Transactions on Power Delivery ,Vol. 6, NO.

3, July 1991
1016
NEW ENGLAND ELECTRIC'S 39 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE
WITH
RESONANT NEUTRAL GROUNDING OF UNIT - CONNECTED GENERATORS

E. M. Gulachenski. S e n i o r Member, IEEE E. W. C o u r v i l l e , S e n i o r Member, IEEE

New England Power S e r v i c e Company

25 Research D r i v e
Westborough, Massachusetts 01582

RELAY PROTECTION METHOD

ABSTRACT - Since 1951 a l l unit connected
g e n e r a t o r s o f t h e New England E l e c t r i c System D e t e c t i o n o f ground f a u l t s i s accomplished t h r o u g h
Companies have been grounded u s i n g ground f a u l t t h e use o f o v e r v o l t a g e r e l a y s t h a t respond t o e l e v a t e d
n e u t r a l i z e r s (GFN). T h i s g r o u n d i n g method p e r m i t s v o l t a g e s caused by t h e f l o w o f ground f a u l t c u r r e n t
p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t phase-to-ground f a u l t s on t h e through t h e h i g h r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e tuned p a r a l l e l
g e n e r a t o r w i n d i n g s and o t h e r equipment connected t o resonant circuit comprising the ground-faul t
t h e g e n e r a t o r bus t h a t i s more s e n s i t i v e t h a n w i t h neutralizer installation. Figure 1 i s a typical
r e s i s t o r grounded u n i t s 111. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f a u l t installation.
c u r r e n t i s l i m i t e d t o such a low v a l u e t h a t t h e
p o s s i b i l i t y o f s t a t o r i r o n burning i s p r a c t i c a l l y
eliminated. Also, because o f t h e l i m i t e d f a u l t
I
c u r r e n t , o v e r v o l t a g e due t o a r c i n g i s n o t p o s s i b l e . b

These advantages of ground-fault neutralizer

generator protection are illustrated through

lgm]7
d i s c u s s i o n o f a c t u a l o p e r a t i n g e x p e r i e n c e and by
c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r a t y p i c a l generator.

KEYWORDS: GENERATORS, GROUNDS, GROUNDING, PROTECTION

INTRODUCTION
59H-59X
59H 5( 2-86
1
Ground-faul t neutral i z e r grounding
grounding t h e generator n e u t r a l through a r e a c t o r
involves I TURBINESTOP

-G,~N,
which i s connected a c r o s s t h e 240 v o l t w i n d i n g o f a
RECORDING
VOLTMETER "A f E

d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r . The r e a c t o r i s t u n e d t o t h e ALARM
TRlPMAINAND
F I E L OBREAKERS
t o t a l c a p a c i t i v e reactance o f t h e generator windings B Y W A Y OF V A L V E

and o t h e r equipment connected t o t h e g e n e r a t o r bus. POSlTlON SNITCH

The p a r a l l e l r e s o n a n t c i r c u i t r e s u l t s i n a r e s i s t i v e
g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l ground some 37 t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n
t h e ohmic v a l u e o f t h e r e a c t o r used. T h i s i s shown i n
t h e Appendix. Fig. 1 Ground F a u l t N e u t r a l i z e r G e n e r a t o r P r o t e c t i o n
T h i s h i g h r e s u l t a n t r e s i s t a n c e l i m i t s ground f a u l t
currents to much s m a l l e r values than resistor
grounding, yet permits detection o f very high
impedance ground f a u l t s . This i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n the The 59 d e v i c e i s an o v e r v o l t a g e r e l a y s e t j u s t
appendix and summarized i n T a b l e 1. above t h e normal v o l t a g e t h a t appears between t h e
g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l and ground. I t i s used t o a l a r m
Tab1 e 1 - Comparison o f Ground-Faul t N e u t r a l i z e r o n l y when t h e n e u t r a l v o l t a g e r i s e s above i t s normal
Ground and R e s i s t o r Grounding (see Appendix). value. D e v i c e 59H i s s e t t o p i c k up a t a v o l t a g e
l e v e l j u s t below t h e c o n t i n u o u s r a t i n g o f D e v i c e 59.
Ground F a u l t D e v i c e 59H p i c k s up a u x i l i a r y d e v i c e 59X which opens
Res i s t o r Neutralizer up t h e c o i l f o r d e v i c e 59 t h u s p r o t e c t i n g i t f r o m
Grounding Groundi na sustained overvoltage, and i n s e r t s a r e s i s t o r i n
Maximum C a l c u l a t e d s e r i e s w i t h t h e r e c o r d i n g v o l t m e t e r which m o n i t o r s
F a u l t Current 7.95A 0.45A generator neutral voltage. I n a d d i t i o n , d e v i c e 59X
s t a r t s a t i m e r ( 2 ) which w i l l t r i p t h e t u r b i n e s t o p
Maximum Value o f v a l v e s by way o f D e v i c e 86. The t i m e r i s s e t f o r an
F a u l t Resistance hour o r so t o p e r m i t t h e o p e r a t o r t i m e t o a r r a n g e f o r
t h a t can be d e t e c t e d 66,900 ohms 3,574,000 ohms an o r d e r l y shutdown o f t h e u n i t . I f t h e cause o f t h e
ground f a u l t overvoltage can be determined and
c o r r e c t e d , shutdown o f t h e u n i t can be avoided. This
30 JPGC 634-6 P'YRD A p a p e r recommended a n d a p p r o v e d was t h e case f o r B r a y t o n P o i n t U n i t 4 ( a 528 MVA
by t h e IEEE P o v e r System R e l a y i n g Committee of t h e o i l f i r e d u n i t ) which is d e s c r i b e d under o p e r a t i n g
IEEE Pover E n g i n e e r i n g S o c i e t y f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n a t e x p e r i e n c e summary.
t h e 1990 IEEE/PES I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Power G e n e r a t i o n
C o n f e r e n c e et Z x p o s i t i o n , Boston, H a s s a c h u s e t t s , A1 so d e s c r i b e d i n t h e o p e r a t i n g e x p e r i e n c e s e c t i o n
O c t o b e r 21-25. :'.lanuscript s u b m i t t e d F e b r u a r y 9 , 1990; i s a Salem Harbor U n i t No. 2 g e n e r a t o r w i n d i n g f a u l t
made a v a i l a b l e f o r p r i n t i n g August 13, 1990. t h a t p e r s i s t e d f o r 89 m i n u t e s w i t h no s t a t o r i r o n
damage; and a Salem H a r b o r U n i t No. 3 g e n e r a t o r c a b l e
f a u l t which was c l e a r e d a f t e r 1 hour w i t h no d u c t
damage whatsoever.

O
. m1991 E E E
0885-8977/91~0700-1016$01
 1017

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF (4) b u r g e p r o t e c t i v e equipment must be s e l e c t e d

GROUND-FAULT NEUTRALIZER GROUNDING on t h e b a s i s o f h i g h e r temporary o v e r v o l t a g e s
d u r i n g ground f a u l t s .
The advantages and d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f GFN g r o u n d i n g
r e p o r t e d i n C41 a r e as f o l l o w s : OPERATING EXPERIENCE SUMMARY
A p a r t o f t h e n e u t r a l d i s p l a c e m e n t on t h e wye h i g h A t o t a l o f 20 g e n e r a t o r s b e l o n g i n g t o New England
v o l t a g e w i n d i n g o f a GSU t r a n s f o r m e r , appears a t t h e E l e c t r i c have been equipped w i t h GFN p r o t e c t i o n . They
generator neutral. This neutral t o earth voltage i s range i n s i z e f r o m 39 MVA f o r e i g h t h y d r o u n i t s , t o a
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e g e n e r a t o r grounding r e s 1stance maximum o f 667 MVA f o r a n u c l e a r u n i t t h a t New England
d i v i d e d b y t h e sum o f t h e g r o u n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e and t h e E l e c t r i c owns i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h s e v e r a l o t h e r
GSU t r a n s f o r m e r i n t e r w i n d i n g c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e . utilities. T a b l e No. 2 l i s t s t h e u n i t s w i t h GFN
S i n c e GFN g r o u n d i n g r e s u l t s i n a g r o u n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e p r o t e c t i o n t o g e t h e r with t h e number o f y e a r s o f
o f o v e r 30 t i m e s t h a t f o r r e s i s t a n c e grounding, t h e o p e r a t i n g e x p e r i e n c e f o r each. The t o t a l e x p e r i e n c e
r e s u l t i n g n e u t r a l t o e a r t h v o l t a g e w i 11 be h i g h e r . amounts t o 574 u n i t y e a r s .
T h i s v o l t a g e can be k e p t t o w i t h i n r e a s o n a b l e l i m i t s
by selecting a value o f reactor c o i l constant i n a The o p e r a t i n g e x p e r i e n c e t o d a t e o f the GFN
range o f f r o m 10 t o 50 w i t h o u t e x c e s s i v e l y r e d u c i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s can be summarized as f o l l o w s :
t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e f a u l t d e t e c t i o n system [31.
(1) There has never been a f a i l u r e o f any o f t h e
Equipment t o l e r a n c e s may cause a s l i g h t d e t u n i n g components c o m p r i s i n g t h e g r o u n d i n g equipment.
o f t h e system a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n . The t r a n s f o r m e r and
r e a c t o r a r e u s u a l l y s p e c i f i e d w i t h taps i n o r d e r t o (2) There has never been any damage t o the
v a r y t h e e f f e c t i v e inductance. I t i s n o t necessary t o generator windings attributed to the
t u n e t h e equipment w i t h t h e g e n e r a t o r a t r a t e d speed; o p e r a t i o n o f t h e GFN system.
t h e r e f o r e , t e s t i n g can be done u s i n g 120 V o r any
c o n v e n i e n t single-phase voltage. For a complete (3) The GFN has d e t e c t e d s e v e r a l h i g h r e s i s t a n c e
d i s c u s s i o n o f a t u n i n g procedure, see C31. g e n e r a t o r c a b l e f a u l t s w i t h o u t t h e need f o r
an immediate g e n e r a t o r t r i p , i n c l u d i n g t h e
Resonant g r o u n d i n g has a number o f d e s i r a b l e r e c e n t Salem Harbor U n i t 3 g e n e r a t o r c a b l e
f e a t u r e s t h a t a p p l y t o u n i t-connected g e n e r a t o r s ; f a i 1u r e d e s c r i b e d below.
(1) L i m i t s the ground-fault current to
p r a c t i c a l l y z e r o m i n i m i z i n g t h e mechanical . (4) The GFN s u c c e s s f u l l y d e t e c t e d t h e i n a d v e r t e n t
s t r e s s e s and t h e p o s s i b i 1 it y o f i r o n b u r n i n g a c c u m u l a t i o n o f w a t e r i n t h e bus d u c t o f a
f o r f a u l t s w i t h i n t h e generator windings. large fossil fired generator. The
(2) P e r m i t s t h e o p t i o n o f c o n t i n u e d o p e r a t i o n o f p o t e n t i a l l y dangerous s i t u a t i o n was c o r r e c t e d
t h e generator a f t e r t h e occurrence o f a without taking the u n i t o f f the l i n e . The
phase-to-ground f a u l t u n t i l such t i m e t h a t an d e t a i 1s o f t h i s “ i n c i d e n t “ a r e d e s c r i b e d .
o r d e r l y shutdown can be arranged. However,
i n t h i s situation, t h e r e does e x i s t t h e (5) The GFN d e t e c t e d a c o i l t o ground s h o r t a t
p o s s i b i l i t y o f p r o g r e s s i v e f a u l t damage and t h e 25-percent p o i n t f r o m n e u t r a l o n U n i t No.
t h e hazard o f two phases b e i n g r a i s e d t o f u l l 2 o f Salem Harbor S t a t i o n on January 8,
phase-to-phase v o l t a g e above ground. The 1979. A l t h o u g h t h e u n i t remained o n - l i n e f o r
experience o f users i n regard t o resonant a t o t a l o f 89 minutes, t h e copper damage was
g r o u n d i n g o f g e n e r a t o r s has n e i t h e r shown l i m i t e d t o the size o f the t i p o f a pencil
p r o g r e s s i v e f a u l t damage n o r t h e need t o t r i p e r a s e r and n o i r o n damage o c c u r r e d . This
immedi a t e 1y . i n c i d e n t i s a l s o d e s c r i b e d below.
(3) P r e v e n t s the occurrence of transient
o v e r v o l t a g e s as a consequence o f i n t e r m i t t e n t (6) The GFN d e t e c t e d a h i g h r e s i s t a n c e i n one
grounds. phase o f t h e h i g h v o l t a g e w i n d i n g o f a GSU
(4) Allows high s e n s i t i v i t y during operating t r a n s f o r m e r on B r a y t o n P o i n t U n i t 3 as
conditions f o r the detection o f localized d e s c r i b e d below.
d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f g e n e r a t o r sys tem i n s u l a t i o n .
B r a y t o n P o i n t No. 4 Bus D u c t I n c i d e n t
Along w i t h these d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e s a r e several
t h a t may be c o n s i d e r e d u n d e s i r a b l e : On A p r i l 19, 1983 a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 11:05 a.m.,
I f a u t o m a t i c t r i p p i n g i s used, c o o r d i n a t i o n t h e r e was a h i g h v o l t a g e a l a r m on B r a y t o n P o i n t U n i t 4
w i t h g e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e t r a n s f o r m e r (VT) f u s e s GFN C21. B r a y t o n P o i n t No. 4 i s an o i l - f i r e d 528 MVA
mav n o t be p o s s i b l e . VT secondary w i r i n g i n t e r m e d i a t e u n i t t h a t was p l a c e d i n commercial
f a ; l t s may cause ground i n d i c a t i o n s where s e r v i c e i n December 1974
wye/wye connected g e n e r a t o r VTs a r e used. I t was r a i n i n g a t t h e t i m e , a l t h o u g h i t was l a t e r
C o o r d i n a t i o n can he a c h i e v e d b y v a r i o i i c d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e p r o b l e m waf n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
methods; see I E E E Committee R e p o r t C51. r a i n f a l l . The GFN v o l t a g e was s w i n g i n g ” up above t h e
a l a r m p o i n t o f 28 v o l t s . The normal v o l t a g e range i s
F o r GFN g r o u n d i n g t h e p r i m a r y and secondary 9-13 V o l t s .
n e u t r a l s o f t h e t h r e e wye-wye connected
v o l t a g e t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e t i e d t o g e t h e r and t o I n v e s t i g a t i o n by E l e c t r i c a l Maintenance r e v e a l e d
t h e g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l u s i n g an i n s u l a t e d t h a t t h e i s o l a t e d phase bus c o o l i n g package. l o c a t e d
conductor. Grounding at the voltage under t h e g e n e r a t o r , was p a r t i a l l y f i l l e d w i t h w a t e r
t r a n s f o r m e r c u b i c l e i s not-used s i n c e t h e due t o a c o o l i n g package d r a i n l i n e n i p p l e c r a c k .
r e s u l t i n g phase t o ground i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e M o i s t u r e f r o m t h e w a t e r was b e i n g p i c k e d up by t h e
c o m p r i s i n g t h e m a g n e t i z i n g branch o f t h e f a n s and d e p o s i t e d i n t h e i s o l a t e d phase bus d u c t .
v o l t a g e t r a n s f o r m e r would detune t h e r e s o n a n t
c i r c u i t c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e g e n e r a t o r system Opening t h e c o o l i n g package doors as shown i n F i g .
c a p a c i t a n c e t o ground and t h e n e u t r a l r e a c t o r . 2, a l l o w e d t h e w a t e r t o d r a i n . The d r a i n l i n e n i p p l e
H i g h - z e r o sequence v o l t a g e s on t h e g e n e r a t o r was r e p a i r e d and w i t h i n 15 m i n u t e s t h e n e u t r a l i z e r
system a r e p o s s i b l e i f t o o h i g h a r e a c t o r v o l t a g e r e t u r n e d t o normal.
c o i l constant i s selected f o r the neutralizer.
1018

The ground f a u l t n e u t r a l i z e r a l a r m p r o v i d e d a On i a n u a r y 8 , 1979, U n i t 2 g e n e r a t o r was p u t

means o f d e t e c t i n g and c o r r e c t i n g a p r o b l e m b e f o r e “on-line a f t e r h a v i n g been down f o r a few days f o r
s e r i o u s damage c o u l d o c c u r , w i t h o u t t h e need f o r mechanical r e p a i r s . A ground f a u l t n e u t r a l i z e r (GFN)
t r i p p i n g the generator. This incident i l l u s t r a t e d the a l a r m o c c u r r e d as soon as t h e u n i t went on. The a l a r m
a b i l i t y o f t h e GFN t o d e t e c t a h i g h impedance f a u l t i n s e t t i n g was 15.5 v o l t s and t h e i n i t i a l GFN v o l t a g e was
i t s e a r l y s t a g e s o f development and a l s o t h e advantage 17 v o l t s . The weather was stormy and wet. S i n c e t h e
i n improved u n i t a v a i l a b i l i t y r e s u l t i n g f r o m n o t u n i t has a h i s t o r y o f h i g h ground f a u l t n e u t r a l i z e r
t r i p p i n g a t t h e GFN a l a r m p o i n t . (GFN) voltage r e a d i n g s d u r i n g bad weather. no
immediate a c t i o n was t a k e n t o m a n u a l l y t r i p t h e u n i t
Salem Harbor U n i t No. 2 Windinq F a u l t o f f the line. The h i g h GFN v o l t a g e r e a d i n g s d u r i n g
wet weather a r e b e l i e v e d due t o l o n g l e n g t h s o f
On J a n u a r y 8, 1979. U n i t No. 2 a t Salem Harbor underground g e n e r a t o r cab1 es, and o u t d o o r c a b l e
e x p e r i e n c e d a GFN a l a r m and was k e p t connected f o r a t e r m i n a t i o n s , w h i c h a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e GFN p r o t e c t i v e
t o t a l of 89 m i n u t e s b e f o r e t r i p p i n g C21. Subsequent zone. F i g u r e 5, shows t h e normal and a l a r m p o i n t s f o r
exami n a t i o n r e v e a l e d t h a t a s t a t o r c o i 1 w i n d i n g had GFN v o l t a g e .
s h o r t e d t o ground.

T h i s 75 MVA u n i t was p l a c e d i n commercial s e r v i c e

i n September 1952. The u n i t has been o p e r a t e d as a
base l o a d machine, o r c y c l e d t o s u i t l o a d demands. As
i n d i c a t e d i n Table No. 2 , i t was t h e second New
England E l e c t r i c U n i t t o be equipped w i t h a GFN.

The g e n e r a t o r system o n e - l i n e diagram i s shown i n

F i g . 3. The GFN c o n s i s t s o f a lOOkVA d i s t r i b u t i o n
t r a n s f o r m e r 13.2kV/240V w i t h t h e h i g h v o l t a g e w i n d i n g
connected between g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l and ground. The
2 4 0 - v o l t secondary i s connected a c r o s s an a i r c o r e
r e a c t o r matched t o t h e t o t a l capacitance-to-ground o f
a l l a p p a r a t u s connected a t g e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e . A
p h o t o g r a p h o f t h e GFN i n s t a l l a t i o n i s shown i n F i g . 4.

The u n i t t r i p p e d a t 0401, Monday, J a n u a r y 8, 1979,

89 m i n u t e s a f t e r b e i n g o n - l i n e . Load was about 20MH.
The cause o f t h e t r i p was GFN h i g h v o l t a g e . A t i m e r
i n i t i a t e s t r i p p i n g if v o l t a g e s t a y s above 30 v o l t s f o r
80 m i n u t e s . The maximum v a l u e o f GFN v o l t a g e reached
was n o t r e c o r d e d .
KLY

--
-<
@ GENERATOR
TRAWYOIIYEI
C A Y C OCCRATLD
DISCOYNECTING SWITCH
LOAD ORCAI wmcn
On Thursday, January 11, 1979. t h e f a u l t was f o u n d
i n t h e c o i l o f S l o t 16, 1 i n c h i n f r o m where t h e end
w i n d i n g s e n t e r t h e i r o n ( e x c i t e r end).
All end wedges were removed for a close
-C- c i n c u i ~a n c A n c n
---
OIL
e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e a r e a f o r bad s p o t s i n t h e
AIR ctncutr ~ R C A K L R
i n s u l a t i o n and f o r r e p a i r i f necessary. The c o i l i n
I1Tm AIR CORE MCACTOR
S l o t 16 was opened a t each end and removed f o r r e p a i r
and f u r t h e r t e s t i n g . The ground f a u l t n e u t r a l i z e r d i d
a good j o b o f l i m i t i n g t h e f a u l t c u r r e n t . The damaged
Fig. 3. Salem H a r b o r U n i t No. 2 One-line Diagram a r e a was a b o u t t h e s i z e o f t h e t i p o f a p e n c i l e r a s e r
and t h e l o s s o f copper was n e g l i g i b l e . See F i g u r e 6.
 1019

The generator remained in service while

investigations and checks were made. It was
d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t r a n s f o r m e r 3C had e x t r e m e l y h i g h
r e s i s t a n c e (800 megohms) i n Phase B o f t h e h i g h
v o l t a g e (345kV) w i n d i n g , which was found t o be an open
c i r c u i t i n one phase o f t h e t a p changer due t o
m i s a l i g n m e n t o f t h e t a p changer.

A l t h o u g h we have d e t e c t e d f a u l t s i n equipment
connected t o t h e g e n e r a t o r bus, t h i s case shows t h a t
t h e GFN i s a l s o capable o f d e t e c t i n g problems on t h e
high voltage side o f a transformer. I f a transformer
n e u t r a l d i s p l a c e m e n t o c c u r s , t h i s abnormal n e u t r a l
v o l t a g e i s t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l and
t h e GFN d e t e c t i o n d e v i c e ( 5 9 and 59H) t h r o u g h t h e
Fig. 6 . Salem H a r b o r No. 2 Winding F a u l t t r a n s f o r m e r in t e r w i n d i ng c a p a c i t a n c e as d e s c r i b e d i n
[31.

Salem H a r b o r U n i t No. 3 Cable F a i l u r e

On March 9 , 1990, U n i t No. 3 3 i Saiem Harbor had a

h i g h v o l t a g e GFN a l a r m . The u n i l WS~, k e p t r u n n i n g f o r
o v e r one h o u r b e f o r e i t wcls t r i p p e d m a n u a l l y . The
g e n e r a t o r was i s o l a t e d f r o m t 5 ( ~c o n e r a t o r cab1 e s and
s t a t i o n s e r v i c e t r a n s f o r m e r i t i n r d ? r YG d e t e r m i n e t h e
f a u l t l o c a t i o n , which was found t o be i r l one o f t h e
n i n e c a b l e s i n phase B. ( S e e F i g u r e 7 ) No damage t o
t h e d u c t r e s u l t e d from t h i s f a u l t . A new c a b l e was
p u l l e d i n w i t h no d i f f i c u l t y .

"j. . :
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
GROUND F A U L T N E U T R A L I Z E R VOLTAGE - VOLTS

B r a y t o n P o i n t No. 3 GFN V o l t a g e as a F u n c t i o n
o f Load

CONCLUSIONS

The ground f a u l t n e u t r a l i z e r method of

g e n e r a t o r g r o u n d i n g , as u t i l i z e d b y New
F i g . 7. Salem H a r b o r No. 3 Cable F a u l t England E l e c t r i c o v e r t h e p a s t 39 y e a r s , i s
r e l i a b l e , e f f e c t i v e , and s u p e r i o r t o o t h e r
commonly used methods.

H i g h s e n s i t i v i t y t o ground f a u l t d e t e c t i o n i s
U n i t No. 3 i s a hydrogen c o o l e d t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r o b t a i n e d as i l l u s t r a t e d b y f o u r e x p e r i e n c e s -
r a t e d 160MVA, 14.4 kV, p l a c e d i n s e r v i c e i n 1958. t h e i n a d v e r t e n t accumulation o f water i n a
g e n e r a t o r bus d u c t , t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a
ground f a u l t a t t h e 25-percent p o i n t f r o m t h e
Brayton P o i n t U n i t 3 generator neutral, a recent generator cable
f a u l t , and a GSU h i g h v o l t a g e w i n d i n g f a u l t s .
A n o t h e r v e r y r e c e n t e x p e r i e n c e (June 1990) w i t h
ground f a u l t n e u t r a l i z e r f a u l t d e t e c t i o n i n v o l v e d t h e Upon t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a f a u l t - t o - g r o u n d i n a
o p e r a t i o n o f a n e w l y re-wound g e n e r a t o r step-up g e n e r a t o r c o i l , t h e GFN l i m i t s t h e f a u l t
t r a n s f o r m e r (3C) f o r B r a y t o n P o i n t U n i t 3, a 695MVA c u r r e n t t o a small enough v a l u e t h a t i r o n
c o a l f i r e d u n i t . The t r a n s f o r m e r i s a spare u n i t , b u t damage does n o t o c c u r and copper damage i s
was p l a c e d i n s e r v i c e w i t h t h e i n t e n t i o n o f k e e p i n g i t v e r y s m a l l , as i l l u s t r a t e d b y an a c t u a l f a u l t
energized d u r i n g t h e warranty p e r i o d . A f t e r a few in c i d e n t .
days o f o p e r a t i o n o f U n i t 3 w i t h t h e 3C t r a n s f o r m e r i n
p a r a l l e l w i t h one o f t h e normal GSU t r a n s f o r m e r s , an The GFN i s s e n s i t i v e enough t o d e t e c t an open
i n c r e a s e i n GFN r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e o c c u r r e d . The GFN c i r c u i t on t h e h i g h v o l t a g e s i d e o f a GSU
v o l t a g e v a r i e d d i r e c t l y w i t h i n c r e a s e s and decreases transformer.
i n l o a d , ( F i g u r e 8 ) which i s n o t t h e normal b e h a v i o r
o f t h e GFN v o l t a g e f o r a ground f a u l t i n any equipment The use o f GFN p r o t e c t i o n f o r u n i t connected
connected on t h e g e n e r a t o r bus, o r d u r i n g l o a d changes g e n e r a t o r s s h o u l d b e a p p l i e d much more t h a n
w i t h n o f a u l t on t h e g e n e r a t o r bus. what i s now t h e c u r r e n t p r a c t i c e .
1020
and f o r t h e r e a c t o r ,
TABLE NO.Z

NEW ENGLAND ELECTRIC GENERATORS PROTECTED

WITH GROUND FAULT NMRALIZERS

F a u l t c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e s a r e calculated
YEAR GFN by s y m m e t r i c a l components a n a l y s i s .
WA WAS MHBER OF YEARS
UNIT N0. RATING INSTALLED GFN I N SERVICE

Salem Harbor 1 75 1951 39

2 38

Q
I, 4,
75 1952
I, I,
3 160 1952 32

-t-+gT2*
,I I,
4 528 1972 18
Moore 1 39 1956 34 I
2 39 1956 34 3 975 M V A
3
4
39
39
1956
1956
34
34
- 345 k V -20.9 k V

Comerf ord 1
2
39
39
1956
1956
34
34
a BUSOUCT

3 39 1956 34
4 39 1956 34
Mars. Yaec 1 160 1960 30
B r a y t o n Point 1 260 1963 27
2 260 1964 26 I
A U X I L I A R Y BUS
3 695 1969 21
4 528 1974 16
Conn. Yaec 1 667 1967 23
Bear Swamp 1 333 1974 16
,I ,I
2 333 1974 -16
574 u n i t years

ZZkV I
REFERENCES

E11 H . R. Tomlinson. "Ground F a u l t N e u t r a l i z e r

Grounding o f U n i t Connected Generators."
A I E E T r a n s a c t i o n s , V o l . 72 pp. 953-960, 1953. I 0*738

CZl E. M. G u l a c h e n s k i , E. W . C o u r v i l l e , "New
England E l e c t r i c ' s 30 YEARS EXPERIENCE WITH
RESONANT NEUTRAL GROUNDING OF UNIT-CONNECTED
GENERATORS," "IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n s , Volume PAS Fig. 9. G e n e r a t o r Ground P r o t e c t i o n One Line as
103, PP2572-2576, 1984. Assumed f o r Sample C a l c u l a t i o n s .
C31 K. J . S. Khunkhun, J. L. K o e p f i n g e r , M. V . SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS SOLUTION
Haddad, "Resonant Grounding (Ground F a u l t
N e u t r a l i z e r ) o f a U n i t Connected G e n e r a t o r , W i t h symmetri c a l components, phase-to-ground
"IEEE Transactions, Volume PAS-96. pp. faults are calculated by connecting the
550-559, 1976. p o s i t i v e , n e g a t i v e , and zero-sequence networks
i n s e r i e s as shown i n F i g 10 ( a ) and s o l v i n g f o r
C41 IEEE C62,92-1989, IEEE Guide for the Io. The e q u i v a l e n t p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e
application of Neutral Grounding in sequence impedances o f t h e system and t h e
Electrical Utility Systems. Part zero-sequence impedance o f t h e g e n e r a t o r a r e
11-Grounding o f Synchronous G e n e r a t o r Systems e x t r e m e l y s m a l l , as compared t o t h e n e u t r a l
r e s i s t o r o r n e u t r a l r e a c t o r e q u i v a l e n t impedance
151 IEEE Committee Report, P o t e n t i a l T r a n s f o r m e r and t h e d i s t r i b u t e d zero-sequence c a p a c i t a n c e ,
A p p l i c a t i o n On U n i t Connected G e n e r a t o r s . and t h e r e f o r e can be n e g l e c t e d . F o r a
I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Volume 91, Jan/Feb 1972, pp. 24-28. u n i t-connected generator, the zero-sequence
n e t w o r k i s open a t t h e w i n d i n g o f t h e power
I E E E C37.101.1985. I E E E Guide f o r G e n e r a t o r € r a n s f o r m e r s and c o n s i s t s o f t h e g e n e r a t o r
[61
Ground P r o t e c t i o n neutral resistor and the phase-to-ground
capacitance o f t h e generator windings and
APPENDIX a s s o c i a t e d equipment. The e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t
GENERATOR GROUND PROTECTION EXAMPLES w i l l t h e n be t h a t shown i n F i g 10 ( b ) .

A 974 MVA, 22 kV g e n e r a t o r i s u n i t - c o n n e c t e d t o a
345 kV t r a n s m i s s i o n bus and grounded t h r o u g h a H i q h R e s i s t a n c e Grounding
d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r as shown i n F i g . 9. High
r e s i s t a n c e g r o u n d i n g and ground f a u l t n e u t r a l i z e r
g r o u n d i n g w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d . The phase-to-ground Io = Ion + Ioc
c a p a c i t i v e reactance o f t h e generator, transformers, Io= t o t a l zero-sequence f a u l t c u r r e n t
l e a d s , and a s s o c i a t e d equipment i s 6780 ohms p e r
phase. The d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r i s r a t e d 13,280 V
= zero-sequence c u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e
Ion
- 240 V. The secondary r e s i s t o r , R, f o r h i g h neutral resistor
r e s i s t a n c e g r o u n d i n g and t h e secondary r e a c t o r , X f o r
GFN g r o u n d i n g a r e each 0.738 ohms as suggested i n [61. Io, = zero-sequence c u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e
The secondary r e s i s t a n c e r e f l e c t e d t o t h e p r i m a r y d i s t r i b u t e d capacitance
c i r c u i t i s ( R secondary) ( t u r n s - r a t i o squared). Xoc = t o t a l phase t o n e u t r a l c a p a c i t i v e
r e a c t a n c e f o r one phase
The t o t a l f a u l t c u r r e n t Ifi s equal t o 31,.
-7"
which i s eaual t o I- I1
+ I-.c
 1021

The v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e secondary r e s i s t o r i s
V
r
= IR
s
= 311 . 0.738 = 229.5 V

The minimum secondary c u r r e n t r e q u i r e d f o r p i c k up

o f t h e r e l a y ( d e v i c e 59) s e t a t 5.4 v o l t s [ 6 1 i s
determined as f o l l o w s :

Vr = ISminR Ismin
=*= 5.4= 7.317A
0.738

The maximum f a u l t r e s i s t a n c e t h a t can be d e t e c t e d w i l l

correspond t o a n e u t r a l c u r r e n t o f :

In = (7.317) 240 = 0.132A

13280
I
I
3%
" I .
I b
J
xf
The v a l u e o f t h e maximum f a u l t resistance i s next
E,, -GENERATOR SOURCE c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g F i g 10(b).

E,, -SYSTEM S O U R C E
Rf - FAULT RESISTANCE (a) Ion
= In ~ = 0'132 = 0.044A
3 3
The v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e n e u t r a l r e s i s t o r i s :
V = I on . 3Rn = (0.044) ( 3 ) (2260) = 298.32 V

= (0.044 + j 0 . 0 4 4 ) = 0 . 0 6 2 2 h " A
Io = Ion+ I o c
D e f i n e 2 as t h e p a r a l l e l c o m b i n a t i o n o f 3Rn and Xoc
Z = R + j X
(3R, ) C-j Xoc) ( 3 ) (2260) ( j 6780)
z = -
F i g . 10. Phase t o Ground F a u l t S y m n e t r i c a l Component 3Rn-jXoc ( 3 ) (2260) - j 6 7 8 0
Equivalent C i r c u i t .
Z = 3390 - j 3390 Io( Z + 3Rf ) = Elg
(a) S y m n e t r i c a l Component E q u i v a l e n t C i r c u i t
(b) Reduced Symnetri c a l Component E q u i v a l e n t
I o R + I 3Rf + j Io X = Elg
Circuit.
From t h e Phasor Diagram o f F i g u r e 11:
The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l i s 2 2
(IIOIR + 1101 3Rf) + (1101 X ) = E1g2
2 2
((IoIR + IIoI 3Rf) = Elg - ((Io( XI2

The f a u l t - c u r r e n t c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m t h e c a p a c i t a n c e i s = (12,700)2 - [(.0622)(3390)12 = 1.612X108

3Ehl= j3Elg I I o l R + IIol 3Rf = 12698
= 31
IC =
OC ~

-Uoc xOC
Elg = generator phase-to-neutral voltage

Elg = 22 0 0 0 / 6 = 12700 V Rn = 2260 ohms Rf = 66,919 ohms

= 12700/2260 = 5.62 A
In j 12700
IC= . 3 = j5.62A Tuned I n d u c t i v e Reactor Grounding
6780 R e f e r r i n g t o F i g u r e 10(b)
If= 5.62 + 35.62 = 7.95 A Xoc= 6780 ohms/phase XL = tuned n e u t r a l r e a c t o r

I n i s the current flowing i n the generator xL = 6780 = 2260 ohms

n e u t r a l f o r a s i n g l e phase-to-ground f a u l t a t t h e 3
generator terminals. The c u r r e n t Is flowing i n the
d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r secondary w i r i n g and t h r o u g h The p a r a l l e l 'Ombination Of 3xL and 0
',
the r e s i s t o r i s the generator neutral current is next calculated'
m u l t i p l i e d by t h e t u r n s r a t i o o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n L e t R L r e p r e s e n t t h e r e s i s t a n c e of t h e t u n e d r e a c t o r .
transformer. as shown i n F i g . 1 2 .
1022

The c u r r e n t c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s v o l t a g e i s :

The f a u l t r e s i s t a n c e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s value
o f f a u l t c u r r e n t i s n e x t determined.

If= ~ 3Elg Rf= 3E1g - IfR, = 3,575,000 ohms

3Rf + Ro
31f
F i g . 11 Phasor Diagram f o r F i g u r e 10(b).

L e t Roc r e p r e s e n t a s e r i e s connected r e s i s t a n c e w i t h
Xoc t o account f o r i n s u l a t i o n l o s s e s .
Impedance o f P a r a l l e l C i r c u i t = Ro
3 (RL + J XL) (Roc - J Xoc)
Ro = Eugene W . Courville SM i s a
3 ( R L + J XL) + Roc - J Xoc
Principal Engineer w i t h t h e New
3 J XL = J Xoc RLand Rocsmall compared t o XL+ Xoc England Power S e r v i c e Company i n
Westborough, Massachusetts. He
r e c e i v e d h i s BSEF. f r o m L o u i s i a n a
Ro = gXL xL L e t Roc = 3Rc S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n 1949 and i n
1955 g r a d u a t e d from the Power
3RL + Roc Systems E n g i n e e r i ny Program
sponsored by t h e General E l e c t r i c
Company i n Schenectady, New York.
P r i o r t o h i s p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n , he was employed by t h e
Consulting Engineering firms of KERR--ATKINSON,
Engineers and JACKSON & MORELAND, Engineers. He i s s
r e g i s t e r e d P r o f e s s i o n a l Engineer i n t h e Commonweal r h
For 3 = 25.0 ( c o i l c o n s t a n t ) , Ro=
3XL2 (25)
~ o f Massachusetts. He has been a c t i v e i n I E E E as
RIL 2x1L Member and Chairman o f s e v e r a l committees and was t h e
= (3)(2260)(25) = 84,750 ohms
1977-78 Chairman o f t h e Boston Chapter - Power
E n g i n e e r i n g S o c i e t y . A t p r e s e n t he i s a member o f t h e
(2)
e l e c t r i c System & Equipment Committee o f E d i s o n
Electric Institute. I n a d d i t i o n t o h i s general
P r o j e c t E n g i n e e r i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , h i s areas o f
specialization involve him with the planning,
engineering, design, and installation of major
g e n e r a t i n g p l a n t and w i t h r o t a t i n g machinery problems.

Edward M. Gulachenski (M'53,-

SM'66) was b o r n i n Hyannis, MA.
F i g . 12 GFN P a r a l l e l Resonant C i r c u i t of F i g u r e 10(b). October 14, 1930. He r e c e i v e d t h e
B.S. degree in electrical
engineering from Massachusetts
I n s t i t u t e o f Technology, Cambridge,
and t h e M.S. degree i n e l e c t r i c a l
engineering from Northeastern
The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e tuned para1 l e 1 c o m b i n a t i o n U n i v e r s i t y i n Boston, MA i n 1952
of 3 x ~ and Xoc i s t h e maximum f a u l t c u r r e n t and 1960. r e s p e c t i v e l y .
for a ''lid phase to ground On the
He has been w i t h t h e New England Power S e r v i c e Company
g e n e r a t o r (3Rf = 0). s i n c e 1954 w o r k i n g i n Power System P l a n n i n g , 6 y e a r s
as Manager o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g R&D, and i n 1986
3Elg for 3Rf 0 he became Manager o f Relay & C o n t r o l E n g i n e e r i n g .
If = =
3Rf + Ro S i n c e 1976 he has been a l e c t u r e r i n E l e c t r i c a l
Engineering a t N o r t h e a s t e r n U n i v e r s i t y where he
( 3 ) (12.700) = 0.45 A teaches Power Systems A n a l y s i s i n t h e Evening Graduate
If = Program.
84,750 + 0
M r . Gulachenski has served as a member o f t h e I E E E
The Of resistance
can be Transformers Committee, and as Chairman o f t h e EPRI
that
$ t ~~::-Ud)et~~~i~~~.
~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ h i ~
~~~t~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Power Systems P l a n n i n g Subcommittee b : ~
He i s a member
is o r Chairman o f s e v e r a l w o r k i n g groups of t h e I E E E
.
Ro corresponding to the 5.4 pick-up
Power System R e l a y i n g Committee and i s a r e g i s t e r e d
VRO. Professional Engineer in the Commonwealth of
5.4 13280 = 298.8V Massachusetts.
VRo =
240
 1023
Discussion circuit the GFN and render it inoperative. No
D. C. Dawson alarm would be received for such a condition
Southern California Edison Company and it could remain unknown until a ground
Rosemead, California occurred on the generator, leading to a phase-
to-ground fault on a solidly-grounded
It is always a pleasure to receive an update generator. It would be interesting to know if
on the continued success of New England the New England Electric System has ever
Electric's resonant-grounded generators. This experienced such a problem and if they monitor
discussion is concerned with the generator loss of the normal standing neutral voltage as
voltage transformer considerations listed an indication that the insulated neutral has
under the "undesirable" aspects in the section become inadvertently grounded.
"ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GROUND-FAULT
NEUTRALIZER GROUNDING." ; I q n u \ ~ r i p t rc'cc'ivc d 'dovimber 9 , 1990.

In item (1), it is stated that, with wye/wye

connected VT's, secondary wiring faults may
cause generator ground indications. It should
be noted that this phenomenon is associated
only with wye-ground/wye-ground VT's and is W . A. Elmore ( A B B Power TCGD Co.. Coral Springs. FL): This type of
not unique to resonant grounding. It also paper is greatly welcomed because of its practical assertion of excellent
occurs in high-resistance ground applications field experience. The use of resonant grounding is a deviation from
though it may be somewhat easier to deal with prevalent practice and the wccess of the method is worthy of note.
there since the higher fault currents may make There IS one point I mould like to inquire about. The authors point out
it easier to coordinate the 59N relay with VT the need t o connect the neutrals of both the primary and secondary of the
primary and secondary fuses. wye-wye connected voltage transformcra to the generator neutral. when
using the G F N scheme. For thc reason cited by the authors I would expect
Item (2) indicates that for GFN grounding, the the primarb neutral to be connected as described. but since the generator
VT's should be connected in wye/wye with the neutral voltage can rise to full generator operating line-to-neutral voltage
primary and secondarv neutrals tied tosether level. o r more. when there is a machine terminal ground fault I would
and to the senerator neutral. While this expect the c t secondary neutral to be connected to ground rather than to
connection might solve the problem of false generator neutral. Would not dekices connected to a vt secondary neutral
generator ground indications for secondary with their cases connected to ground be jeopardize by a connection to the
faults, it has the very serious disadvantage generator neutral'?
that all the secondary wiring is raised to
generator primary phase-to-neutral voltage Manuwript receibed No\ember 26. 1990
during an actual generator ground fault. This
happens because the ungrounded wye/wye
connection does not transform zero-sequence
voltage, but merely passes it along at its E.M. GULACHENSKI, E.W. CCURVILLE: We w i s h t o t h a n k
full primary value. Even under non-fault b o t h D. C. Dawson and W.A. Elmore f o r p o i n t i n g o u t an
conditions, the VT secondary wiring will carry i n c o r r e c t s t a t e m e n t made under t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s p a r t
abnormally high zero-sequence voltages. For o f t h e s e c t i o n - "Advantages and Disadvantages o f
example, Figure 8 of the paper indicates that Ground-Faul t N e u t r a l i z e r Grounding". The c o r r e c t
the average standing voltage for Brayton Point s t a t e m e n t i s as f o l l o w s :
No. 3 corresponds to about 25 volts at the
secondary of the 13280~240 neutral "For GFN g r o u n d i n g t h e p r i m a r y n e u t r a l c o n n e c t i o n s o f
transformer. The actual primary neutral t h e two s e t s o f wye-wye connected g e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e
voltage is then 25 x (13280/240) = 1383 volts. t r a n s f o r m e r s (VTs) a r e t i e d t o g e t h e r and t o t h e
If the wye/wye connection with interconnected g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l u s i n g an i n s u l a t e d c o n d u c t o r . The
primary and secondary neutrals is used, this secondary n e u t r a l s a r e grounded a t t h e v o l t a g e
1383 volts will be continuously standing on t r a n s f o r m e r c u b i c l e . Grounding o f t h e p r i m a r y n e u t r a l
the secondary wiring. Since secondary wiring c o n n e c t i o n s a t t h e c u b i c l e i s n o t used s i n c e t h e
is typically only of the 600 volt insulation resulting phase to ground inductive reactance
class, the use of the wye/wye connection c o m p r i s i n g t h e m a g n e t i z i n g branch o f t h e v o l t a g e
clearly overstresses the insulation as well as transformers would detune the resonant circuit
c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e g e n e r a t o r system c a p a c i t a n c e t o
being a potential hazard to anyone working on ground and t h e n e u t r a l r e a c t o r " .
the secondary circuits. Under primary ground-
fault conditions, the secondary wiring voltage A l l o f t h e New England E l e c t r i c g e n e r a t o r s have t h e
to ground (assuming the data of the Appendix) n e u t r a l s o f g e n e r a t o r wye-wye VTs grounded as p e r t h e
will be 12700 volts. above corrected description. Coordination with
p r i m a r y o r secondary VT f u s e s i s no p r o b l e m w i t h GFN
An alternative wye/wye-ground connection which g r o u n d i n g s i n c e f a u l t s a r e alarmed w i t h no t r i p p i n g o f
has the advantages of the above connection but t h e generator u n t i l a f t e r a long time delay.
without the problems of excessive voltages, is
to connect the VT primary neutral to the D.C. Dawson asks whether New England E l e c t r i c has
generator neutral, but not to the secondarv e x p e r i e n c e d a f a i l u r e o f t h e i n s u l a t e d c a b l e between
neutral. The secondary should be grounded at t h e g e n e r a t o r p r i m a r y VT n e u t r a l c o n n e c t i o n and t h e
its neutral point or at one of the phases, as generator neutral, and whether t h i s c o n d i t i o n i s
described in Ref. 5 of the paper, to eliminate alarmed. No such f a i l u r e s have o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e 39
capacitive-coupled voltages through the VT's. y e a r s of e x p e r i e n c e w i t h ground f a u l t n e u t r a l i z e r
g r o u n d i n g a t New England E l e c t r i c . The i n s u l a t e d
The principal drawback of the alternative c a b l e i s i n s t a l l e d i n c o n d u i t . An u n d e r v o l t a g e r e l a y
wye/wye-ground connection, as well the wye/wye monitors the normal neutral to earth voltage
approach suggested by the paper, is that ( p r i m a r i l y 3 r d harmonic) a t t h e g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l and
inadvertent grounds on the insulated neutral alarms f o r l o w - v o l t a g e which would i n d i c a t e a f a i l u r e
between the generator and the VT's will short- i n t h e i n s u l a t e d c o n n e c t i o n f r o m t h e p r i m a r y VTs, o r
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open m o n i t o r i n g c i r c u i t o r a g e n e r a t o r w i n d i n g f a u l t D.C. Dawson makes r e f e r e n c e t o F i g u r e 8 which shows
near t h e g e n e r a t o r n e u t r a l . This undervoltage r e l a y t h e measured GFN v o l t a g e f o r B r a y t o n P o i n t No. 3
thus p r o v i d e s f o r d e t e c t i o n o f f a u l t s i n t h e f i r s t 5% p l o t t e d as a f u n c t i o n o f l o a d on t h e g e n e r a t o r . Since
of s t a t o r w i n d i n g s f r o m t h e n e u t r a l where GFN GFN v o l t a g e f o r B r a y t o n P o i n t No. 3 i s n o r m a l l y 9.5
g r o u n d i n g o r r e s i s t o r g r o u n d i n g cannot be r e l i e d on v o l t s and remains c o n s t a n t independent o f l o a d , t h e
for protection. Use o f t h e u n d e r v o l t a g e r e l a y r e s u l t s obtained i n Figure 8 confirmed t h e suspicion
t h e r e f o r e , p r o v i d e s f o r p r o t e c t i o n o f 100% o f t h e t h a t t h e abnormal GFN r e a d i n g s were as a r e s u l t o f an
s t a t o r w i n d i n g , which c o u l d have been s t a t e d as unbalance c o n d i t i o n , which was l a t e r determined t o be
a n o t h e r advantage o f GFN g r o u n d i n g s i n c e r e s o n a n t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a m i s a l i g h m e n t o f t h e t a p changer
g r o u n d i n g p r o v i d e s a s i g n i f i c a n t and s t e a d y n e u t r a l t o mechanism o f t h e spare GSU t r a n s f o r m e r .
e a r t h v o l t a g e s u i t a b l e f o r use as i n p u t t o t h e
u n d e r v o l t a g e r e l a y used f o r d e t e c t i o n o f f a u l t s c l o s e M a n u s c r i p t r e c e i v e d December 2 7 , 1990.
t o t h e generator n e u t r a l .