RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana

Current And Electricity

Introduction opposite to the direction of applied electric field.

Any type of charge in motion forms electric If ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑢1 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑢2 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑢3 .................. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑢𝑛 are thermal
current. velocities of n electrons present in the wire then
average thermal velocities of all electros is
(1) In solid metallic conductors these are free
zero.
electrons (here conductor means metals and
alloys) ⃗ =
𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑢1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑢2 +𝑢⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗3 +⋯…………………𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑛
= 0
⃗. .....(i)
𝑛
(2) In electrolyte (like acidulated water, salt
So if ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣1 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣2 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣3 …........𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑛 are the maximum
solution) charge carriers are positive and
velocity gained by free electrons (e–) with their
negative ions.
relaxation time t1, t2, .... , tn. Then drift velocity
(3) In semi conductor charge carriers are free 𝑣𝑑 is given by assuming their motion to be one
⃗⃗⃗⃗
electrons and holes. A vacant space created dimensional between successive collision.
by removal electrons from a covalent bond ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣 𝑣2 +𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗3 +⋯…………………𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑛
is known as hole, which also moves in a 𝑣𝑑 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛
direction opposite to free electrons. (𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 +𝑎⃗ 𝜏1 )+ (𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 +𝑎⃗ 𝜏2 )+(𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗3 +𝑎⃗ 𝜏3 )+⋯………..(𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑛+𝑎⃗ 𝜏𝑛 )
𝑣𝑑 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗
Electric Current 𝑛
⃗ 1 +𝑢
𝑢 ⃗ 2+ 𝑢
⃗ 3 +⋯…𝑢
⃗𝑛 𝜏1 +𝜏2 +𝜏3 +⋯..𝜏𝑛
Rate of flow of charge is known as electric 𝑣𝑑 = (
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )+ 𝑎( )
𝑛 𝑛
current. S.I. unit of current is coulomb/see or
As we know
an ampere where flow of 1 coulomb charge in 1
sec is known as 1 Ampere. It is a scalar 𝐹 = m 𝑎 and 𝐹 = q 𝐸⃗ ,
quantity. Its average value is as given by
Equating these two
Q (total charge)
I= = 𝑞𝐸⃗
t (time taken) m 𝑎 = q 𝐸⃗ ; 𝑎=
𝑚

Where 'Q' is total charge passed in time ‘t’. For using equation (i) and (ii)
a constant current it's value can be given as 𝑣𝑑 = 0 + 𝑎 τ ; where τ =
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜏1 +𝜏2 +𝜏3 +⋯………………..𝜏𝑛
𝑛
Q = It
Here τ is average relaxation time.
For instantaneous current, −𝑒𝐸⃗ 𝜏 𝑒𝐸𝜏
I=
𝑑𝑞 Therefore 𝑣𝑑 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗ or vd =
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑚

Average Relaxation Time * Though drift speed of electron is small value

within the range of few cm/sec but
It is the time taken by electron in successive establishment of electric field in each part of
collision. conductor is with nearly speed of light, which
An average of relaxation time of all the free exerts force on the electrons of these part to
electron in a conductor is called average move throughout the conductor as the circuit is
relaxation time. So if t1, t2, t3, ..... tn are their closed, So free electrons in each part of the
respective relaxation time of N free electrons in conductor start moving. That is, why as soon as
a conductor. So, the average relaxation time the circuit is switched on from distance point it
start glowing the lamp with negligible time
t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ..... + t n interval.
t=
N Mobility(μ)
here acceleration of e -
can be assumed to be Mobility is the ratio of the drift velocity vd of
uniform current carrier in a material to the applied
F qE eE electric field (E) across the material
a= = =
m m m Vd eE et
= = t=
*Drift Velocity E mE m
Drift velocity is defined as so mobility of free electrons in all conductors
the average velocity with depend only upon the average relaxation time
which free electrons in a of these electrons. Where this time alternately
conductor get drifted decreases with rise in temperature, the mobility
1| Phone: 8006367306 and 8006367304
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
of free electrons in metallic conductors also so that it may limit the current to 0.4 A?
decreases with rise in temperature. {Ans. 0.29 mm}
*Relation between Current and Drift 4. The number density of electrons in copper is
Velocity 8.5 x 1028 m-3. What is the time taken by an
electron to drift from one end of a wire 2.2 m
Let us take a conductor of length l and area of long to its other end if area of cross-section of
cross section A, across which a potential the wire is 2.0 x 10-6 m2 and it is carrying a
difference of V volt is applied. If there be n current of 6.0 A.
number of free electrons in the conductor, in
volume Al. So number of free e– present in the {Ans. vd = 2.2x10-4 m/s, t = 1x104 s}
wire N= nAl 5. The current in a wire varies with time
according to the relation I = 4 + 2 t2; how
Total charge present in
many coulomb of charge pass a cross-section of
the wire Q = e (nAl)
the wire in the interval t = 5 s to t = 10 s?
Now if drift speed of e –
is {Ans. 603.33 C}
vd. 6. One hundred Al+3 ions and two hundred S𝑜4−2
So an average distance covered by electron in 1 ions have passed through a solution of
sec is vd. Al2(SO4)3 in opposite direction in a total time
interval of 2 minutes. Find the direction and
Time taken by free electron to cross the magnitude of an average current passing
conductor through electrolyte.
t = l/vd {Ans. Itotal = 9.3 x 10-19 A}
𝑄 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑙 7.A ring of uniformly distributed total charge Q
as we know; I= = = neAvd
𝑡 𝑙
𝑣𝑑
and radius R is rotating about a normal axis
passing through centre of ring with a constant
I = neAv d angular speed ω. Calculate the magnitude of
equivalent current formed due to this motion.
Current Density How would your answer change if the same
Current flowing normally per unit area of cross amount of total charge is distributed uniformly
section of a conductor is known as current on the surface of a rotating disc of same radius
density. It is a vector quantity with its direction with same speed about a normal axis.
𝜔𝑄
normally to the area of cross section through {Ans. I = }
2𝜋
which current is flowing and its S.I. unit is
A/m2. If current through an area of cross Ohm’s Law:
section A, is I, then current flowing normally
Statement : Physical
through unit area
condition of the wire like as
 length, temperature,
 I  
J =   = nevd mechanical strain etc.
 A Remaining same, the electric
  current flowing through the
I = J .A conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across
the two ends of the conductor.
Practice Questions:
[Link] many electrons pass through a wire in i.e. I V
two minutes, if the current passing through the
V  I or
𝑉
wire is 300 mA? or =R
𝐼

{Ans. 2.25 x 1020 electrons}

where the constant of proportionality R is called
2. In an atom, an electron revolves round the the resistance of the conductor.
nucleus in a circular orbit at the rate of 10 15
revolution per second. Calculate the equivalent Deduction of ohm’s Law:
current. Take e = 1.6 x 10-19C.
{Ans 0.16 mA} As we know I = neAvd
𝑒𝐸𝜏
3. The wire of a fuse is an electric circuit melts and vd =
𝑚
when the current density increases to 600 𝑒𝐸𝜏
A/cm2. What should be the diameter of the wire So I = neA
𝑚

2| Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
if applied electric field is due to a potential is the percentage change in resistance? What
difference V across a conductor of length l, will be it’s new resistivity?
{ Ans. 8 Ω, 75 % (decrease)}
𝑉
E=
𝑙
[Link] will be the resistance of given wire of
𝑛𝑒 2 𝐴𝜏 resistance 5 Ω if

𝑉 𝑚𝑙
I=( )V =( )
𝑚𝑙 𝐼 𝑛𝑒 2 𝐴𝜏
i. It stretches to double of its original length
𝑉
Hence =R
𝐼
ii. It is stretched by double of its original length
𝑚𝑙
where R = = A constant
𝑛𝑒 2 𝐴𝜏 iii. It is stretched by 10 % of its original length
{Ans. 20 Ω, 45 Ω, 6.05 Ω}
Electrical Resistance:
4.A nichrome wire of resistivity ρ is stretched to
The resistance of conductor is the opposition
make it 10 % longer. What is the percentage
offered by the conductor to the flow of electric
change in its resistance?
current through it.
{Ans. 21 %}
Factors affecting resistance
5.A copper wire is stretched to make it 0.1 %
(i) The resistance of a conductor is longer. What is the percentage change in
directly proportional to the resistance?
length of the conductor, provided {Ans. 0.2 %}
other factors remain unchanged.
Important points: ( Based on additional
(ii) Resistance of a conductor is
Information)
inversely proportional to the
cross-sectional area of the Effect on the resistance R of wire in the
conductor. following cases:

R l R 
1
and (a) Keeping mass constant, length
𝐴
increased n times
therefore R 
𝑙
(b) Keeping mass constant, radius
𝐴
increased n times
Hence R = ρ
𝑙 (c) Keeping mass constant, cross-
𝐴 sectional area increased n times
where ρ = specific resistance or electrical You may learn result directly
resistivity 𝑅 𝑅
(a) n2R (b) (c)
𝑛4 𝑛2
𝑚𝑙 𝑚 𝑙
As we know R = =( )
𝑛𝑒 2 𝐴𝜏 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 𝐴 Electrical Conductance:
On comparing Electrical resistivity; The reciprocal of resistance is called
𝑚
ρ= 2 conductance. It is denoted by G
𝑛𝑒 𝜏

S.I. unit of resistance is ohm or Ω, and unit of G=

1
=
𝐴
𝑅 𝜌𝑙
resistivity is ohm-m or Ω-m.
S.I. unit is mho or Ω-1 or siemen (S).
Practice Questions:
Electrical conductivity:
[Link] a discharge tube, the number of hydrogen
ion (i.e., protons) drifting across a cross- Electrical conductivity is defined as the
sectional per second is 1.0 x 10 18, while the reciprocal of resistivity. It is denoted by σ.
number of electrons drifting in the opposite
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
direction across another cross-section is 2.7 x σ=
1
or σ=
𝜌 𝑚
1018 per second. If the supply voltage is 230 V,
what is the effective resistance of the tube? The S.I. unit is ohm-1 meter-1 (Ω-1 m-1)
{Ans. 388.5 Ω}
Microscopic form of Ohm’s Law [ Relation
2. A wire of resistance 32 Ω is melted and between J, σ, E ]:
drawn into a wire of half of its original length.
Calculate the resistance of the new wire. What We know that, I = neAvd
3| Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
𝑒𝐸𝜏
But vd = Orange 3 103
𝑚
Yellow 4 104
Or I = neA [
𝑒𝐸𝜏
] Green 5 105
𝑚
Blue 6 106
𝑛𝑒 2 𝐴𝐸𝜏 Violet 7 107
Or I=
𝑚 Grey 8 108
𝐼 𝑛𝑒 2 𝐸𝜏 𝐼 𝐸
White 9 109
Or = ; = 𝑚 Gold ±5%
𝐴 𝑚 𝐴
𝑛𝑒2 𝜏
Silver ± 10 %
But
𝐼
=J and
𝑚
=ρ  No ± 20 %
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
𝐴
𝐸 Colour
J= 𝜌 Red ±2%
1
Brown ±1%
But = σ(conductivity)
𝜌

 J=σE The first two rings or strips from the end give
the first two significant figures of resistance in
Which is the Microscopic form of Ohm’s ohm.
Law.
The third ring indicates the decimal multiplier.
Mobility: The last ring indicates the tolerance in percent
about the indicated value.
Mobility of a charge carrier is defined as the
drift velocity of the charge carrier per unit Practice Questions:
electric field.
[Link] the colour sequence of a resistor is
It is generally denoted by μ. green, brown, yellow, and gold. Then, what is
𝑣
μ= 𝑑 the effective resistance of the resistor as per
𝐸
colour code?
The S.I. Unit of mobility is m2V-1s-1. {Ans. 51 X 104 Ω ± 5 %}
Practice questions: 2. What will be the colour codes of carbon
resistors for 52 X 103 Ω ± 10%.
1.A potential difference of 5 V is applied across { Ans. Green, Red,, Orange, Silver}
a conductor of length 0.1 m. If drift velocity of
electron is 2.5 X 10-4 ms-1, calculate the Combination of Resistors- Series and
electron mobility. Parallel
{ Ans. 5 X 10-6 m2V-1s-1}
1. Series Combination:
2. (a) Calculate the conductance and
conductivity of the material of a wire of
Two or more resistor are said to be connected
resistance 0.01 Ω, area of cross-section 10-4 m2
and length 0.1 m. (b) Calculate the resistivity of in series if they are connected one after the
the material of a wire 1.0 m long, 0.4 mm in other such that the same current flows through
diameter and having a resistance of 2.0 ohm.
{Ans. 100 S, 105 Sm-1, 2.52 X 10-7 Ωm }

Colour code of carbon Resistors

B. B. R O Y of Great Britain has Very Good

Wife wearing Gold, Silver Necklace.

Colour Number Multiplier Tolerance all the resistors when some potential difference
Limit is applied across the combination.
Black 0 100
Brown 1 101 Consider the three resistor of resistance R 1, R2
Red 2 102 and R3 respectively connected in series. Let I be

4| Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
the current flowing through each resistor and V If Rp is the equivalent resistance of the parallel
be the potential difference across the series combination, then
combination. If V1, V2, and V3 be the potential
𝑉
difference across the resistors R 1, R2 and R3 I=
𝑅𝑝
respectively, then

𝑉 1 1 1
=V( + + )
V = V1 + V2 + V 3 𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
1 1 1 1
=( + + )
𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
Here V1 = IR1, V2= IR2 and V3 = IR3

V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 Practice Questions:

V = I (R1 + R2 +R3)
1. A parallel combination of 3 resistances takes
If Rs be the equivalent resistance of the series a current of 7.5 A from a 30 V battery. If the
combination two resistances are 10 Ω and 12 Ω, find the
third resistance.
V = I R s = I ( R 1 + R2 + R 3 ) {Ans. 15 Ω}

Or R s = R1 + R 2 + R 3 [Link] coil have a combined resistance of 9 ohm

when connected in series and 2 ohm when
2. Parallel Combination:
connected in parallel. Find the resistance of
Two or more resistors are said to be connected each coil. {Ans. 6 Ω, 3 Ω}
in parallel if one end of a resistor is connected
3. n resistors each of resistance R are combined
to one end of the other resistor and the second
to get maximum and minimum effective
end of the first resistor is connected to second
resistance. What is the ratio of the maximum to
end of the other resistor such that the potential
minimum resistance?
difference across each resistor is equal to the
{Ans. n 2 : 1}
applied potential difference across the
combination. Practice Questions: (Series and Parallel
Combination)

[Link] th e equivalent resistance of the

network shown in figure.

Consider three resistors of resistance R 1, R2 and {Ans. 6.3 Ω}

R3 respectively connected in parallel.
[Link] is the ammeter
Let V be the potential difference across each A will read when (a)
resistor. the key K is off, (b) the
key K is on? The
Let current I1, I2 and I3 flow through the resistance of ammeter
is negligible
resistors R1, R2 and R3 respectively.
{Ans. 1.5 A, 1.29 A}
Then I = I1 + I2 + I3
[Link] the equivalent resistance of the network
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
Here I1 = , I2 = , I3 = shown in figure between the points a and b.
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 1 1 1
I= + + =V( + + )
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

5| Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity

2𝑟
{ Ans. }
3

[Link] the total resistance of an infinite network

shown in figure. Each resistor has resistance of
1 Ω.

5𝑟 4𝑟 𝑟
{Ans. (a) , (b) , (c) r, (d) (e) r}
8 3 4

4.A battery of emf 10 V is connected to {Ans. 2.732 Ω }

resistance as shown in figure. Determine the
[Link] the current shown by ammeter A in
potential difference between A and B.
the circuit diagram given in figure.
{Ans. 5.0 V}

[Link] the circuit {Ans. 5 A}

shown resistance
of galvanometer is [Link] concentric conducting spherical shell of
20  . Then radii R1 and R2 ( where R1 < R2) have a medium
𝑘
calculate the of resistivity ρ = filled in the space between
𝑟
current through the shells, where k is a constant and r is the
galvanometer distance from the common centre. If current
when switch S is at flows from inner to outer sphere, calculate the
position A, at effective resistance of the arrangement.
position B. 𝑘 1 1
{Ans. [ 2 − 2] }
{Ans. 0.05 A, 0.01875 A} 8𝜋 𝑅1 𝑅2

[Link] the total resistance of the network Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance
shown in the figure.
A cell is a device which provides the necessary
potential difference to an electric circuit to
maintain a continuous flow of current in it.

1. EMF (Electromotive force)

E.M.F. is not the force but it is work done

per unit charge.

{Ans. 9.6 Ω } E. M. F. ( or e.m.f.) of a cell may be defined

as the potential difference between its terminals
in an open circuit. i.e. no current is drawn from
the cell. Or the work done by a cell to bring a
[Link] is the equivalent resistance between unit positive charge from one terminal to the
points A and B in the given circuit? other terminal of the cell is called the
electromotive force or e.m.f.

6| Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
Unit of E.M.F. is volt (V). Or V = IR =
𝐸𝐼
𝑅+𝑟

(a) Terminal potential difference 𝐸

On solving, r = ( − 1)R
𝑉
Terminal potential difference or closed circuit
voltage of a cell is defined as the potential *Cells in series and parallel combination
difference between its terminals in a closed {Identical cells}
circuit.
Cells can be grouped in following ways:
Unit of terminal potential difference is volt (V).
(1) Series (2) Parallel (3) Mixed grouping
(b)Internal Resistance of a cell
1. Cells in Series
Internal resistance of a cell is defined as the
opposition offered by a cell to the flow of
current through it. It is denoted by r and mainly
depends on the nature of electrolyte and
electrodes of a cell.

S.I. unit of internal resistance is ohm.

Consider n identical cell each of E.M.F. ‘E’ and
Relation between E.M.F. and Terminal
internal resistance ‘ r’ connected in series to an
potential difference:
external resistance ‘R’.
When key (K) is closed, current is drawn
Effective E.M.F.
from the cell by the circuit, which is given by
𝐸 Eeff= E + E + E +.............up to n terms = nE
I=
𝑅+𝑟
(R and r are in series so (R+r) is Effective internal resistance

reff = r + r + r +.................up to n terms = nr

Now,

the effective internal resistance nr is in series

with the external resistance R, so the total or
equivalent resistance of the circuit = R + nr
equivalent resistance of the circuit) Current flowing in the circuit is given by
Or E = I(R + r) = IR + Ir 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸.𝑀.𝐹 𝑛𝐸
I= =
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅+𝑛𝑟
Since external resistor R is connected in parallel
to the electrode of the cell, so the terminal Special cases
potential difference of the cell is equal to the
1. If R >> nr; R + nr ≈ R
potential difference across the resistor R.
𝑛𝐸
i.e. V = IR Hence I=
𝑅

hence E = V + Ir 2. If R << nr; R + nr ≈ nr

V = E – Ir { cell is discharging}
𝑛𝐸 𝐸
I= =
𝑛𝑟 𝑟
if cell is charging then terminal potential
difference across the cell, V = E + Ir

[Link] in Parallel

Determination of internal resistance Consider m identical cells each of E.M.F ‘E’ and
internal resistance r connected in parallel to an
𝐸
We know that I= external resistance R.
𝑅+𝑟

7| Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
Effective E.M.F. Eeff= E Consider n identical cells each of emf E and
internal resistance r connected in series in each
row and such type of m rows are connected in
parallel and whole combination is connected
with an external resistance R.

Equivalent internal resistance of m cells

connected in parallel is given by
1 1 1 1 𝑚
= + + + ...............up to m =
𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
E.M.F of each Row = nE
𝑟
Therefore reff = Therefore E eff = nE (Because in parallel
𝑚

𝑟 combination emf is same for all rows)

Total resistance of the circuit = +R
𝑚
Internal resistance of each row = nr
The current flowing through the
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑀𝐹 𝐸 𝑚𝐸
I= = 𝑟 = Total internal resistance reff=
𝑛𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 +𝑅 𝑟+𝑚𝑅 𝑚
𝑚

𝑛𝑟
Special cases: ∴ total effective resistance = +R
𝑚
𝑟
(i) If R >> r, then +R≈R
𝑚 Current flowing in the circuit
𝑚𝐸 𝐸
I= = I=
𝑛𝐸
=
𝑚𝑛𝐸
𝑚𝑅 𝑅 𝑛𝑟
𝑟 𝑟 𝑅+ 𝑛𝑟+𝑚𝑅
(ii) If R << r, then +R≈ 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
𝐸 𝑚𝐸
I= 𝑟 = Current will be maximum if (nr + mR) is
𝑟
𝑚
minimum
Practice questions:
2 2
Or (√𝑛𝑟) + (√𝑚𝑅) is minimum
[Link] cells E1 and E2 in the given circuit
diagram have an emf of 5 V and 9 V and 2 2
internal resistance of 0.3 Ω and 1.2 Ω Or (√𝑛𝑟) + (√𝑚𝑅) - 2√𝑚𝑛𝑟𝑅 + 2√𝑚𝑛𝑟𝑅
respectively. is minimum
2
Or (√𝑛𝑟 − √𝑚𝑅) + 2√𝑚𝑛𝑟𝑅 is minimum

2
Or (√𝑛𝑟 − √𝑚𝑅) should be zero
Calculate
the value of current flowing through the Or (√𝑛𝑟 − √𝑚𝑅) = 0
2

resistance of 3 Ω.
{Ans. 0.33 A} Or √𝑛𝑟 − √𝑚𝑅 = 0;
2. Three identical √𝑚𝑅 = √𝑛𝑟
cells, each of emf
4 V and internal Or mR = nr
𝑛𝑟
resistance r, are R= Rext = Rint
𝑚
connected in
series to a 6 Ω In order to get the maximum current in the
resistor. If the current flowing in the circuit is circuit, the mixed grouping pf cell must be done
1.5 A, calculate (a) internal resistance of each in such a way that the external resistance is
cell and (b) the terminal voltage across each equal to the effective internal resistance of all
cell. {Ans. 0.67 Ω, 3 V} the cells.
3. Mixed grouping of cells: Practice Question:

8| Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
1. Ten cells, each of emf 2V and internal emfs and r1, r2 are their internal resistance
resistance 0.01 Ω are joined in series to respectively, then give expression for total
provide a supply to a resistance of 10 Ω. e.m.f. and total internal resistance.
{Ans. Eeq. = E1 – E2, Req = r1 + r2}
What are the current and the voltage
across the external resistance? [Link] combination ( Un-identical cells)
{ Ans. 1.98 A, 19.8 V}
Let two cells of E1 and E2 and internal
Combination of un-identical cells resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel
combination as shown in figure.
[Link] combination:(Un-identical Cells)

Consider two cells having emf E1, E2 and

internal resistances r1, r2 are connected in
series.

If I1 and I2 are the currents supplied by the

cells, then

I = I1 + I ............................(i)

Potential difference across E1; Terminal voltage of the cells is same. Let it be
V.
VXY = E1 – Ir1,
𝑬𝟏 − 𝑽
For first cell, V = E1 – I1r1 so I1 =
r𝟏
where I is the current flowing in the series
combination of the cell from Z to X. and for second cell,
Potential difference across E2 E𝟐 − 𝑽
V = E2 – I2r2 so I2 =
r𝟐
VYZ = E2 – Ir2
putting the value of I1 and I2 in (i)
VXZ = VXY + VYZ = (E1 – Ir1) + (E2 – Ir2)
𝑬𝟏 − 𝑽 E𝟐 − 𝑽 𝐸1 𝑉 𝐸2 𝑉
I= + = - + -
r𝟏 r𝟐 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟2
= ( E1 + E2) – I (r1 + r2) ...............(1)
𝐸1 𝐸2 1 1
Let effective EMF be Eeq. and effective internal = + -V( + )
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2
Resistance req.
𝐸1 𝑟2 + 𝐸2 𝑟1 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
I= ( ) –V( )
VXZ = Eeq - req ..................(2) 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2

𝐸1 𝑟2 + 𝐸2 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟2
Comparing equation (1) and (2) i.e. V = ( )-I( ) .......(ii)
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑟1 + 𝑟2

Eeq = E1 + E2 and req = r1 + r2 Let parallel grouping of cells be replaced with a

single cell of e.m.f. Eeq. and internal resistance
If n cells of emf E1, E2, E3........En and internal req. Then
resistances r1, r2 , r3.........rn respectively be
connected in series, then, Equivalent e.m f. V = Eeq – req ...............(iii)
Eeq = E1 + E2 + E3 +.............................+ En. Comparing eqn (ii) and (iii)
And internal resistance Eeq = (
𝐸1 𝑟2 + 𝐸2 𝑟1
) and
req = r1 + r2 + r3 +..........................+ 𝑟1 + 𝑟2

rn. 𝑟1 𝑟2
req = ( )
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
Practice Question:
Practice Questions:
[Link] two cells combine in series such that
negative terminal of a cell is connected to the 1.A battery of 4 cell, each of internal resistance
negative terminal of other cell. It E1 and E2 are 0.8 ohm and emf 1.4 V are connected (i) in
9| Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
series, (ii) in parallel. The terminals of the [Link]’s second law ( The loop law or
battery are joined to the lamp of resistance 10 Kirchhoff’s voltage law)
Ω. Find the current through and the cell in each
case. It states that the sum of potential difference
{Ans. 0.424 A, 0.0343 A} across all elements (including e.m.f.’s) around
any closed circuit loop must be zero.
[Link] exactly same cell of e.m.f 1.5 V each
joined in parallel are connected with two i.e. ∑ ∆𝑉= 0 (Valid for all closed loop)
resistors of 20 Ω each joined in parallel. A
voltmeter reads the terminal voltage of the cells Illustration of Kirchhoff’s law
to be 1.3 V. What is the internal resistance of
At point d,
each cell?
{Ans. 3.08 Ω} I1 + I2 –I3 = 0 i.e. I1
+ I2 = I3
[Link] cells of emf 2 V, 1.5 V and 1.4 V having
internal resistance as 0.05 Ω, 0.5 Ω and 1 Ω Apply Kirchhoff’s IInd
respectively are connected in series. The Law to loop 1,
battery is connected to a resistor of 5 Ω
through an ammeter. What is the circuit 2.I2 -3.I1 = -10 -4
current?
{Ans. 0.75 A} Apply Kirchhoff’s IInd
Law to loop 2,
[Link] the emf and the internal resistance of a
battery if the terminal potential difference is 3.I1 + 1.I3 = 4
28.5 V when giving a current of 1 A and 27 V
when giving a current of 2 A. Practice questions:
{Ans. 30 V, 1.5 Ω}
[Link] the current in branch PQ, QS, PS,
[Link] emf of a cell is 1.09 V and its internal QR and SR of the given circuit.
resistance is 2 Ω. If the terminals of the cell are
joined by a wire of resistance 18 Ω, find the
potential difference recorded by a high
resistance voltmeter connected to the terminal
of a cell. {Ans. 0.98 V}

KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS

[Link]’s first law

or Kirchhoff’ current
law or junction Rule
4
{Ans. current in PQ = A, current in QS = -
It states that the sum of 2 6
17
6
all the currents entering A, current in PS = A, current in QR = A,
17 17 17
any point (junction) must current in SR =
4
A}
17
be equal to the sum of all
currents leaving that [Link] the
point (junction) currents in the two
Or resistances shown in
the given figure.
The algebraic sum of all currents meeting at a
point (junction) in a closed electrical circuit is {Ans. i1 = i2 = 0.3 A }
zero. i.e. ∑ 𝐼= 0
3. Obtain the total
According to then first law resistance between
the terminal A and B
I1-I2 +I3-I4-I5 = 0
of the given network.
or ∑ 𝐼= 0

{Ans. 2.9 Ω}
10 | Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
[Link] wires, each of resistance r ohms are
connected in the form of a skeleton cube. Find
the equivalent resistance of the cube when the
current enters at one corner and leaves at the
diagonally opposite corner.
5
{Ans. R = r}
6

5. The network PQRS shown in the circuit

diagram has the batteries of 4 V and 5 V and {Ans. VBD = 0.15 V}
negligible internal resistance. A miliammeter of *Wheatstone Bridge
20 Ω resistances is connected between P and R.
Calculate the reading in the milliammeter. Wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of four
resistances in the form of a bridge. It is used
for measuring one unknown resistance in terms
of other three known resistances.

Principle: When
key K is closed,
galvanometer shows
the presence of
current Ig through
{Ans. 0.064 A} the galvanometer.
The value of a
[Link] Kirchhoff’s law, determine the value of resistance say R is
unknown resistance R in the circuit so that no adjusted is such a
current flows through 4Ω resistance. Also find way that the
the potential difference between A and D. galvanometer shows
no deflection. At this
stage, potential at points B and D is equal and
hence no current flows through the
galvanometer. The Wheatstone bridge at this
stage is said to be balanced and the ratio of P
and Q is equal to R and S.
𝑃 𝑅
=
𝑄 𝑆

Proof: Applying Kirchhoff’s law to loop ABDA

{Ans. R = 2 ohm, VAD = 3 V}
I2.P + Ig.G – I1.R = 0 ..............(i)

Applying Kirchhoff’s law to loop BCDA

[Link]
(I2 – Ig).Q – Ig.G – (I1 + Ig).S = 0 ........(ii)
the value of
the The value of resistance R is adjusted such as
resistance R Ig = 0 then
in the circuit
shown in the Equations becomes I2.P – I1.R = 0 ..(iii)
figure so
that the I2.Q – I1.S = 0 ....(iv)
current in the circuit is 0.2 A. What would be
the potential difference between the points B Now Dividing I2.P = I1.R
and E? {Ans. VBE = 1 Volt} and I2.Q = I1.S
𝑃 𝑅
[Link] the circuit shown here, calculate the = Proved.
𝑄 𝑆
potential difference between points B and D.

11 | Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
ACB, if a 10V d.c. source is connected between A
and B, and the value of R is assumed as 2  .
*Metre Bridge (Slide Wire Bridge):

It is the practical form of Wheatstone bridge. It {Ans. R, 2.5A}

works on the principle of Wheatstone bridge.
[Link] the current I in
the given Wheatstone
bridge of resistors. Ignore
the internal resistance of 2
V battery.

{Ans 0.6 A}

[Link] given Wheatstone bridge is showing no

𝑃 𝑅 𝑄 deflection in the
i.e. = or S= R galvanometer joined
𝑄 𝑆 𝑃
between the point B and D.
Let the resistance of the wire between A and J Calculate the value of R.
=P
{Ans. R = 25 Ω }
And the resistance of the wire between J and B
=Q [Link] a meter bridge, the null
point is found at a distance of l 1 cm from A. If
If r be the resistance per unit length of wire, now a resistance of
then, P = rl; Q = r(100-l) X is connected in
parallel with S, the
According to the principle of Wheatstone bridge
𝑃 𝑅 𝑄 null point occurs at l2
= ; or S= R cm. Obtained a
𝑄 𝑆 𝑃
formula for X in
𝑟(100−𝑙)
∴ S= XR terms of l1, l2 and S.
𝑟𝑙

100−𝑙
or S=( )R 𝑙1 (100− 𝑙2 )
𝑙
{ Ans. X = S}
100(𝑙2 − 𝑙1 )
Practice Questions:
6.[ NCERT ] In a meter bridge, the null point
[Link] resistors, is found at a distance of 33.7 cm from A. If now
a resistance of 12 Ω is connected in parallel
each of value 4 Ω,
with S, the null point occurs at 51.9 cm.
are joined together
in a circuit as
shown in figure.
Calculate
equivalent
resistance across the point A and B. If the cell
of emf 2 V is connected across AB, compute the
current through the circuit and the arm DF of
the circuit.
{Ans. 1 A, IDF = 0 }
Determine the value of R and S.
{ Ans. R = 6.86 Ω, S = 13.5 Ω }
2. (i) Calculate the
equivalent resistance of the *Potentiometer
given electrical network
between points A and B. A potentiometer is a device that can be used to
measure the e.m.f of a source (say a cell)
(ii) Also calculate the without drawing any current from the source.
current through CD and

12 | Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
*Principle: It works on the principle that of potential difference across the length of
potential difference across any part of a uniform wire AP.
wire is directly proportional to the length of that
portion, when a constant current flows through Current through potentiometer wire,
the wire. 𝐸
I= ;
𝑅+𝑟

Where R = Resistance of the auxiliary circuit,

r = Resistance of potentiometer wire

Potential difference across potentiometer wire =

𝐸
Ir = ( ) r
𝑅+𝑟

Potential Gradient of potentiometer wire,

𝐸 𝑟
Let V be the potential difference across the K= ,
𝑅+𝑟 𝐿
portion of wire of the length L, resistance R and
uniform area of cross-section A. If I be the Where L is the length of the potentiometer wire.
current flowing through the wire, then
𝐸 𝑟
according to Ohm’s law Potential difference across R1 = K l = l.
𝑅+𝑟 𝐿

V = IR *(2)Comparing of E.M.F. of two cell:

𝐿
But R=ρ
𝐴

Where ρ is the resistivity of the wire.

𝐿 𝐼𝜌
∴ V=Iρ =( )L
𝐴 𝐴

Iρ
But = A constant. Say K
A

∴ V=KL
The circuit diagram of the potentiometer used
or V  L. to compare the e.m.f.s of two cells is shown in
Provided A, ρ and I are constants. figure.

APPLICATION OF POTENTIOMETER: Step 1: Close the switch S1 and open switch S2

so that the cell having e.m.f E1 is brought in the
*(1) To measure potential difference circuit. By moving jockey we find E1 is balanced
across given Resistance at length l1.

VAJ ∝ l1 or VAJ = Kl1

i.e E1 = Kl1 .....................(i)

Step 2: Close the switch S2 and open switch S1

so that the cell E2 is brought in the circuit. By
moving jockey we find E2 is balanced at length
l2.

VAJ’ α l2 or VAJ’ = Kl2

i.e. E2 = Kl2 ...................(ii)

When key K is closed, current flows through
R1. This causes a potential difference across Dividing Eqn (i) and (ii), we get
R1. Now, we have to find a point P on the
potentiometer wire such that if the slider is 𝐸1
=
𝑙1
𝐸2 𝑙2
pressed against this point, the galvanometer
gives no deflection. This happens when the *(3)Determination of internal resistance of
potential difference across R 1 is equal to fall a cell using potentiometer:

13 | Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
The arrangement for measuring in internal [Link] is a uniform
resistance r of a cell using potentiometer is wire of 10 Ω
shown in figure. resistance. The
other data is as
shown in the
circuit diagram
given below.
Calculate

(a) Potential gradient along AB, if AB = 1m.

(b) Length AO of the wire, when the

galvanometer shows no deflection.
Step 1: Close key K1 but the key K2 is open.
Let the balancing length l1. At this stage, the { Ans. 0.008 V cm-1, 37.5 cm }
potential difference across A and J is equal to
the e.m.f. E of the cell. 3.A potentiometer
circuit is used for
E = VAJ α l1
the comparison of
or E = Kl1 -------------(i) two resistors. The
balancing point with
Step 2: Close key K1 and close key K2 also. Let a resistor S = 10 Ω
the balancing length L2. At this stage, the is found to be 60 cm, while that with the
potential difference across A and J’ is equal to
unknown resistor Z is 70 cm.
it’s terminal potential difference V of the cell.

V = VAJ’ α l2 What is the value of Z? What can be done if

balance point is not found with the given cell?
or V = Kl2 ...................(ii)
{Ans. 11.67 Ω, No balance point means that
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get potential drop across S or Z is greater than the
𝐸 𝑙1 potential drop across wire AB. A series resistor
= ...........(iii)
𝑉 𝑙2 can be put in the external circuit to reduce the
Now, we know that internal resistance r of a cell current and hence potential drop across S or
is given by, Z.}

𝐸 [Link] a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf

r = (𝑉 − 1) R
1.20 V gives a balance point at 30 cm length of
Using Eqn (iii), the wire. This cell is now replaced by another
cell of unknown emf. If the ratio of the emf of
𝑙1
we get r = (𝑙2 − 1) 𝑅 the two cells is 1.5, ca2-17lculate the differece
in the balancing length of the potentiometer
Knowing the value of l1, l2 and R, we can wire in the two cases. {Ans. 10 cm}
determine the internal resistance of the cell.
5. A 10 m long wire of uniform cross-section of
Practice Questions:
20 ohm resistance is fitted in a potentiometer.
[Link] a cell of e.m.f. 1.5 V, the balance point This wire is connected in series with a battery of
is obtained at a distance of 60 cm from one end 5 volt, along with an external resistance of 480
of a potentiometer wire. Calculate the potential ohm. If an unknown emf E is balanced at 6.0 m
difference between the two ends of the wire, if length of this wire, Calculate (i) the potential
total length is 100 cm. gradient of the potentiometer wire, (ii) the
{ Ans. 2.5 V } value of unknown emf.
{Ans. 0.02 V, 0.12 }

Thermal Effect of Current:

14 | Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
The heating of a conductor by the flow of an V = IR, H = (IR) I t = I2 R t
electric current through it is called joule
heating. I= ,
𝑉 𝑉 2
H=( ) Rt=
𝑉2
t
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
Joule stated that when a current I is made to
𝑽𝟐
flow through resistance R for time t, heat Q is Hence, H = V I t = I2 R t = t
𝑹
produced such that
Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy:
Q = I2 R t

This equation is called Joule’s law of heating. The commercial unit of electrical energy is
Kilowatt hour. It is defined as the amount of
Cause of heating effect of current: work done when a power of one kilowatt is
consumed for one hour.
Free electrons in a conductor get accelerated in
a direction opposite to the electric field. They 1 kWh = 1kW X 1 Hour
suffer frequent collision with the positive ions
and atoms of the conductor. The average = 1000 W x 60X 60 s
Kinetic energy of ions and atoms is increased.
This will raise the temperature of the conductor. = 3.6 X 106 J
Thus, the energy supplied by the source of emf
Electric Power: Electric Power is the rate at
gets converted into energy.
which is done by an electric current.
Examples: Electric Lamp, Electric Iron, Electric 𝑾 𝑽𝟐
Heater, Immersion Rod etc. P= = V I = I2 R = Watt
𝒕 𝑹

Deduction of Joules Law of Heating: Application of Heating Effect of Current

and Important Aspects:
Consider current I flows through the conductor
of resistance R for time t. Let v be the potential [Link] Fuse: Electric Fuse is a protective
difference across the conductor. device used in series with an electric circuit or
an electric appliance to save it from damage
Charge flowing in the conductor in time t due to overheating produced by strong current
in the circuit. Generally made (63% tin + 37 %
Q = It
lead).
Work done in carrying a charge Q through the
2. Electric Heating Appliances: Electric Iron
potential difference V volt,
(Also called electric press), electric toaster,
W = Charge X potential difference electric heater, heating rod.

= It X V = VIt 3. The Current-supply wires are not Heated

Up but the Filament of the lamp becomes
If the whole work done is converted in the form white Hot (Why?): Resistance of the wire is
of heat, then very small as compared to the resistance of the
filament. So, current supply wires are not
𝑉𝐼𝑡
H=VIt Joule = Cal. heated up but the filament of the lamp becomes
4.2
very hot.
Electrical Energy and Power:
4. Incandescent lamp: It is based on the fact
Electrical Energy: It is the total amount of that when a metal having high melting point is
work done by an electric current in a given heated to a high temperature, it cecomes white
time. It is equal to the total energy consumed hot i.e. incandescent.
in an electrical circuit in a given time.
Practice Questions:
As we know, H=VIt

15 | Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
[Link] resistance carrying a current as shown in
figure are immersed in a box containing ice at
00 C. How much ice must be put in the ice box
every 5 minutes to keep the average quantity
of ice in the box constant? Latent heat of ice =
80 cal g-1.

{Ans. 148.8 g}

[Link] 2.0 Ω resistor shown in figure is dipped

into a calorimeter containing water. The heat
capacity of calorimeter together with water is
2000 J/K. (a) If the circuit is active for 15
minutes, what would be rise in the temperature
of the water? (b) Suppose the 6.0 Ω resistor
gets burnt. What would be the rise in the
temperature of the water in the next 15
minutes?

{Ans. 2.9160C (or K), 3.60 C( or K)}

16 | Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
Formulae at a Glance: I=
𝑛𝐸
𝑛𝑟 =
𝑚𝑛𝐸
𝑅+ 𝑛𝑟+𝑚𝑅
𝑚

Rate of flow of charge is known as electric

For maximum current from Mixed grouping
Q (total charge)
current. I= = R= ;
𝑛𝑟
Rext = Rint
t (time taken) 𝑚

𝑑𝑞 16. Combination of un-identical cells

1. Instantaneous current, I=
𝑑𝑡 1. Series combination:(Un-identical
−𝑒𝐸⃗ 𝜏 𝑒𝐸𝜏
2. Drift Velocity ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑑 = or vd = Cells)
𝑚 𝑚
V eE et
3. Mobility(μ)  = d = t= Eeq = E1 + E2 + E3 +.......+ En.
E mE m
4. Relation between Current and Drift req = r1 + r2 + r3 +...........+ rn.
Velocity I = neAv d
 2. Parallel combination ( Un-identical
 I  
5. Current Density J =   = nevd cells)
 A Eeq = (
𝐸1 𝑟2 + 𝐸2 𝑟1
) and req = (
𝑟1 𝑟2
)
  𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
I = J .A 17. KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
𝑉
6. Ohm’s Law: =R 1. Kirchhoff’s first law or Kirchhoff’
𝐼
𝑙
7. Electrical resistance R = ρ ; current law or junction Rule
𝐴
𝑚𝑙 ∑ 𝐼= 0
R=
𝑛𝑒 2 𝐴𝜏
𝑚 2. Kirchhoff’s second law ( The loop law
8. Electrical resistivity ρ=
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 or Kirchhoff’s voltage law)
1 𝐴
9. Electrical Conductance G= = ∑ ∆𝑉= 0
𝑅 𝜌𝑙
𝑃 𝑅
10. Electrical conductivity: σ= ;
1 18. Wheatstone Bridge =
𝑄 𝑆
𝜌
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 19. Metre Bridge (Slide Wire Bridge)
σ= 100−𝑙
𝑚
S=( )R
11. Microscopic form of Ohm’s Law [ 𝑙

Relation between J, σ, E ]: 20. Potentiometer

V = Kl or V  l.
J=σE
Provided A, ρ and I are constants.
12. Combination of Resistors- Series and 𝑉
Parallel =K; K = Potential gradiant
𝑙
1. Series Combination: 21. APPLICATION OF POTENTIOMETER:
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + ............... 1. To measure potential difference
2. Parallel Combination: across given R Resistance
1
=(
1
+
1
+
1
………) Potential difference across
𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝐸 𝑟
R1 = K l = 𝑙
13. Relation between E.M.F. and Terminal 𝑅+𝑟 𝐿
2. Comparing of E.M.F. of two cell:
potential difference: 𝐸1 𝑙1
=
1. At the charging time : 𝐸2 𝑙2

V = E – Ir 3. Determination of internal resistance

2. At the discharging time: of a cell using potentiometer:
𝑙
V = E + Ir
1
r = (𝑙2 − 1) 𝑅
𝐸
14. Internal resistance: r = ( − 1)R 22. Heat produced: H or Q = I R t
2
𝑉
15. Cells in series and parallel combination { 23. Electrical Energy or Heat produced:
𝑽𝟐
Identical cells) H = V I t = I2 R t = t J
𝑹
1. Cells in Series 24. Electrical Power:
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸.𝑀.𝐹 𝑛𝐸
I= = 𝑾 𝑽𝟐
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅+𝑛𝑟 P= = V I = I2 R = Watt
𝒕 𝑹
2. Cells in Parallel
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑀𝐹 𝐸 𝑚𝐸
I= = 𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 +𝑅 𝑟+𝑚𝑅
𝑚
3. Mixed grouping of cells
17 | Phone: 8006367306
RANA ACADEMY Prepared By: Vinit Rana
Current and Electricity
Practice Questions:

1. Draw a graph to show the variation of

resistance of a metal wire as a function
of its diameter, keeping length and
temperature constant.
2. If potential difference V applied across a
conductor is increased to 2V, how will
the drift velocity of electrons change?
{Ans. Double}
3. Explain, with the help of graph, the
variation of conductivity with
temperature for a metallic conductor.
4. Draw the graph showing variation of
resistivity with temperature for silicon.
5. A potential difference V is applied across
a conductor of length L and diameter D.
How are the electric field E and the
resistance R of conductor affected, when
in turn (a) V is halved (b) L is halved
and (c) D is doubled.

{Ans. (a) halved, No effect (b) Doubled,

Halved (c) No Effect, one Fourth}

6. A wire of 15 Ω resistance is stretched to

double of its length. It is then cut into
two equal parts. These parts are then
connected in parallel across a 3 V
battery. Find Current drawn from the
battery.
{Ans. 0.2 A}
7. The resistance of two conductors in
parallel is 7.5 Ω and resistance becomes
40 Ω when connected in series.
Calculate the resistance of the individual
conductors.
{Ans. 30 Ω, 10 Ω}

Assignment:

1 Mark Questions:

18 | Phone: 8006367306