deliver the same intensity after the lamps are
reconnected in a  configuration. Thus, we need a total of 30 W from the new network of
lamps.
There are several ways to accomplish this, but the simplest may be to just use one 120-
Vac source connected to the left port in series with a resistor whose value is chosen to obtain 30
W delivered to the three lamps.

In other words,

[ ] [ ]
2 2
213 . 3 213 . 3
120 60
Rs+213 .3 Rs+213. 3
+2 = 30
320 320
Solving, we find that we require Rs = 106.65 , as confirmed by the PSpice simulation below,
which shows that both wiring configurations lead to one lamp with 80-V across it, and two
lamps with 40 V across each.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

72. (a) Source transformation can be used to simplify either nodal or mesh analysis by
having all sources of one type. Otherwise, repeated source transformations can in
many instances be used to reduce the total number of components, provided none
of the elements involved are of interest.

(b) For example, if the transformations involve an element whose voltage or

current is of interest, since that information will be lost.

(c) We do, indirectly, as their controlling variables will be scaled.

(d) This is the same as replacing the source with a short circuit, so theoretically
any current value is possible.

(e) This is the same as replacing the source with an open circuit, so theoretically
any voltage is possible.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

73. (a) Define a nodal voltage V1 at the top of the current source IS, and a nodal voltage
V2 at the top of the load resistor RL. Since the load resistor can safely dissipate 1 W, and we
know that
V 22
PRL = 1000

V|
then 2 max
= 31.62 V. This corresponds to a load resistor (and hence lamp) current of 32.62
mA, so we may treat the lamp as a 10.6 resistor.
Proceeding with nodal analysis, we may write:
IS = V1/ 200 + (V1 – 5 Vx)/ 200 [1]
0 = V2/ 1000 + (V2 – 5 Vx)/ 10.6 [2]
Vx = V1 – 5 Vx or Vx = V1/ 6 [3]
Substituting Eq. [3] into Eqs. [1] and [2], we find that
7 V1 = 1200 IS [1]
-5000 V1 + 6063.6 V2 = 0 [2]

Substituting
V 2|max = 31.62 V into Eq. [2] then yields V = 38.35 V, so that
1

IS| max = (7)(38.35)/ 1200 = 223.7 mA.

(b) Verification.

The lamp current does not exceed 36 mA in the range of operation allowed (i.e. a load
power of < 1 W.) The simulation result shows that the load will dissipate slightly more than 1 W
for a source current magnitude of 224 mA, as predicted by hand analysis.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

74. <Design> One possible solution:

Imax = 35 mA
Rmin = 47 
Rmax = 117 

With only 9 V batteries and standard resistance values available, we begin by neglecting
the series resistance of the battery.

We choose a single 9 V battery in series with a resistor R and the LED.

Then, I = 9/(R + RLED) < 35 mA

Or R + RLED > 9/35×10-3

For safety, we design assuming the minimum LED resistance and so must selct

R > 9/35×10-3 – 47 or R > 210 

The closest standard resistance value is 220 .

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

75. <Design> We note that the buzzer draws 15 mA at 6 V, so that it may be modeled as a
400  resistor. One possible solution of many, then, is:

Note: Construct the 18-V source from 12 1.5 V batteries in series, and the two 400 
resistors can be fabricated by soldering 400 1  resistors in series. When the 100 
resistor is present, it shunts enough current to reduce the voltage across the buzzer to less
than the required minimum voltage of 6 V.

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 Engineering Circuit Analysis 9th Edition Chapter Five Exercise Solutions

76. (a) We remove RL, select the bottom node as the reference, and assign the top open
terminal the nodal voltage Voc. Then,

Solving, Voc = 0 = VTh.

Looking into the open terminals, RTh = 5 || 2 || 3 = 0.968 .

(b) We transform the 3 V source to a 3/3 = 1 A source, arrow pointing down. This is in
parallel with the original 1 A source. The arrangement leads to a net current of zero.
Hence, the Norton equivalent is simply RTh = 0.968 .

(c) Since VTh = IN = 0, the power supplied to RL will be zero in either case.

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