An IoT surroundings contains various sensors, communique media, and devices that have interaction
and exchange records with every different. those devices utilize the cloud to change sensor information
and technique it for choice-making [1]. The devices perform autonomously, as depicted in discern 1 [2],
and customers can have interaction with them.
To illustrate an IoT environment, diverse IoT-based technologies transmit data to a central hub for data
collection. This data can be processed for analysis or sent to different interfaces, such as smartphones or
man-machine systems, to perform desired actions. This represents a significant technological
advancement that enables more accurate and efficient interactions between humans and machines.
Research indicates that by 2025, there will be a billion interconnected devices on the internet. The
connectivity of devices creates intelligent networks, and smart devices are being developed. Once
connected, data can be analyzed in various ways.
By combining IoT and automation, better and faster products can be created at lower costs. Through
automation, operations can be performed automatically and with greater precision. IoT provides
opportunities to optimize resource consumption while saving time and money.
1.1.1 Benefits of IoT
The emergence of IoT and automation has accelerated the monitoring of comprehensive systems and
processes. Moreover, by adding value and reliability, the Internet of Things enhances the consumer
experience when using products and services. IoT also enables businesses to save time and money by
implementing surveillance systems. These monitoring systems can be employed in distribution networks
to reduce downtime after a failure. Deploying IoT-based devices in offices and homes will expedite
various aspects of daily life, as self-sufficient systems like thermostats, air conditioners, and lighting
allow people to allocate more time to other responsibilities.
IoT-based systems can be remotely controlled and easily monitored, even in adverse weather conditions
and challenging work environments. Consequently, IoT-based technologies offer enhanced reliability,
speed, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and security in their operations.
Within the context of the Australian strength market regulated via AEMO (Australian electricity
marketplace Operator), the implementation of IoT has been successful. The net of things provides
actual-time statistics and permits market members to display diverse facts points.
The IoT system enables different distribution companies to synchronize and operate under a single
management entity. By deploying sensors throughout the distribution network, troubleshooting can be
minimized or even prevented. Additionally, smart energy meters facilitate faster billing processes. These
sensors can also communicate with each other to regulate the flow of electricity based on the maximum
load permitted for a particular user. In contrast, IoT sensors can adjust gas pressure in accordance with
regulations. Since both the gas and electricity distribution systems are centrally controlled,
communication methods can be standardized for improved efficiency and coordination.
Electricity lines play a crucial role in IoT-based surveillance systems. However, they are susceptible to
various natural hazards that can impact the stability and reliability of the system [3]. While there are
currently several wireless network systems in practical use, they often face challenges associated with
high operational and maintenance expenses.
1.3 Transformer Protection System
This project focuses on the continuous monitoring of oil temperature in a transformer to prevent
overheating and potential faults. Transformers are crucial components of the power transmission and
distribution infrastructure, and monitoring them is essential to avoid costly repairs or replacements, as
well as service disruptions and revenue loss.
To monitor the oil temperature, a system has been developed that senses the temperature and
automatically activates the circuit breaker if the temperature exceeds the specified limit. It also alerts
the electricity department through a buzzer alarm system and displays the temperature on an LCD
display.
The temperature is sensed using an inexpensive method where the Arduino UNO reads the analog data
from an ADC module and converts it into the actual temperature reading. The Arduino UNO is
programmed to determine the appropriate action based on the temperature input and displays the oil
temperature on the LCD display.
The objectives of this project include continuous oil temperature reading, alerts through a buzzer, visual
alerts and continuous monitoring on the LCD display, and reliability for industrial needs.
The project provides exposure to various aspects such as initializing the ADC module of Arduino UNO,
understanding temperature sensor characteristics, embedded C programming, PCB designing, and LCD
interfacing with Arduino UNO.
The major building blocks of the project include a regulated power supply, Arduino UNO, temperature
sensor, relay with driver, buzzer, LCD display with driver, and LED indicators.
The software used for hardware simulation is Proteus, while the Arduino IDE software is used for
programming the Arduino UNO.
Arduino:
Arduino is a microcontroller board designed to facilitate the development of interactive objects and
environments. It features open-source hardware and is built around either an 8-bit Atmel AVR
microcontroller or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. The board includes various hardware components such as a USB
interface, 6 analog input pins, and 14 digital I/O pins, allowing users to connect different extension
boards.
The Arduino Uno board, specifically, is based on the ATmega328 microcontroller. It offers 14 digital I/O
pins, with 6 of them capable of functioning as PWM outputs. The board also includes a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator, an ICSP header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power jack, and a reset button. These
features provide all the necessary support for the microcontroller. To begin using the Arduino Uno, it
can be connected to a computer via a USB cable or powered using an AC-to-DC adapter or battery.
Unlike other boards, the Arduino Uno does not utilize the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega16U2 (or Atmega8U2 in older versions) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
There are various types of Arduino boards available, including third-party compatible versions. The
official versions are the Arduino Uno R3 and the Arduino Nano V3. Both of these boards are equipped
with a 16 MHz Atmel ATmega328P 8-bit microcontroller, 32KB of flash RAM, 14 digital I/O pins, and six
analog I/O pins. It's important to note that the 32KB of flash RAM is not intended for running operating
systems like Windows. Arduino projects can be standalone or can communicate with software running
on a computer, such as Flash, Processing, or Max/MSP. The board is powered by a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator and includes a USB connection for power and communication. Additionally, it is possible to
expand the storage capacity by adding a micro SD/SD card.
Features of the Arduino Uno Board:
1. It offers an easy-to-use USB interface, allowing for seamless connection to a computer as a
virtual serial port. This enables simple and reliable serial communication between the board and
the computer.
2. The board utilizes the ATmega328 chip as its microcontroller brain, which provides a wide range
of hardware features including timers, external and internal interrupts, PWM pins, and multiple
sleep modes. These features enhance the capabilities of the board for various applications.
3. Being an open-source design, Arduino benefits from a large community of users who contribute
to its development and troubleshooting. This active community support makes it easier to find
assistance and resolve issues when working on projects.
4. The board operates at a clock speed of 16 MHz, which is sufficient for most applications without
unnecessarily speeding up the microcontroller.
5. Arduino boards come with built-in voltage regulation, making power management convenient.
They can be powered directly from a USB port without the need for an external power source.
Additionally, an external power supply of up to 12V can be connected, and the board regulates
it to provide both 5V and 3.3V power.
6. The board features an In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) connector, which allows for direct
interfacing with the Arduino as a serial device, bypassing the USB port. This connector is useful
for re-bootloading the chip in case of corruption or when the USB port is not accessible.
7. Arduino boards have 32 KB of flash memory available for storing code, providing ample space
for programming and storing instructions.
8. An on-board LED is connected to digital pin 13, which serves as a convenient debugging tool,
allowing for quick visual feedback during code development. Additionally, a reset button is
provided to easily restart the program on the chip.
9. Arduino was created in 2005 by two Italian engineers, David Cuartillas and Massimo Banzi, with
the goal of teaching students how to program microcontrollers and enhance their electronics
skills for real-world applications.
10. Arduino Uno, like other Arduino boards, can sense its environment through various sensors and
control external devices such as lights and motors. The programming language used for Arduino
is based on Wiring, and the development environment is based on Processing, making it
accessible and user-friendly for beginners.
11. LM35 Temperature sensor
Temperature is a commonly measured environmental parameter due to its
effect on various systems along with physical, chemical, electronic, mechanical,
and biological systems. distinctive structures and procedures have top-quality
temperature ranges for their efficient operation. Temperature sensing may be
finished via direct contact with the heat supply or remotely using non-touch
methods that depend upon measuring radiated energy.
In the market, there is a wide range of temperature sensors available to suit
different applications. Some commonly used types of temperature sensors
include:
Thermocouples: These sensors utilize the principle of thermoelectric effect to
measure temperature. They consist of two different metal wires joined at a
junction. The temperature difference between the junction and the other ends
of the wires generates a voltage that is proportional to the temperature.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs): RTDs are temperature sensors that
rely on the change in electrical resistance of certain materials with temperature.
Typically, platinum is used as the sensing element due to its stable and
predictable resistance-temperature characteristics.
Thermistors: Thermistors are semiconductor devices whose electrical resistance
varies with temperature. They are typically made from ceramic or polymer
materials and exhibit a highly nonlinear response to temperature changes.
Infrared (IR) Sensors: Infrared temperature sensors measure temperature
without direct contact by detecting the thermal radiation emitted by objects.
They can be used for both non-contact and remote temperature measurement.
Semiconductor Sensors: Semiconductor temperature sensors, such as integrated
circuit (IC) temperature sensors, utilize the temperature-dependent
characteristics of semiconductor materials to measure temperature. These
sensors are often integrated into electronic devices and provide accurate and
reliable temperature readings.
The choice of temperature sensor depends on factors such as the required
temperature range, accuracy, response time, and the specific application. By
selecting the appropriate temperature sensor, precise temperature monitoring
can be achieved in various systems and processes.
Working
A temperature control circuit can be created using an Arduino Uno and an LM35 temperature sensor,
along with other necessary components. A 16×2 LCD is utilized to display the current temperature and
set points. The LM35 sensor provides an analog output that is proportional to the temperature, which is
connected to the Arduino's analog input A0. The temperature reading is then compared to the set
points. If the temperature exceeds the set point, indicating that it is too high, the heating element (e.g.,
a relay-connected heater) is turned off. Conversely, if the temperature is below the set point, the relay
(heater) is turned on. The status of the heater (on/off) is displayed on both an LED and the LCD. Two
tactile switches are used to adjust the temperature set point.
In this setup, the Arduino functions as the main controller for the digital temperature control system. It
receives input from the temperature sensor, compares it to the predefined set points, and controls the
heating device accordingly. The system also provides a display of the device's status (on/off) and the
current temperature. The temperature controller ensures precise temperature regulation by comparing
the actual temperature, measured by the LM35 temperature sensor, to the desired control temperature
(set point). Based on this comparison, the controller sends an output signal to control elements such as
heaters or fans.
Using the LM35 as a temperature sensor, the circuit can measure the temperature of a transformer or
any other target object. Since the LM35 provides an analog value, it needs to be converted to a digital
value for comparison with a given temperature range. The Arduino is responsible for converting the
analog value to a digital format. The recorded temperature value is then displayed on a digital display.
In this setup, if the recorded temperature exceeds the given temperature range, an alarm or buzzer is
activated to indicate that the transformer's temperature has exceeded its rated capacity. This
information can be used to take necessary actions. Additionally, the circuit breaker can be operated to
interrupt the loads connected to the transformer, helping to maintain the temperature within the rated
capacity and ensuring the transformer's health and longevity.
Conclusion:
We have utilized a combination of an LCD and the LM35 temperature sensor to create a straightforward
temperature controller using Arduino. When the temperature applied to the LM35 sensor exceeds the
set point, the relay (Heater) is activated. Conversely, if the temperature is below the set point, the relay
is turned off. By employing the LM35 temperature sensor and Arduino, we can monitor the temperature
of the transformer and establish a specific temperature range within which the transformer should
operate to stay within its rated capacity.
This protective circuit provides an indication if the temperature of the transformer surpasses the
predetermined temperature range, enabling us to take necessary measures to prevent overheating. For
instance, we can utilize a circuit breaker and relay circuit to interrupt the loads connected to the
transformer.
Due to the minimal and affordable components required for this protective circuit, such as the LM35,
Arduino, Buzzer/LED, Relay, and Circuit Breaker system, the overall cost of the circuit is significantly
reduced. The protective circuit is easy to comprehend, operate, and maintain, further minimizing project
expenses. Additionally, this circuit can help reduce faults and losses associated with the transformer,
promoting efficient operation. Thus, this system provides an accurate temperature measurement, and
the protective circuit responds accordingly. Consequently, this protective circuit safeguards the
transformer from overheating and enhances its health and efficiency.
2.1 Problem Formulation
Distribution agencies inside the power supply marketplace face the mission of
imparting constant and dependable electricity to each residential and business clients.
carrier transformers are set up in faraway and inaccessible locations, making preventive
and routine upkeep tough for the distribution application personnel. With a big
quantity of those transformers in operation, protection is regularly carried out
reactively after a failure happens. To delay the want for capital investment in keeping
contemporary facilities, distribution agencies are opting to utilize present device that is
at the better cease of its capability range. This approach permits them to prioritize
investments and postpone the charges related to keeping and upgrading infrastructure.
the primary objective of IoT is to attach actual-international gadgets and create an intelligent digital
surroundings. The literature has discussed the functioning of IoT and its practical packages, which
include technology along with NFC, Zigbee, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc., which are normally employed in IoT
implementations. these technologies permit the status quo of a massive virtual network through peer-
to-peer connections among diverse gadgets.
Transformer circumstance evaluation strategies have been substantially explored inside the literature.
there is a growing want for non-invasive diagnostic and manipulation gear to evaluate the inner country
of transformers. The reasons of transformer screw ups have been recognized via the CIGRE working
organization. research has focused on electricity transformer reliability problems, protecting areas
consisting of comprehensive storage, gas-in-oil evaluation, interpretation techniques, and disasters
analysis.
various strategies associated with sample garage, gasoline-in-oil extraction, and analysis had been
studied, as they're crucial for the diagnostic importance of gasoline-in-oil evaluation outcomes. software
revel in with strength transformer and reactor faults, in addition to non-fault eventualities, has
additionally been investigated. Dissolved fuel analysis (DGA) is recognized as a potent diagnostic device,
able to figuring out problems associated with thermal, chemical, and dielectric growing old. other
techniques, consisting of the exam of operational situations, go with the flow reaction analysis, partial
discharge assessment, and UHF partial discharge dimension, have been explored for transformer
monitoring and diagnostics.
research has been carried out at the improvement and alertness of transformer fault detection
structures, which include the Transformer Inter turn Fault Detection device (TIFDS), which eliminates the
need for secondary-facet modern-day transformers. additionally, a technique making use of harmonic
analysis of transformer no-load and light load currents has been proposed for the early detection of
inter-turn faults.
Current and voltage sensors have been used in algorithm development for identifying inaccuracies and
winding conditions, even in the presence of OLTC online tap changer issues. Symmetrical component-
based methods have been discussed for sensitive and reliable fault detection between windings and
extreme short circuits. Fuzzy set theory has been employed to calculate the Health Index (HI) for oil-
immersed transformers, requiring offline techniques such as DGA and furan analysis. The determination
of HI for transformers and the integration of various transformer tests' results have also been proposed.
The studies emphasizes the implementation and usage of hi dedication in transformers, in which
anomaly-related records is despatched through SMS to the asset proprietor or application engineer. The
effectiveness of this approach lies in monitoring and predicting the health nation of distribution
transformers by means of forecasting fitness index degrees using the information provided in table 3.
The device employed on this challenge utilizes the ThingSpeak platform for records processing and
analytics. ThingSpeak enables the retrieval of information from gadgets inside the form of short
messages through the HTTP protocol and the internet. It offers real-time visualization of uploaded
statistics, region tracking, and integration with social media. moreover, ThingSpeak gives a MATLAB tool
that permits information processing either on an all-in-one facts server or within the cloud. in the
proposed device, 3000 bytes of records are sent to ThingSpeak each 15 seconds.
3.1 Workflow of the proposed system
The proposed system follows the following workflow:
a) Acquire sensor-based data
The system collects data about transformers using various sensors. To implement this, the system
utilizes the free ThingSpeak communication libraries for embedded devices, implemented in C-sharp.
b) Upload data to the cloud and visualize it
The accrued sensor-based totally statistics is uploaded to the cloud and displayed for that reason. The
information is uploaded to the ThingSpeak server, as shown in parent 13.
c) Create an algorithm for the health index
An algorithm for calculating the fitness index is advanced using MATLAB code. The MATLAB code
includes a timer characteristic with a predefined price and a period of 60 seconds.
Below is the code for calculating the health index based on the data retrieved from the ThingSpeak
server. In this example, the MATLAB programming language utilizes the thingSpeakRead function to
read data from ThingSpeak.
System architecture overall
The layout of the whole gadget is divided into components:
1) hardware implementation and design
2) Programming software application
The hardware components used in the implementation are as follows:
a) Current Transformer
b) Rectifier-based voltage sensor
c) Temperature sensor
d) Analog to digital converter (ADC)
e) Ethernet shield
f) Internet connection
a) Current Transformer
To degree load modern-day variations, a secondary modern transformer with a CT ratio of 50A/10mA is
used. Transformer overloads are predicted whilst the burden exceeds ninety% of its ability. The
secondary present day of the transformer is required to calculate the harmonic load present day, which
generates excessive heat and winding losses throughout overloading. A parallel resistor related
throughout the secondary terminals of the CT converts the modern-day into voltage.
b) Rectifier-based voltage sensor
A voltage variant of ±6% is allowed for distribution transformers. Flux variant within the transformer
results in a proportional voltage exchange, and overvoltage causes improved iron losses. The circuit
diagram for the rectifier-primarily based voltage sensor is shown under. The circuit includes a filter
circuit of 700uF, a series resistor of 5K ohm 20W related to a zener diode, and LEDs to discharge
capacitors at some point of voltage fall.
c) Temperature sensor
A temperature sensor is used to reveal the winding temperature, that's a vital parameter in determining
the transformer's load potential. The LM35 temperature sensor is employed due to its temperature
variety of -fifty five℃ to 150℃, and literature shows that the winding temperature can exceed 60℃.
d) Analog to digital converter (ADC)
An ADC based totally on ATMEGA 2560, specially the Arduino Mega, is applied to transform analog
records from the sensors right into a virtual format. The Arduino Mega has a clock pace of 16MHz,
128KB flash reminiscence, and 8KB RAM.
e) Ethernet protect and internet facts Card
An Arduino-primarily based Ethernet protect is used, linked to a c084d04ddacadd4b971ae3d98fecfb2a
router with a 3G statistics card for internet connectivity.
General Circuit Diagram
The following diagram represents a standard circuit diagram for a 3-phase distribution transformer
system.
3.1 hardware Configuration and checking out
3.2
3.3 The ATMEGA 2560-primarily based Arduino Mega is configured to accumulate readings from all of
the sensors and add them to an internet server the usage of an Ethernet-based totally internet
connection. The microcontroller takes readings and uploads them at everyday durations of 15
seconds. A resistive load is used as the load for the transformer.
software program coding is divided into two parts:
a) Arduino Mega
The coding for the microcontroller is executed the use of the Arduino IDE. The IDE, or incorporated
development environment, is a software running at the pc that allows for programming the
microcontroller. Arduino programming is primarily based on the c program language period.
b) MATLAB software
MATLAB software is used on the server aspect. It approaches facts each 15 minutes from the net server
based totally at the set of policies designed, which calculates the fitness index of the transformer.
All-in-one server set of rules
The set of rules flow chart for the all-in-one server is depicted in determine 15.
Hardware Setup
The hardware setup for the IoT-based system is shown in Figure 21. It includes the complete circuitry, a
web modem with a 3G modem, and a microcontroller.
Testing and Result
on-line parameters of a single-segment transformer are supplied in figure 22. vicinity chart 1 shows
temperature versions, location 2 shows voltage versions, and area three displays contemporary
versions.determine 23 represents all the measured parameters uploaded by the client into the cloud
server, even as discern 24 presentations the calculated fitness index with the aid of the all-in-one server,
which is 20%.
The fitness index calculated above is classed primarily based at the limits proven in determine
6. As shown in determine 24, the fitness index calculated above is 20% so in keeping with
elegance, our machine is in nation of failure any time.
Discussion:
The presented IoT system is an advanced and improved model based on GSM technology. Unlike other
systems that rely on third-party clouds or general-purpose servers, this system eliminates those
limitations and introduces a new opportunity to update the algorithm periodically without incurring
additional costs. Additionally, it offers the following advantages:
1. Cost-Effectiveness: The system eliminates the need for expensive third-party cloud services,
making it a more cost-effective solution.
2. Algorithm Updates: The system allows for easy algorithm updates, providing flexibility and
adaptability to changing requirements without incurring extra expenses.
3. Independence: By removing the reliance on external servers, the system ensures independence
and self-sufficiency in data processing and analysis.
Application:
The introduced system has wide-ranging applications in monitoring distribution transformers under
substations. Given the large number of substations and the geographical dispersion of distribution
transformers, this system can be effectively utilized to autonomously monitor all the distribution
transformers within a specific area under a substation.
Distribution agencies typically manage numerous substations, which are often located in remote areas
far from the utilities' central headquarters. Additionally, these substations are spread across different
geographical locations. The system's ability to monitor and track distribution transformers in such
settings makes it highly applicable and valuable in ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of the
power distribution network.
By implementing this system, distribution agencies can achieve comprehensive monitoring and
management of their distribution transformers, enabling timely detection of faults or abnormalities and
facilitating proactive maintenance and troubleshooting. This leads to enhanced operational efficiency,
reduced downtime, and improved overall performance of the distribution network.
Future Scope:
1. The system has great potential for application in transmission lines by incorporating various
communication protocols such as LoRa, RF 434MHz, etc. This would enable efficient monitoring
and management of transmission infrastructure, improving the overall reliability and
performance of the power transmission system.
2. Integration of genetic algorithms can enhance the accuracy of the health index calculation by
identifying and compensating for faulty sensor readings. This advanced algorithmic approach
would contribute to more reliable and precise monitoring of transformer health, even in the
presence of sensor faults.
3. The device may be elevated to cowl large campuses or residential societies that have a couple of
acute substations. via implementing the system throughout such enormous regions, the
operation and monitoring of substations can be carried out remotely, main to advanced
efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
4. The device can play a important function in lowering put up-fault clearing time in the
distribution network. by way of directly detecting faults and providing actual-time signals, the
gadget permits quicker reaction and preservation, minimizing downtime and ensuring a more
resilient power distribution infrastructure
5. There is also potential to upgrade the system to accommodate three-phase transformers,
enabling more accurate and comprehensive monitoring of the health index for such
transformers. This expansion would further enhance the system's capabilities and applicability in
a wider range of power distribution scenarios.
