IPA16-63-SG

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Fortieth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2016

UNDERSTANDING THE PETROLEUM SYSTEM OF NORTH SERAYU BASIN: AN

INTEGRATED APPROACH FROM GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS, AND GEOCHEMISTRY

Dimas A. R. Prawiranegara*
Fauzan Eka Saputra**
Fisco Raseno*
Bayu Hary Utomo***
Alfin A. Sani*
Agung W. Wibowo**

ABSTRACT reservoirs, with the sand-shale ratio up to 100%

with visible fractures, dissolution, and intraparticle
The North Serayu Basin is one of two active porosity. The seal is from intraformational
petroleum systems in Central Java. Wells drilled in mudstone of Halang and Rambatan Formations;
this area failed to find economic reserves though with possible Quartenary volcanics are potential
there are numerous hydrocarbon seepages in the seals. Structural traps are postulated in the noted
area. One hydrocarbon seepage occurs in the anticlines or thrust faults. Generated hydrocarbons
Watukumpul Area, Central Java. This paper could enter the traps of the toe-thrust anticlines
integrates regional geology, detailed geologic data, formed in this area (Satyana and Armandita, 2004).
biostratigraphy, paleostress analysis, potential Petroleum evidence presented in this study will be
reservoir characteristics, organic geochemistry and useful for future exploration in North Serayu Basin.
gravity. This paper studies the Watukumpul Area as
a possible petroleum system model within the North Keywords: North Serayu, Geochemistry, Geology,
Serayu Basin. Geophysics

Geologically, the study area has three formations INTRODUCTION

which are the -- Rambatan Formation, Halang
Formation, and Basalt Intrusion. Paleostress The North Serayu Basin is one of two active
analyses were performed on 1606 shear fractures in petroleum systems in Central Java. Numerous
study area, resulting in three interpretations of Sh- hydrocarbon seeps and one oil field in North Serayu
max and the tectonic evolution. The tectonic Basin were reported by van Bemmelen (1970). The
evolution began with a Pliocene tectonic phase seepages occur in the areas of Karangkobar,
associated with the north-south compressional Java Bawang and Subah, Klantung and Sodjomerto,
Wrench System. Further tectonics were associated Kaliwaru, West and East of Mount Ungaran, and
with more localized compression from the Mount Watukumpul. Oil seeps in these areas have been
Slamet volcanism. geochemically analyzed and sourced by sediments
equivalent in age and facies with the Oligocene
Each element of a viable petroleum system is Talang Akar Formation in West Java Basin
present in this area. The source rock candidate is (Satyana, 2015). Comparison of regional
derived from shale of Middle Miocene Rambatan stratigraphy of West, Central, and East Java with
Formation. TOC and vitrinite analysis shows a the occurrence of hydrocarbons is presented on
mature to post-mature organic contentup to 0.99%. Figure 2. However, a source rock study by
Source rock could have attained maturity via the Iswahyudi and Widagdo (2009) in the Watukumpul
appropriate depth of burial and intrusion heat area interprets a potential source rock is derived
effects. HI analyses show kerogen dominantly type from the Middle Miocene Rambatan Formation.
III; meaning the source has terrestrial origins;
however, biostratigraphy and sedimentological The present study area is located in the
analyses indicate marine depositional environment. Watukumpul Area (Figure 1); within the locality is
Intraformational sandstones of Halang and a hydrocarbon seep. This is an area of complex
Rambatan Formations may serve as potential tectonics affected by the Java Wrenching System
* University of Jenderal Soedirman
** dr. Bumi Research Group (dBRG)
*** GDA Consulting
and gravity tectonics since Miocene to Pleistocene. (Blow, 1969; Bandy 1967) which is equivalent to
Gravity tectonics of North Serayu Basin have been Rambatan Formation (Djuri et al, 1996).
previously published by Prawiranegara and Saputra
(2015), Satyana (2014), and Satyana (2007).   One sandstone sample had been plotted to
Pettijohn's classification (1975) and classified as
METHODS feldsphatic wacke, while the claystone was
classified as mudrocks (Table 1). Lithic Wacke
This paper integrates information from regional consists of lithic (10%), feldspar in the form of
geology, detailed local geologic data, plagioclase (32%), quartz (23%), opaque mineral
biostratigraphy, paleostress analysis, potential (9%), and foraminifera (9%). The matrix (28%) is
reservoirs, organic geochemistry, and gravity. composed of clay mineral and lime mud. The
Synthesis of these data was used to identify a composition plotted in a Q-F-L diagram (Dickinson
possible petroleum system play in the study area. & Suzcek, 1979) shows that the Rambatan
Formation sample was derived from a magmatic arc
STRATIGRAPHY provenance. Sandstone from the magmatic arc
provenance has characteristics of a higher
Stratigraphy of the study area is presented on a percentage of feldspar mineral than lithic fragments
geological map by Saputra (2015) as seen in, and quartz minerals.
Figures 3 and 4 and on stratigraphic columns
(Satyana, 2007, Figure 2 and Figure 5). Three Halang Formation
formations are exposed in the study area -- in
sequence they are the Rambatan Formation, Halang
Halang Formation exposures covered approximately
Formation, and a Basalt Unit.
55 percent of the research area. This formation is
comprised of predominantly sandstones,
Rambatan Formation
interbedded with claystones. The Halang Formation
Rambatan Formation exposures cover was deposited conformably above the Rambatan
approximately 40 percent of the research area. This Formation. Two sandstones are found in this
formation is comprised of predominantly claystone formation are primary sandstone and fragmented
with interbedded sandstone (Figure 6). The sandstone. Fragmented sandstones are found at the
claystone is dark grey, brittle, strongly calcareous bottom of this Formation. Primary sandstones units
with interbed thicknesses ranging from 5 to 100 are characterized by grey color, slightly calcareous,
centimeters. Sandstones are brownish to light grey, fine to medium grain, well sorted, parallel
moderate hardness, fine to medium grain, well lamination, wavy lamination, convolute, graded
sorted, closed fabric, moderately to strongly bedding, slump, and consist of interbed thicknesses
calcareous, parallel lamination, cross lamination, ranging from 20 to 100 centimeters.
wavy lamination, hummocky cross stratification,
convolute, and consist of interbed thicknesses Fragmented sandstone are greenish grey, hard, sand
ranging from 5 to 15 centimeters. Based on Figure to gravel grain, poor sorting, slightly calcareous
4, D-D’ a geological section reconstruction the with interbed thicknesses up to 8 m. The
thickness of this unit can reach 314 meters. composition consists of hornblende, plagioclase,
quartz, andesite lithic, mudclast, and clay minerals.
Micropaleontology analyses were performed on Claystones are dark grey, hard, slightly calcareous
both benthonic and planktonic forams from this with the thickness ranging from 5 to 10 cm. Based
unit. Planktonic forams include Globorotalia on Figure 3, E-E’ a geological section
archeominardi, Orbulina universa, Globorotalia reconstruction the thickness of this unit can reach
lobata, Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehichens, 632 meters.
Globorotalia mayeri, and Globigerinoides trilobuss.
Benthonic forams include Robulus sp, Nonionella Micropaleontology analyses were performed on
atlantica Elphidium sp, Eggrella advena, both benthonic and planktonic forams from these
Amphistegina sp, Cibicides sp, Nodosaria units based on Blow (1969) and Bandy (1967)
Mexicana, and Pyrgo murhina. The presence of zonation for depositional age and environment.
these forams indicate this portion of the claystone Planktonic forams consist of Globorotalia minardii,
unit was deposited in middle neritic to outer neritic Globorotalia siakensis, Sphaeroidinellopsis
zones (30-150 meters) with an age no older than N9 subdehichens, Globoquadrina baroemoensis, and
and not younger than N13 or Middle Miocene Globorotalia miocenica. Benthonic forams consist

 
of Robulus sp, Amphistegina lessonii, Elphidium sp, In this paper, the authors used a simplified cross-
Quinquelaqulina sp, Planularia australis section method to reconstruct the position because
(Chapman), Pyrgo murhina, Uvigerina peregrine, the flank and plunge of the folds are likely to
and Pseudorotalia schroeteriana. The presence of change. It causes less accuracy recording the
these forams indicate Halang Formation was classification of folds.
deposited in middle neritic to outer neritic zone (30
-200 meters) with age no older than N13 and not Fault Analysis
younger than N20 age (Late Miocene to Early
Pliocene). Fault structure can also be interpreted through
chaotic and extreme dips and position of
According to the sandstone classification from stratigraphic layers. Ten faults were interpreted in
Pettijohn (1975), two samples have been classified Watukumpul area as seen in Figure 11.
as lithic wacke sandstone. One sample has been
classified as mudstone. Lithic wacke consists of 1. Medayu Fault
lithic (25%-39%), plagioclase (15%-18%), quartz
(3-10%), opaque mineral (3-8%), pyroxene (10%), Medayu Fault is located near Medayu Village.
hornblende (10-15%), lime mud (2-8%). The matrix This fault is classified as Right Slip Fault
(32–33%) is composed of silt and clay sized (Rickard, 1972) with NNE-SSW trend. This fault
material (Figures 8 and 9). The composition plotted cuts Rambatan and Halang Formations. This is a
in a Q-F-L diagram (Dickinson & Suzcek, 1979) second-order fault that formed during the second
shows that the Halang sample was derived from a phase of tectonic deformation of geological
magmatic arc provenance (Figure 10). structures in the study area. The fault is
illustrated in Figure 6c.
Basalt Unit
2. Bodas Fault
Basalt Unit covers approximately five percent of
research area. Basalt is characterized by black color, Bodas Fault is located along Bodas River and
hard, and afanitic. Based on E-E’ geological section Pagelaran Village. This fault classified as
the Basalt is a volcanic plug. Stratigraphic and Reverse Left Slip Fault (Rickard, 1972) with
geological structure analysis shows the age of NE-SW trend. This fault cuts Rambatan and
intrusion is Pleistocene (Djuri et al, 1996). This is Halang Formation. It formed during the first
equivalent to second phase of North Serayu phase of geological deformation in the study area
volcanism that caused the formation of Quarternary and is a first-order fault.
volcanoes.
3. Longkeyang Fault
STRUCTURE AND TECTONICS
Longkeyang Fault is located on the river of
Folds and faulted structures in the field are Longkeyang Village. This fault is classified
identified by map lineaments of morphological Right Slip Fault (Rickard, 1972) and is oriented
appearances, ridges, hills, and rivers. However, NE-SW. This fault cuts Rambatan and Halang
there is also evidence of fault movement by the Formations. This fault formed during the first
offset appearance of the lithology in the study area. phase of the process of formation of geological
Evidence in the field are expressed in the form of structures in the study area and is a second-order
brecciations, microfolds and shear fractures. fault.
Geological structures of Study Area are illustrated
in Saputra's (2015) structural map (Figure 11). 4. Gunungbatu Fault

Fold Analysis Gunungbatu Fault is located from Wanarata

Village to Gunungbatu Village. This fault is
In the study area there are folds of both anticlines classified as Right Slip Fault (Rickard, 1972)
and synclines with an axis direction dominantly with NE-SW orientation. This fault cuts
North-South and cut by faults. The folds were Rambatan and Halang Formations. It was formed
demarked such as Suru Syncline, Pedagung during the first phase of geological deformation
Anticline, Longkeyang Syncline, Medayu Anticline, in the study area and is a second-order fault. The
and Jatingarang Syncline (Figure 11). fault is illustrated in Figure 6d.

 
5. Pasir Fault sorted by paleostress parameters (Table 2). Three
stresses (3-Stress horizontal maximum with
Pasir Fault is located along Pasir Village to Suru different orientations) are plotted graphically with
Village. This fault is classified Right Slip Fault interpretative Sh-max trajectory map (Figure 12).
(Rickard, 1972) with NE-SW trend. This fault The three orientations of Stress Horizontal
cuts Rambatan and Halang Formations. It maximum (Sh-max) are:
formed during the first phase of the process of
formation of geological structures in the study 1. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Sh-max) NNE-
area and is a third-order fault. SSW

6. Gapura Fault Shear fractures data formed by stress with NNE-

SSW orientation found in the location of the
Gapura is located on the Gapura Village. This FTA. 2, 4, and 5, Medayu subset 1, FTA. 67 East
fault is classified as Right Slip Fault (Rickard, Kalijurang subset 2, FTA. 78 Belik subset 2, and
1972) with E-W orientation. This fault cuts FTA 101 Majakerta subset 4 is located in Halang
Halang Formation. It formed during the first Formation. Based on the analysis of all NNE-
phase of the process of formation of geological SSW stress data found the maximum stress
structures in the study area and is a first-order direction (σ1) average is 1º / N 13º E,
fault. intermediate stress (σ2) 23º / N 282º E, and
minimum stress (σ3) 67º / N 105º E. The ratio of
7. Majakerta Fault R stress is 0.77 and R’ stress regime is 2.77.
Therefore, the regime stress of NNE-SSW stress
Majakerta Fault is located in the Majakerta is pure compressional (R' 2.77).
Village. This fault is classified as Right Slip
Fault (Rickard, 1972) with NW-SE trend. This 2. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Sh-max) NE-
fault cuts Rambatan and Halang Formations. It SW
formed during the first phase of the process of
formation of geological structures in the study Shear fractures data formed by stress with NE-
area and is a first-order fault. SW orientation spread across 13 locations. Based
on the analysis of all the data stresses NE-SW
8. Gunungbatu Thrust Fault found maximum stress direction (σ1) average is
01º/ N 051º E, stress intermediate (σ2) 82º/ N
Gunungbatu Thrust Fault is interpreted as back- 313º E, and minimum stress (σ3) 8º/ N 141º E.
thrust fault located along Pasir Village to The ratio of R stress is 0.64 and R’ stress regime
Pagelaran Village. This fault is classified to is 1.36. Therefore, stress regime of NE-SW
Right Thrust Slip Fault (Rickard, 1972) with N-S stress is pure strike-slip (R' 1.36).
orientation. This fault cuts Rambatan Formation.
It formed during the first phase of the process of 3. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Sh-max) West-
formation of geological structures in the study East
area and is a third-order fault.
Shear fractures data formed by stress with W-E
9. Igir Bodas Fault and Candi Fault orientation and spread across 12 locations is the
last stress. Based on the analysis of all W-E
Igir Bodas Fault and Candi Fault are implied stress data, we found maximum stress direction
thrust faults because the support is inferred from (σ1) averages is 02º/ N 091º E, intermediate
chaotic and extreme of dip and position of stress (σ2) 88º / N 255º E, and minimum stress
stratigraphic layers (geological section of F-F' (σ3) 01º / N 000º E. The ratio of R stress is 0.64
and G-G' Figure 4). These faults have a trend of and R’ stress regime is 0.4, the stress regime of
a Northwest-Southeast orientation that cross the W-E stress is pure strike-slip (R' 1.36).
Rambatan Formation.
Gravity Analysis
Paleostress Analyses
Based on residual gravity map (Figure 13) and 3D
Paleostress analyses data processing of shear Inversion (Figure 14), the Study Areas are classified
fractures using Optimization Rotation Methods to low density (negative anomaly) and high density
(ORM) were performed on 1606 shear fractures and (positive anomaly) areas. Low density areas are

 
characterized by blue to green colours. While high gravity effects, and the vertical force of magma
density areas are characterized by green to red rising to the surface occurred repeatedly causing
colours. The density of high density area ranging imbalances of rock load resulting in faults and folds
from 0 mGal to +11 mGal, while low density are from the crater to the outer areas of the volcano or
ranging from 0 mGal to -14 mGal. The negative foot of volcano. This tectonic event is called gravity
anomaly may associated with low density rocks and tectonics caused by volcanism. Conceptual model
geological structures or fluids composition (Telford of volcanic gravity tectonics was published by
et al, 1990). The high anomaly may derived from Bronto (2013) in Figure 16. Folds, tear faults, and
high density rocks such as a Basalt plug in the study fault reactivation were identified in the
area. Watukumpul Area as resulting from this tectonic
event (Figure 17 and Figure 18).
The residual gravity map and the modeling shows
abrupt density gradations which indicate two Phase III Tectonics (W-E)
dominant trends of gravity which are NW-SE and
NE-SW. These trends are appropriate with the main Phase III Tectonics developed in the Pleistocene,
geological structure which illustrated in geological influenced by the total stress effect of gravity
map such as NW-SE anticline and NE-SW fault. tectonics caused by the volcanism of Mount Slamet
However, north-south section of gravity map show in the form of inflation and subsequent deflation. In
low density area distribution from SW to center of this phase the back thrust faults and the formation
study area which associated with low density rocks of new tear faults were generated (Figure 19).
or fluids. Correlation between gravity and Generally, gravity tectonics are associated with
geological map shows the seepage occurs at thrust faulting (Fossen, 2010). However, in some
anticlinal structure with positive anomaly (red cases, particularly in the study area, gravity
colour) in the center of study area. tectonics formed a back thrust fault, due to stress
compression on rocks that lead to changes in a
Tectonic Evolution reversal of the stress. The gravity tectonics affect
extended to -3721 meters below sea level shown by
Tectonic framework of Study Area was controlled the presence of high and low areas on gravity
by Java Wrenching System during the Pliocene and analyses such as syncline, anticline, and back-thrust
volcanic gravity tectonics (Saputra, 2015). The fault at this depth.
interpretations were based on the paleostress
analyses. PETROLEUM SYSTEM

Phase I (NNE-SSW) Source Rock

Phase I developed in Pliocene influenced by Plio- Source rock evaluations were performed by
Pleistocene tectonics associated with change of Iswahyudi and Widagdo (2009) on one mudstone
subduction order due to Sundaland rotation and sample and seven shale samples from the Rambatan
accompanied by shortening or compression. In this and Halang Formations in the Watukumpul area.
period, magmatism and volcanic activity in Central The highest value of Hydrogen Index (HI) analysis
Java ceased (Hussein et al., 2013). Faults that is 237 indicating a kerogen type III; meaning the
developed in Phase I are the strike-slip faults of the source is derived from a terrestrial environment
wrenching system on Java based on the Pure Shear (Figure 20). TOC analysis found 0.99% - 0.18%
concept by Moody and Hill (1956). This phase showing that the organic content of the sample is
formed Majakerta Fault, Gapura Fault, and Bodas poor to fair (Table 3). Tmax analysis 449 - 455º C
Fault illustrated in Figure 15. and Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro) are 0.55 – 0.68
indicating the source rock is mature. However,
Phase II (NE-SW) several samples showed %Ro is 2.37 (Table 4)
indicating the source rock is post-mature. Such
Phase II was influenced by Slamet volcanism source rock maturity could be attained via depth of
during the Pleistocene. The generation of this burial (Satyana and Armandita, 2004) and intrusion
volcano was associated with reactivation of North effects.
Serayu volcanism (Prawiranegara and Saputra,
2015). During inflation, the volcanic crater diameter Reservoir
has forced extension that causes crater side collapse,
forming radiating fractures from the eruption center. Intraformational sandstones from both the Halang
Layering by different density rocks, positional and Rambatan Formations in this area, are proposed

 
as reservoir quality rocks. Outcrop and petrographic derived from older than Miocene or in Paleogene
analyses were used to determine reservoir quality (Satyana, 2015). The petroleum play of study area
based on sand-shale ratios, thicknesses, mineralogy, illustrated in Figure 22, the model based on
texture, structure, and porosity type. Halang geological section, gravity analysis, geochemical
Formation has sandstone and fragmented sandstone analysis, and published work in North Serayu
with sand shale ratio ranging from 32% to 100% Basin.
while Rambatan Formation shows lower sand shale
ratioes than Halang Formation with sand shale ratio Rambatan Formation has been regarded as main
ranging from 12% to 57.14% (Figure 21). Neogene play because of oil seepages occurring in
this formation. This formation comprises source
The difference of Halang and Rambatan sand-shale rocks, reservoir, and seal potential. The generation
ratio value may caused by different depositional of hydrocarbons occur in Rambatan shale and
processes as characterized by texture and migrated to intraformational sandstone reservoirs
sedimentation. Halang Formation is characterized with Rambatan shale or mudstone seals.
by graded bedding, mud clast, slump, and
convolution associated with crevasse splay facies Differences in interpretation of depositional
(Posamantier and Walker, 2006). Meanwhile, environment on micropaleontology and
hummocky cross stratification on Rambatan geochemical analyses may be caused by the
Formation indicates depositional environment on suppression of the source rock. It is a condition
lower shoreface to inner shelf facies (Clifton, 2006 when mostly hydrogen separates into hydrocarbons
and Walker and Plint, 1992). Both formations show as a result of maturation which modifies the value
similar visible porosity are fractured, dissolution, of the original HI (Jarvie et al, 2007). However,
and intraparticle. This condition causes needed further study and more adequate data to
differentiation of reservoir characteristics, crevasse prove strenghted this interpretation due to lack of
splay facies will resulting higher sandstone geochemical data.
thickness and sand:shale ratio than lower shoreface
facies. Therefore, both parameters have Hydrocarbon maturity was governed by heat flow
implications to reservoir quality. increases associated with sudden subsidence of
North Serayu during Pleistocene as response of
Seal southern Java uplift (Satyana, 2007). Maturity may
have been influenced by the occurrence of intrusion
Seals tend to be fine-grained or crystalline, low- in this area at Pleistocene shown by post-mature
permeability rocks such as mudstone or shale, source rock in the study area.
cemented limestone, chert, and anhydrite (Gluyas
and Swarbrick, 2004). Intraformational mudstones The other prime reservoir candidate is Halang
of Halang and Rambatan Formations are identified sandstone. The sandstone sand-shale ratio is higher
as potential seals of this area. Both units show very than Rambatan sandstone indicating this unit has
tight, pore filling, and low permeability on better reservoir quality. Halang shale or mudstone
petrographic analyses. Moreover volcanic also proposed as effective seal. Volcanic gravity
Quartenary deposits like terrace deposits (Djuri et tectonics during the Pleistocene had considerable
al, 1996) may offer possible seals. influence on the petroleum play in this area,
particularly on the formation of traps and migration.
Trap Hydrocarbons would fill faulted anticline traps.

Regionally, hydrocarbons in North Serayu could Low density anomaly were distributed following the
enter the traps of the toe-thrust anticlines in this dip of rock to the surface of which is oil seep
area (Satyana and Armandita, 2004). Locally, in the characterize the distribution of low density rocks or
study area faulted anticlines and thrust faults offer fluids. In this case, the fluids probably is an oil
best closures for hydrocarbon accumulations. migration to the surface. Primary migration of
hydrocarbons from Middle Miocene source rock
PETROLEUM PLAY occurs vertically and laterally. The vertical
migration made possible from intraformational
Each element of the petroleum system of North shale to intraformational sandstone, while lateral
Serayu Basin in this study were formed from migration from the mature kitchen area could
Miocene to Pleistocene age or in Neogene. progress through eastward dipping east-west to
However, it is possible for a petroleum play to be structural traps (anticline) present in this area.

 
At the time of the uplift process and high erosion Clifton, H. E., 2006. A Reexamination of Facies
intensity, structures developed and fractures formed Models for Clastic Shorelines. In. Posamantier, H.
at the top of the anticline causing hydrocarbons to W., and Walker, R. G. (eds) Facies Models
dissipate to the surface as oil seepages due to seal Revisited. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary
failure through anticline fractures. Geology). Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A. 
 
CONCLUSIONS Dickinson, W. R. and Suzeck, C. A., 1979. Plate
Tectonics and Sandstone Compositions. AAPG
1. Tectonic evolution is divided into three phases Bulletin V. 63 No. 12, p.2164 – 2182
based on orientation of structure; first Phase is
NNE-SSE in Pliocene, second phase is NE-SW Djuri, M., Samodra, H., Amin, T. C., and Gafoer,
in Pleistocene, and third phase is W-E in S., 1996. Peta Geologi Lembar Purwokerto dan
Pleistocene till recent. Tegal, Jawa Skala 1 : 100.000. Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Geologi: Bandung.
2. Volcanic gravity tectonics during the
Pleistocene had considerable influence on the Fossen, H., 2010, Structural Geology, Cambridge
petroleum play in this area, particularly on the University Press. New York
formation of traps and migration.
Gluyas, J. and Swarbrick, R., 2004. Petroleum
3. Rambatan Formation was regarded as main Geoscience. Blackwell Science Ltd
Neogene play. However, petroleum play could
be derived from older than Miocene or in Husein S., Jyalita J., Azis M., 2013. Kendali
Paleogene. Stratigrafi dan Struktur Gravitasi pada Rembesan
Hidrokarbon Sijenggung, Cekungan Serayu Utara.
4. Hydrocarbon source in low density area laterally Prosiding Seminar Nasional 6th Jurusan Teknik
migrated to high density area through eastward Geologi Fakultas Teknik UGM. Yogyakarta
dipping east-west to structural traps (anticline)
that exist in this area and dissipate to surface as Iswahyudi, S. and Widagdo, A., 2009. Potensi
seepages. Batuan Induk Batuserpih dan Batulempung Daerah
Watukumpul untuk menghasilkan Hidrokarbon.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Laporan Penelitian Dosen. Universitas Jenderal
Soedirman. Not Published
The authors wish to thank TPC of IPA for allowing
to publish this paper at the 40th IPA Convention. Jarvie, D. M., Hill, R. J., Ruble, T. E., and Pollastro
Also to Mr. David Smith (geophysicist consultant) R. M., 2007. Unconventional Shale Gas Systems:
as a mentor of this paper and Mr. Sachrul Iswahyudi The Missisipian Barnett Shale of North-Central
(Unsoed) for sharing his geochemical research on Texas as One Model for Thermogenic Shale-Gas
Watukumpul. Geological Engineering Department Assesment. AAPG Bulletin Vol . 91 No. 4, PP 475-
Jenderal Soedirman University, GDA Consulting, 499
and dr. Bumi Research Group (dBRG) are thanked
for supporting this work. PT. Phoenix Geosystem Moody, J. D. and Hill, M. J., 1956, Wrench Fault
Indonesia thanked for providing Oasis Montaj Tectonics, Geological Society of America (GSA)
software license for processing gravity data. Mr. Bulletin, vol. 67, p. 1207 – 1246.
Wynn Gajkowksi also thanked for editing this
Pettijohn, F.J., 1975. Sedimentary Rock, 3rd Edition.
paper.
Harper & Row Publishers, New York-Evanston-San
Fransisco-London
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Tipe Tensor Karakteristik Pola Tegasan Utama Annual Convention, Jakarta
Pada Daerah Gapura dan Sekitarnya Kecamatan
Watukumpul, Kabupaten Pemalang, Jawa Tengah. Telford, W. M., Geldart L. P., Sherrif R. E., 1990.
S1 Thesis, University of Jenderal Soedirman. Not Applied Geophysics 2nd Edition Cambridge
Published University Press

Satyana, A.H. and Armandita, C., 2004, Deep- Van Bemmelen, R.W., 1970, The Geology of
Water Play of Java, Indonesia: Regional Evaluation Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagoes, Govt.
on Opportunities and Risks, Proceedings Printing Office, The Hague, v. 1A, 732 ps.
International Geoscience Conference of Deepwater
and Frontier Exploration in Asia and Australasia, Walker, R. [Link] Plint, A. G., 1992. Wave- and
Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA) and Storm-Dominated Shallow Marine Systems. In.
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Walker, R. G. and James, N. P. (eds) Facies
(AAPG), Jakarta, 293-320. Models. Geological Association of Canada

 
 TABLE 1

PETROGRAPHIC Q-F-L AND PETTIJOHN CLASSIFICATION (1975)

TABLE 2

PALEOSTRESS ANALYSIS ORIENTATIONS

 
 TABLE 3

ROCK-EVAL PYROLISIS AND TOC CONTENT (ISWAHYUDI AND WIDAGDO, 2009)

TABLE 4

VITRINITE REFLECTANCE RESULT, INDICATE SOURCE ROCK HAS MATURE TO POST-

MATURE (ISWAHYUDI AND WIDAGDO, 2009)

 
 Figure 1 - Index map of study area (Saputra, 2015)

Figure 2 - Regional stratigraphy of West, Central, and East Java (Satyana, 2007)

 
 Figure 3 - Geological map of study area (Saputra, 2015)

 
 Figure 4 - Geological section of Watukumpul Area (Saputra, 2015)

 
 Figure 5 - Stratigraphic column of Watukumpul Area (Saputra, 2015)

 
Figure 6 - a) Oil seepage on Watukumpul, Pemalang, Central Java. b) Contact of Halang Formation and
Rambatan Formation. c) Slickenside at Medayu Fault. d) Gunungbatu Thrust Fault with drag
fold.

Figure 7 - Petrographic samples of sandstone of Rambatan Formation, left (A) is sandstone with
description: 1) lithic fragment, 2) plagioclase, 3) fossil, 4) quartz, 5) opaque. Right (B) is basalt
with description: 1) pyroxene, 2) hornblende, 3) plagioclase, 4) quartz

 
Figure 8 - Petrographic samples of mudstone from Halang (A) and Rambatan (B) Formation. Both samples
show very fine grain and tight permeability

Figure 9 - Petrographic samples of sandstone of Halang Formation, left (A) is fragmented sandstone while
right (B) is sandstone with description: 1) lithic fragment, 2) hornblende, 3) plagioclase

 
 Figure 10 - Q-F-L diagram for provenance (after Dickinson and Suzcek, 1979)

 
 Figure 11 - Structural map of Watukumpul Area (Saputra, 2015)

 
 Figure 12 - Stress tensor type sequence of each Shmax on Watukumpul Area

 
 Figure 13 - Residual gravity map of Watukumpul Area

 
Figure 14 - Gravity modeling at -3721 meters below sea level shows Pleistocene gravity tectonic evidences
such as folds and faults trend developed to 3000s mbsl

 
Figure 15 - a.) Wrenching system on the Java island; the direction of the main compression is N 14º E
(Satyana, 2007), b.) Shmax with a NNE-SSW direction of N 13º E, the direction of which is
almost the same as the wrenching system modeling on Java, c.) Fault formed with Shmax NNE-
SSW direction (N 13º E) (Prawiranegara and Saputra, 2015)

 
Figure 16 - a. The mechanism of formation of faults and folds caused volcanism. Magma movement to the
surface as vertical force causes inflation and deflation.
b. During inflation volcanic crater diameter forced extension causing crater side collapse and
formation of radiating fractures to eruption center. Differences in density of rocks, composition,
gravity effect, and vertical force of magma rising to the surface which occurs repeatedly causing
imbalances of load. This condition causes development of normal fault.
c. Normal fault on volcano crater could change to oblique fault or strike-slip fault on the slope
and thrust fault on the foot of volcano caused by volcano morphology and force resultant
(Bronto, 2013)
d. Correlation between the center of volcano eruption and geological structures that caused by
volcanism

 
Figure 17 - a.) Inflation and deflation of Mount Slamet causing rocks around Mount Slamet has gliding
tectonics supported by slope of conical shape of Mount Slamet. Gliding tectonics developed to
foot of the mountain, then formed as folds due to stress accommodations of gliding tectonics.
Difference accommodations in the folds formed tear fault that cuts the folds, b.) Shmax with
NE-SW direction (N 50º E), this direction has same direction from the central crater of Mount
Slamet to Study Area, c.) Fault that formed by Shmax with NE-SW direction (N 50º E)

 
Figure 18 - a.) Back thrust fault model (Fossen, 2010), b.) Total stress due to gliding tectonics on the foot of
Mount Slamet (Study Area) caused the formation of new tear faulting and back thrust faulting at
the foot of Mount Slamet (Prawiranegara and Saputra, 2015)

Figure 19 - a.) Shmax with W-E direction (N 90º E), b.) Fault that formed by Shmax with W-E direction (N
90º E)

 
Figure 20 - Pyrolisis data plotting on lithology samples in Watukumpul area (Iswahyudi and Widagdo,
2009)

Figure 21 - Sand shale ratio of Rambatan and Halang Formations. The diagram shows sand ratio of Halang
Formation is higher than Rambatan Formation

 
 Figure 22 - Petroleum play of Watukumpul Area, North Serayu Basin