Lecture on

BTLED/
BTVTEd
Licensure Examination for Teachers
 1

Table of Specifications
(BTLEd & BTVTEd)
Based on the Philippine Qualification Framework Level 6 and Professional
Regulatory Board for Professional Teachers and approved by the
Commission under Board Resolution No. 11 (s.2022)
 Topics and LO

A. Teaching Exploratory Courses B. Common Competencies in

1. Industrial Arts I and II Home Economics
2. Home Economics Literacy, Family and
Consumer Life Skills 1. Demonstrate understanding of the
3. Introduction to ICT common comeptencies as applied in
4. Agriculture and Fishery Arts I and II Home Economics.
5. Entrepreneurship a. Selection, use, and maintenance of
6. Technology for Teaching and Learning tools
b. Mensuration and basic calculation
c. Interpretation of plans and drawing
applications of safety measures
C. Trainers' Methodology I and II D. Assessment and Evaluation
1. Apply principles and processes in 1. Demonstrate understanding of theories
facilitating learner-centered teaching and principles of assessment and
with emphasis on Trainers' evaluation applied in Home Economics.
Methodology I and II 2. Demonstrate competencies in using
2. Demonstrate the trainers' traditional and non-traditional strategies
competencies required by the Philippine in students' learning in BTLED and
TVET Trainers Assessors Qualifications BTVTED.
Framework
E. Research
1. Apply basic research understanding and
skills in Home Economics.
Weight per Topic

Common Competencies in
Teaching Exploratory
Home Economics
Courses 28%
50%

Research
5%
10% TM I and TM II

7%
Assessment and Evaluation
 Teaching
Exploratory
Courses
Content 1 Industrial Arts I and II

Home Economics Literacy, Family and Consumer

2
Life Skills
3 Introduction to ICT

4 Agri-Fishery I and II

5 Entrpreneurship

6 Technology for Teaching and Learning

Industrial
Arts I and II
`This course deals with an introduction to the concept of industrial arts. It includes
discussion on technology, evolution, utilization, and significance with industry, its
organization, materials, occupations, processes, and products, and with problems and
benefits resulting from the technological nature of society. As an introductory
subject, it is designed to develop certain habits, attitudes, and abilities desirable for all
citizens of industrial and technological civilization. It covers the basic knowledge
and skills in the areas of automotive civil, electronics, and electrical.,
 Industrial arts are phases of general education
which deal with technology, its evolution,
utilization, and significance; with industry, its
organization, materials, occupations, processes,
and products; and with the problems and
Concept of benefits resulting from the technological nature
of society.
Industrial Arts
Industrial art is a study of the changes
made by man in the forms of materials
to increase their values, and of the
problems of life-related to these
changes.
 1 Basic Drafting
Content 2 Carpentry and Masonry

3 Electricity and Electronics

4 Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning

5 Metal Works
1. When a designer or an ordinary person translates his or her
design idea with the use only of paper and pencil, what is the
name of the activity?

A. DRAFTING
B. FREEHAND SKETCHING
C. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
D. GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
Basic
Drafting
DRAFTING- it is the primary method of communication between designers and
clients, architects and builders, engineers and production personnel, and advertisers
and customers.

Furniture Drafting Architectural Drafting Machine Drafting Topographical Drafting

Electrical and Electronics Drafting Airplane Drafting Structural Drafting

 Drafting Tools and Materials
Grades of Pencil used for General Drafting (Drawing)
Pencils- are one of the draftsman’s most
HB is used for lettering
important tools.
2H this is used for line work
4H is used for general layout purposes
Types of Pencils According to Grade

Minimum Requirements for Drafting Students

Soft- 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B (Softest)
Medium- 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
4H is used for repenciling light finished lines (center
Hard- 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H (Hardest)
lines, dimension lines, and visible object lines)
F or H is used for lettering and freehand work
6H is used for light construction lines in layout work
where accuracy is required.
2H for visible object lines
 Drafting Tools and Materials
TRIANGLES is used for drawing vertical and oblique lines.

Common Types of Triangle

30⁰ X 60⁰ triangle

45⁰ X 90⁰ triangle

Protractor- this is used for measuring and layouting arcs of circles as well as angles that cannot be
measured by either of the triangles.
Triangular Scale- used to reproduce the dimension of an object full size/ reduced/ or enlarged to
some regular proportion.
French Curve- a ruler that is used to draw curves except for circles and arcs.
 Drafting Tools and Materials
Divider- this is used for dividing lines into any number of equal parts and transferring measurements
and spacing points and lines.

Compass- this is used for drawing arcs and circles.

T- square- this is used for drawing horizontal lines and serves as a guide for triangles when drawing
other kinds of lines.

Types of T- square

Fixed Head
Adjustable Head
Removable Head
 Geometric Figures
Some geometric symbols used in drawing are lines, angles, quadrilaterals, regular polygons, circles and
arcs, and solids.

Line- it is a set of points. A portion of the line between two distinct points is called a line segment.

Types of Lines
Straight Line- is the shortest distance between two points.
Parallel Lines-are lines on the same plane which will not meet no matter how long you extend them.
Perpendicular Line- are two intersecting lines which form right angles.
Angle- is a figure formed by two rays with common end point.

Types of Angles
Straight Angle- an angle whose measure is 180⁰
Right Angle- an angle whose measure is 90 ⁰
 Geometric Figures
Acute Angle- an angle whose measure is less than 90⁰
Obtuse Angle- an angle whose measure is more than 90 ⁰ but not more than 180⁰
Complimentary Angle- two angles whose sum measures 90⁰
Supplementary Angle- two angles whose sum measures 180⁰

Polygon- is a closed figure formed by line segments intersecting at end points. The line segments are
called sides of the polygon. It is classified according to the number of sides.
 Geometric Figures
TYPES OF POLYGONS

Triangle- it is a three-sided polygon.

Types of Triangle

Equilateral Triangle- with sides are equal

Isosceles Triangle- with two sides are equal
Scalene Triangle- with unequal sides
Right Triangle- with one angle that is a right angle
 Geometric Figures

Quadrilateral- is a four-sided polygon.

Types of Quadrilateral

Parallelogram- a quadrilateral with right angle

Rectangle- a parallelogram with right angle
Square- a rectangle with four equal sides
Trapezoid- a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel in which one of them is
longer than the other side.
Isosceles Trapezoid- a trapezoid with its non- parallel sides equal
Trapezium- a quadrilateral with no parallel sides and no equal sides
 Geometric Figures

Quadrilateral- is a four-sided polygon.

Pentagon- is a five-sided polygon. If all sides of the pentagon are equal it is a regular
pentagon the measure of each inclined angle is 180⁰
Hexagon- is a polygon with six sides. If all the sides and angles are equal, it is a regular
hexagon. The measure of each including angle of a hexagon is 120⁰
Heptagon- is a polygon with seven sides. If all sides and angles are equal, it is a regular
heptagon and the measure of each angle is approximately equal to 128.56⁰.
Octagon- a polygon with eight sides. If all sides are equal it is a regular octagon and the
measure of each angle is 135⁰
2. Which technique in pictorial drawing appears like 3-
dimensional but the lines are exactly thirty degrees from the
horizontal part of the object?

A. OBLIQUE DRAWING
B. CABINET DRAWING
C. ISOMETRIC DRAWING
D. PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING- is a drawing that shows the top
view, front view, and right-side view of a three-dimensional
figure.

PICTORIAL DRAWINGS- are drawings that show objects as

they would appear in a photograph. It is also a drawing that
shows more than one side of the object.

Types of Pictorial Drawings

1. Axonometric Drawing
2. Oblique Drawing
3. Perspective Drawing
AXONOMETRIC DRAWING- is a drawing technique that which
3D parts are shown in 2D planes.

OBLIQUE DRAWING- is a projective drawing of which the

frontal lines are given in true proportions and relations and all
others at suitable angles other than 90 degrees without regard
to the rules of linear perspective

PERSPECTIVE DRAWING- a pictorial drawing as seen by the

observer's eyes.

3. In various engineering fields multiple line weights are being

used to emphasize or deemphasize areas of the drawing. It is
also standardized in order for a uniform interpretation of
drawings. The term is called

A. CENTER LINE
B. HORIZONTAL LINES
C. DIMENSION LINES
D. ALPHABETS OF LINE
ALPHABETS OF LINES- Line symbols used in technical drawing.
The use of line symbols enables engineers/designers to express
the features of designed products clearly and accurately.

 OBJECT OR VISIBLE LINES – Thick dark lines use to show the outline of an object, visible edges
and surfaces.
CONSTRUCTION LINE – Very light and thin line use to

DIMENSION LINE – Thin and dark lines use to show the size (span) of an object with a numeric
value. Usually terminates with arrowheads or tick markings.
HIDDEN LINE – Short dash lines use to show nonvisible surfaces. Usually shown as medium
thickness.
CENTER LINE – Long and short dash lines. Usually indicates center of holes, circles and arcs.
Line is thin and dark.
EXTENSION LINE – Thin and dark line use to show the starting and ending of dimension.

CUTTING PLANE LINE – Extra thick lines use to show cutaway views or plane of projection where
a section view is taken. Arrow indicates the direction of view.

SHORT AND LONG BREAK LINES –Short and long medium line use to show cutaway view of a long
section.
 LEADER LINE – Medium line with an arrowhead to show notes or labels for size or special
information about a feature.

PHANTOM LINE – Long line followed by two short dashes use to show the alternate position of a
moving part.

SECTION LINE – Medium lines drawn at 45 degrees use to show interior view of solid areas of
cutting plane line.
Which generator generates direct current?

A. Dynamo
B. Adaptor
C. Alternator
D. Battery
 ELECTRICITY
it is a basic form of energy that has a property of certain fundamental particles of matter
known as protons and electrons. Protons are positively charged particles of matter and
Electrons are negatively charged particles of matter.

Electricity may flow to the different types of materials called Conductors. Conductors are
materials with low resistance. While insulators are materials with very high resistance that
do not permits the current to flow.

KINDS OF ELECTRICITY
-Static Electricity- electricity that does not move or electricity at rest.
-Dynamic or Current Electricity- electricity in motion
 SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
MECHANICALLY GENERATED ELECTRICITY CHEMICALLY GENERATED ELECTRICITY
-Motors and Dynamo -Battery
-Hydroelectric Power
Geothermal Power
-Generator Engines

SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL POWER

Alternating Current Source (AC)- common household convenience outlet where appliances
are plugged or an electrical transformer

Direct Curren Source(DC)- these are cells, batteries, converters (AC to DC), inverters (DC to
AC)
 SOURCES OF ENERGY
FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, OIL, AND NATURAL GAS)

NUCLEAR ENERGY (ENERGY FROM THE ATOM)

SOLAR ENERGY

WIND ENERGY

HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

OCEAN WAVE
TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
 PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICITY
Current- is the intensity of the flow of electrons in a conductor.

Voltage- is the electromotive force that enables or pushes the

electrons to flow in a conductor toward a certain direction.

Resistance- is the force that opposes the flow of electrons.

Power- is the total measure of electrical energy consumed in a

circuit.
4. The resistors are to be connected to possible types of circuit connections
namely series, parallel, series-parallel, and parallel-series. Which type of
connection will give the least amount of equivalent resistance?

A. PARALLEL
B. SERIES
C. PARALLEL-SERIES
D. SERIES-PARALLEL
 OHM'S LAW
Current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely
proportional to resistance.

 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
A circuit is the complete flow of current through a conductor or
path from the source to the load and back to the source.

CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS
Current: The amount of current is the same
through any component in a series circuit.
Resistance: The total resistance of any series
circuit is equal to the sum of the individual
resistances.
Voltage: The supply voltage in a series
circuit is equal to the sum of the individual
voltage drops.

Current: The amount of current is equal to

the sum of the individual current.
Resistance: The resistance in a parallel
circuit is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of all branches. The total
resistance is lower that the lowest value in
the circuit.
Voltage: The supply voltage is the same
through any component in a series circuit.
CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS
Current: The amount of current is the same
through any component in a series circuit.
Resistance: The total resistance of any series
circuit is equal to the sum of the individual
resistances.
Voltage: The supply voltage in a series
circuit is equal to the sum of the individual
voltage drops.

Current: The amount of current is equal to

the sum of the individual current.
Resistance: The resistance in a parallel
circuit is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of all branches. The total
resistance is lower that the lowest value in
the circuit.
Voltage: The supply voltage is the same
through any component in a series circuit.
5. A carpenter who builds skeletal structure or framework of buildings.

A. FORMWORK CARPENTER
B. FRAMER
C. FINISH CARPENTER
D. TRIM CARPENTER
 CARPENTERY
This is the art of cutting, framing, and joining timber or wood.

Carpenter is a skilled craftsperson who performs carpentry and works with wood to
construct install and maintain buildings, furniture, and other objects.

TYPES AND OCCUPATIONS

Finish Carpenter- who does finish carpentry

Trim Carpenter- specializes in molding and trim
Cabinet Maker- does fine and detailed work, specializing in the making of cabinets, made
from wood.
Ship's Carpenter- specializes ship building
Scenic Carpenter- specializes in film making, TV and the theater builds
Framer- is a carpenter that builds the skeletal structure or framework
Formwork Carpenter- creates the shuttering and falsework used in concrete construction
 WOOD JOINTS
Joints are the union of two or more smooth or even
surfaces, admitting two or more pieces of timber to a
close-fitting or junction.

Joinery is the art of joint making that includes

fastening and shaping the pieces of wood so they fit
together neatly and securely.
 Tools Used in Joint Construction

1. Backsaw
2. Chisel
3. Brace and Bit
4. Miter Box
5. Woodworker's Bench Hook
 Groups of Joints
1. T- Joints- one piece joined at right angles to the face or edge of another forming a T-shape.
2. L- Joints- Two pieces joined to form a corner.
3. X- Joints- the pieces crossed over or fixed into each other to form a cross.
4. Edge Joints- edges that are joined to produce wide surfaces. It is used on top of tables, chairs,
desks, and other furniture needing large surfaces.
5. Lengthening Joints - two pieces joined end to end.
6. Three-way Joints- three pieces of wood joined.
Measurements
Measuring/ Dimension of Wood
T" x W" x L' Finding Board Foot
Where T= Thickness T" x W" x L'/12
W= Width Where T= Thickness
L= Length W= Width
L= Length
12= Constant
 Types of Lumber
Rough Lumber- unsurfaced or unplaned
Surfaced Lumber- lumber that is planed and size is
reduced to 3/8 of an inch
S2s- two sides of the lumber are planed
S4s- four sides of the lumber are planed
 Woodworking Methods
1. Planning- drawing and designing, identifying the
bill of materials, list of procedures, and list of
tools and machines needed.
2. Cutting
3. Assembling
4. Sanding and Finishing
 Common Carpentry Tools
1. Guiding and Testing Tools
2. Holding Tools
3. Toothed Cutting Tools
4. Sharp-edged Cutting Tools
5. Smooth Facing Tools
6. Boring Tools
7. Fastening Tools
8. Sharpening Tools
Carbohydrates provide good source of energy which our body needs. In
the absence of Carbohydrates, which of the following can be a good
source of energy?

a. Proteins
b. Minerals
c. Water
d. Vitamins
 FOODS AND NUTRITION
FUNCTIONS OF FOOD
1. Physiological Function of Food- provide energy, building
the body, regulate activities of the body, and improve
body's resistance to disease.
2. Social Function of Foods- as part of the religious, cultural,
and life functions. It also serves as way of expressing
love, friendship, and social acceptance.
3. Psychological Functions of Foods- satisfy emotional
needs which includes sense of security, love and
attention.
 FOOD NUTRIENTS
Nutrients are constituents of food that are required by the body in sufficient amounts in order to
nurture, reproduce and lead a standard, healthy life.

1. Carbohydrates- provide energy needed by our body

2. Proteins- building of new tissues and maintaining and repair of those already built
3. Fats- carriers of fat soluble vitamins and a source of essential fatty acids
4. Minerals- necessary for body-building, for building of bones, teeth and structural parts of soft
tissues. They also play a role in regulation of processes in the body, e.g., muscle contraction,
clotting of blood, nerve stimuli
5. Vitamins- These are needed for growth, normal function of the body and normal body
processes
6. Water- essential for the utilisation of food material in the body and also for elimination of food
waste. It is a regulator of body processes such as maintenance of body temperature.
Cooking foods quickly in a small amount of fat is done through
__________?

a. Sauté
b. Simmer
c. Steam
d. Fry
 FOOD PREPARATION
Preparing food for eating, generally requires selection, measurement and combination of
ingredients in an ordered procedure so as to achieve desired results. Food preparation includes
but is not limited to cooking.

FOOD PREPARATION TECHNIQUES/ METHODS

1. MOIST HEAT METHOD- use water, liquid or steam to transfer heat to food. Common moist-
heat cooking methods include: poaching, simmering, boiling, braising, stewing, pot roasting,
steaming
2. DRY HEAT METHOD- involve the circulation of hot air or direct contact to fat to transfer heat.
Most often, this promotes the caramelization of surface sugars in foods. Common dry-heat
cooking methods include: pan frying, searing, roasting, sauteing, sweating, stir-frying, shallow-
and deep-frying, grilling, broiling, baking and rotisserie cooking.
Broiling works by transferring extremely high
heat onto food, usually directed from a
radiant located above the food which cooks
on one side at a time. Baking use indirect heat to surround foods
and cook from all sides. It used when
Grilling is similar to broiling, in that it uses
making bread, rolls, and cakes.
radiant heat to cook foods quickly. Most
commonly, grilling equipment will feature an
open grate with a heat source located
beneath the food. Sauteing is performed over a burner in a
hot, shallow pan and uses a small amount
Roasting is performed inside an oven and of oil or fat to coat food for even browning.
uses indirect heat that cooks from all sides
for even browning.
 Poaching is a gentle method of cooking in which In steaming, water is boiled
foods are submerged in hot liquid between 140 continuously to produce a steady
degrees and 180 degrees Fahrenheit. amount of steam. The steam
surrounds foods and cooks evenly
while retaining moisture. Steaming
Simmering is also a gentle method of cooking
can be performed in a few different
foods but uses higher temperatures than
ways.
poaching, usually between 180 degrees and 205
degrees Fahrenheit.

This cooking technique involves submerging

food in water that has been heated to the
boiling point of 212 degrees Fahrenheit. The
boiling water produces large bubbles, which
keep foods in motion while they cook.
 Which of the following personnel competencies of an entrepreneur
is best described
Tony invest a big amount in prawn industry in spite of recession and
high dollar exchange.

a. Goal setter
b. Risk taker
c. Opportunity Seeker
d. Committed person
 What Is Entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is defined as an activity that involves the discovery, evaluation and
exploitation of opportunities to introduce new goods and services, ways of organising,
markets, processes and raw materials through organising efforts that previously had
not existed.

What Is Entrepreneur?
An individual who undertakes the risk associated with creating, organizing, and
owning a business.
 Personal characteristics of successful
entrepreneurs
•Self-confident
•Independent

•Goal-oriented
•Persistent
•Creative
•Responsible
•Risk taker
•Inquisitive
 Mary a TLE teacher gives her students a research work on the different
cooking methods, she instructed them to make a power point presentation to
present their output in the class. The experience used by Teacher Mary
belongs to

a. dramatized experience
b. direct purposeful experience
c. contrived experience
d. demonstration
 Technology for Teaching and Learning
Educational Technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas,
devices, and organizations for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating, and
managing solutions to those problems.

Technology in Education it refers to the use of technological hardware in education. It is not only
limited to how technology is used in the teaching and learning.

Instructional Technology refers to the systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the
total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives.

Technology Integration is the use of learning technology to introduce, reinforce, supplement, and
extend skills. Basically this is the use of technology to enhance and support educational environment,
teacher instruction, and student learning.

Educational Media is all means of communication that includes prints, graphics, animations, audios, and
audiovisuals. In education, this also refers to the channels of transferring of information to learners and
also those gadgets and machines that are needed in transmitting information to learners.
 ROLES OF TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

1. Technology as a tool to support knowledge construction.

2. Technology as information vehicles for exploring knowledge to support

learning-by- constructing.

3. Technology as context to support learning-by-doing.

4. Technology as context to support learning by conversing.

5. Technology as intellectual partner to support learning-by-reflecting.

 THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES IN THE USE AND DESIGN OF
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN LESSONS

Edgar Dale's Cone of Experiences

Cone of experience is a visual

model, a pictorial device that
presents bands of experience
arranged according to the degree of
abstraction and not degree of
difficulty. The farther you go from
the
bottom of the cone, the more
abstract the experience becomes
 Technological Knowledge, Pedagogical
Knowledge, and Content Knowledge.

The TPACK is a technology

integration framework that
determines three types of
knowledge instructors need to
associate
for successful educational
technology.
 Content Knowledge (CK). This element
talks about the teacher's knowledge of the
subject matter to be learned or taught. CK
includes knowledge of concepts, theories, Technological Pedagogical Knowledge
evidence, and organizational frameworks (TPK). This element of TPACK describes the
within a particular subject matter. knowledge and understanding of how
Pedagogical Knowledge (PK). This instructional technology affects teaching
element of TPACK explains teachers' and
knowledge and skills on teaching learning experiences. In this element,
processes, practices, and methods teachers may introduce new pedagogical
used in teaching and learning. skills in
teaching the subject matter using
Technological Knowledge (TCK). This appropriate technology.
element of TPACK Describes teachers'
knowledge and understanding of the
proper way of using technology in
teaching the
 SAMR INTEGRATION MODEL
In this model, technology integration
is categorized into four different
degrees – substitution, augmentation,
modification, and redefinition. The
first two degrees belong to the
enhancement stage. In this stage,
technology's role is mainly
to enrich and develop learners'
outputs even more with technology. In
the last two stages,
learners' outputs are being developed
to present a different perspective but
still deliver the
central concept of the output.
If one would like to determine the practicum experiences of
the TLE preservice teachers amidst the onset of the
pandemic, what approach is best to use?

A. QUALITATIVE DESIGN
B. QUANTITATIVE DESIGN
C. PHENOMENOLOGY
D. SURVEY DESIGN
 What is Research?

Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and

control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and
deductive methods.

Exploratory Descriptive Explanatory

 Types of research methods

Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-
ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a
researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.

Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of
investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable
variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.
Qualitative Research Designs
Phenomenological studies examine human experiences through the descriptions
provided by the people involved. These experiences are called lived experiences.

Ethnographic studies involve the collection and analysis of data about cultural
groups.

Grounded theory studies are studies in which data are collected and analyzed and then a
theory is developed that is grounded in the data.

Case studies are in-depth examinations of people or groups of people

Action research is a type of qualitative research that seeks action to improve practice
and study the effects of the action that was taken
Quantitative Research Designs
Survey Method It is defined as a research method used for collecting data from a
pre-defined group of respondents to gain information and insights on various
topics of interest.

Descriptive research seeks to explain the current status of an identified variable.

The aim of descriptive research is to explain and interpret, the current status of
people, settings, conditions, or events.

Experimental research, as the name suggests, is usually based on one or more theories. It is
based on one or more than one theory. It is called true experimentation, uses the scientific
method to establish the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables that make up
a study.
Quantitative Research Designs
Correlational research is used to establish a relationship between two close entities
and to determine how one impacts the other. For this, a researcher needs at least two
separate groups. This type of research will recognize trends and patterns in data, but
it does not go so far in its analysis to observe the different patterns.
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Population is the entire set A sample represents the

of items from which you group of interest from the
draw data for a statistical population, which you will
study. It can be a group of use to represent the data.
individuals, a set of items, The sample is an unbiased
etc. It makes up the data subset of the population
pool for a study. that best represents the
whole data.
 COMMON
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Samples chosen based on the theory of
probability.
a. Simple random sampling
b. Cluster sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Stratified random sampling
 SIMPLE RANDOM CLUSTER SYSTEMATIC
SAMPLING SAMPLING SAMPLING

Add a lit Simple random Cluster sampling is a Systematic sampling is

sampling is defined as a probability sampling
sampling technique where defined as a probability
technique where
every item in the population researchers divide the sampling method where
has an even chance and population into multiple the researcher chooses
likelihood of being selected in groups (clusters) for elements from a target
the sample. Here the selection research. Researchers then
of items entirely depends on select random groups with
population by selecting
luck or probability, and a simple random or a random starting point
therefore this sampling systematic random and selects sample
technique is also sometimes sampling technique for
members after a fixed
known as a method of data collection and data
chances. tle bit of body text analysis. ‘sampling interval.’
 STRATIFIED
RANDOM
SAMPLING

Stratified random sampling is a

type of probability sampling using
which a research organization can
branch off the entire population
into multiple non-overlapping,
homogeneous groups (strata) and
randomly choose final members
from the various strata for
research which reduces cost and
improves efficiency.
 NON- PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE JUDGMENTAL QUOTA SNOWBALL
SAMPLING SAMPLING SAMPLING
SAMPLING
Convenience sampling is Judgmental sampling, Quota sampling is Snowball sampling or chain-
defined as a method
also called purposive defined as a non- referral sampling is defined
adopted by researchers
sampling or probability sampling as a non-probability sampling
where they collect market
technique in which the
research data from a authoritative sampling, method in which
samples have traits that are
conveniently available pool of is a non-probability researchers create a rare to find. This is a
respondents. It is the most sampling technique in sample involving sampling technique, in which
commonly used sampling
which the sample individuals that existing subjects provide
technique as it’s incredibly
members are chosen represent a population. referrals to recruit samples
prompt, uncomplicated, and
required for a research
economical. In many cases, only on the basis of the Researchers choose
study.
members are readily researcher’s knowledge these individuals
approachable to be a part of and judgment. according to specific
the sample.
traits or qualities.
SLOVIN'S FORMULA

Where
n= sample size,
N= poulation
e= margin of error
What are Research
Instruments?

A research instrument is a tool used to

collect, measure, and analyze data
related to your subject.
Research instruments can be tests,
surveys, scales, questionnaires, or even
checklists.
To assure the strength of your study, it
is important to use previously validated
instruments!

 Validity and
reliability testing
RELIABILITY TESTING
testing for reliability is important as it refers
to the consistency across the parts of a
measuring instrument. For an exploratory or
Validity explains how well the Reliability concerns the extent pilot study, it is suggested that reliability
collected data covers the to which a measurement of a should be equal to or above 0.60 There are
actual area of investigation. phenomenon provides stable four cut-off points for reliability, which
includes excellent reliability (0.90 and above),
Validity basically means and consist results. Reliability
high reliability (0.70-0.90), moderate
“measure what is intended to is also concerned with reliability(0.50-0.70) and low reliability (0.50
be measured” repeatability. For example, a and below)
scale or test is said to be
reliable if repeat measurement
made by it under constant
conditions will give the same
result . .
 The Qualitative Data Analysis

Content Analysis Narrative

This refers to the process of
categorizing verbal or behavioral data Analysis
to classify, summarize and tabulate the This method involves the reformulation of stories
data. presented by respondents taking into account context of
each case and different experiences of each respondent. In
other words, narrative analysis is the revision of primary

Discourse qualitative data by researcher.

Thematic
Analysis Analysis
This is more advanced method that consists
of several stages such as familiarization,
A method of analysis of naturally
identifying a thematic framework, coding,
occurring talk and all types of written
charting, mapping and interpretation.
text.
Quantitative Data Analysis
STATISTICS DATA
It is a branch of mathematics that deals with Refers to any facts or figures that are
collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and collated with the intention of being
presenting data. presented, interpreted, and analyzed.

Statistics helps in gathering information,

understanding patterns, and making
inferences about the world around us.
 Data may be:

Qualitative Quantitative
Data that describes Data that is
characteristics or quantified or
qualities. measured.

Usually deals with Usually deals with

language numbers.
STATISTICAL Types of Statistical Tools
ANALYSIS
is a specific method for analyzing Descriptive Significant Testing
quantitative research data.
Used to describe basic Tells as how confident we can
features of the data in a be that the survey’s sample
In statistics, it is important to find the study and provide simple population accurately
mean, median, and mode. summaries about the displays the views of the
sample and the measures.. entire population.

Mean, Mode, Median ANOVA, T-Test

Correlation Regression
Identify variables that Determines the statistical
relationship between a
have some sort of
dependent variable and one
relationship to the extent or more independent
that a change in other. variables.

Pearson-r,
Spearman- Rho Linear Regression,
Logistic Regression
Mean
The average of a data set.

Median
The middle value in a set of data.

Mode
The most common number in a set of data.
 Formula for finding To find the Median:
the Mean
You simply arrange all numbers in ascending
Sum of Observations order
Mean =
Total Number of Observations
Determine the number in the middle.

To find the Mode:

The Mean is
Arrange all numbers in ascending order
the average.
The number that appears most often is
referred to as the mode. The Mode The Median
shows up the is the middle.
most.
 Significance Testing
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
ANOVA is used when you have two or more groups and if you wish to
compare their mean scores on a continous variable.
ONE WAY ANOVA
Repeated Measures Between Groups

Example 1. Determine if there is a significant difference between the

level of academic performance when analyzed according to sections.

Example 2. Determine if there is a significant difference between the

LET performance of BTLED students when analyzed according subjects.
 Significant Testing
T-Test
T-TEST is used when you have two groups or two sets of data and you
wish to compare the mean on some continous variable.

Paired Independent
Sample Sample

Comparing Pre-test Scores Comparing Scores of Male

and Post Test Scores and Female
 Testing the Relationship
Correlation
Correlation is used if you want to explore the strength of
the relationship between two variables.
Strength of the Relationship
POSITIVE CORRELATION indicates
that one variable increases, the
other variable also increases. When the r value is 1.0 it indicates a
perfect positive correlation.

NEGATIVE CORRELATION indicates that one variable increases, the

other variable decreases. When the r value is -1.0 it indicates a
perfect negative correlation.
Strength of the Relationship

r= .10 to .29 (-.10 to -.29) Weak Correlation

r= .30 to .49 (-.30 to -.49) Average Correlation
r= .50 to 1.0 (-.50 to -.10) Strong Correlation
r= 0 No Relationship
 Testing the Relationship
Correlation
Pearson- R Spearman Rho
designed for interval level (continuous) variables.
designed for use with ordinal level or ranked
It can also be used if you have one continuous
data and is particularly useful when your data
variable (e.g. scores on a measure of self-esteem)
does not meet the criteria for Pearson
and one dichotomous variable (e.g. sex: M/F)
correlation.

Ex. 1. Determine the significant relationship between the level of

digital skills and readiness towards integration of technology.

Ex. 2. Determine the significant relationship between person’s

average hours worked per week and income.
 Regression
Statistical methods used for the estimation of relationships between a
dependent variable and one or more independent variables. It can be
utilized to assess the strength of the relationship between variables and
for modeling the future relationship between them.

LINEAR REGRESSION LOGISTIC REGRESSION

Used to explore the relationship between one Allows you to test models to predict categorical outcomes
continuous dependent variable and a number of with two or more categories. Your predictor
independent variables or predictors (independent) variables can be either categorical or
continuous, or a mix of both in the one model.

Ex. 1. Determine if the level of digital skills significantly influenced readiness

towards integration of technology.

Ex. 2. Determine if which indicators significantly influence the LET result.

__________ to increase the volume of shaped dough through
continued fermentation
Which of the following mixing methods is used when you mix 2 or more
ingredients thoroughly until one ingredient cannot be distinguished
from the other?

a. Beating
b. Creaming
c. Blending
d. All of the above
Beating- ingredients are moved vigorously in a back and forth, up
and down, and around motion until they are smooth
Creaming- fat and sugar are beaten together until they take on a
light, airy texture.
Blending- Ingredients are mixed so thoroughly they become one.
Which of the following ingredients composed batter?

a. Starch and Flour

b. Water and Flour
c. Melted butter and flour
d. Flour only
 Starch and Flour- thickener
Water and Flour- is to batter
Melted butter and flour- Roux (thickening agent)
Flour only