SEMANTICS (kajian makna) CONTOH YT HARUS DIGANTI
Red color : orak orek
Definition : According to Hornby semantics is the branch of the linguistics dealing with the
meaning of the words and sentences.
http://jurnal.untagsmg.ac.id/index.php/linguamedia/article/download/1401/1110
According to (Saeed 2009) semantic is the study of meaning communicated through
language https://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/ideas/article/view/522/0
Simple def : the study of meaning, According the statement above, we can know semantic concerns
about the meaning in the language communication.
Word Semantics
1. Reference : The reference is the object that the expression refers to.
https://journal.trunojoyo.ac.id/prosodi/article/download/340/7108
( relation between word and object)
2. Sense: is the idea or cognitive significance of the expression.
https://journal.trunojoyo.ac.id/prosodi/article/download/340/7108
-sense relation (hubungan antara kata dan makna)
1. synonym : Geoffrey Finch (2000: 184) said a sense relation which exists between words
which have a similar meaning or sense.
http://jurnal.untagsmg.ac.id/index.php/linguamedia/article/download/1401/1110
e.g : The patient is sick/ill
*explanation : In these examples, each pair of the italic words is synonymous. In (1) sick and
ill are replaceable each other and the meaning of the sentence remains the same.
Another example : couch/sofa, lawyer/attorney, boy/lad, toilet/lavatory
( Link example and explanation
https://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/ideas/article/view/522/0 )
3. antonym : Two forms with opposite meanings are called antonyms.
http://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/jltr/vol02/06/27.pdf
As a matter of fact, there are several types of antonymy:
a. Complementarity , bersifat mutlak,( ketika suatu yg hidup, pasti belum mati = mutlak)
This is a relation between such pairs of lexical items that the positive of one implies the
negative of the other．For example:
Dead ／alive
single／married
male／female
(link def + example : https://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/ideas/article/view/522/0
b. Gradability
This is a relation between antonyms where the positive of one does not necessarily
imply the negative of the other because there are usually intermediate terms between
the pairs.
ty (TONTON YT) bersifat relative/gradasi (tidak mutlak, memiliki ukuran atau tingkatan)
Old／young
long／short
near／far
big／small
( link sama kaya complementarity)
C. Relational opposites : This is a relation found with pairs of words that exhibit the reversal
of a relationship between items.
(TONTON YT) bersifat rasional , memiliki hubungan (jika ada pembeli, pasti ada penjual)
Buy／sell
push／pull
husband／wife
above／below
(link samakaya complementarity)
3.hyponym : When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the
relationship is called hyponymy. ( same link as antonym)
(relation between two words) : this is a rose = this is a flower
e.g :
Explanation : Fruit is said to be the superordinate (also called hyperonym) of Manggo, The
relations among manggo, banana, and orange are called co-hyponyms.
(link expl and example :
https://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/ideas/article/view/522/0 )
4. homonym : Geoffrey Finch (2000:165) mentions homonymy is a relation which exists
between words which have the same form but unrelated senses. (same link as synonym)
(same name, sound, spelling but different meaning)
e.g : In the ball, the prince invites Cinderella to dance (a)
The boys like to play with the ball (b)
Explanation : In the (a) and (b) ball are homonyms. So, they are spelled and pronounced in
the same way, but they have different meanings. Ball in (a) means ‘a large formal party with
dancing’, whereas in (b) it refers to ‘a round object used for throwing, kicking or hitting in
games and sports’.
Link of example and expl :
https://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/ideas/article/view/522/0
5. polysemy : Geoffrey Finch (2000:173) said it is a sense relation in which a word, or lexeme
has acquired more than one meaning.(same link as synonym)
(word having more meaning) :
Example (CARI CONTOH LAIN) :
(a) I like to run in the morning
(b) The event runs smoothly without any obstacles.
Explanation : In (a) run refers to movement on foot) , (b) run refers to the progress or
operation of the event.
Link e.g and exlp : https://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/ideas/article/view/522/0
6. Metonymy : metonymy is the use of one word to describe a concept associated with the
concept normally expressed by that word.
e.g : They counted the heads at the meeting (heads = people)
exp : the “head” is used as a metonym for the people who attend the meeting. Each head
refers to each person than its literal meaning.
def + i.g link : https://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/ideas/article/view/522/0
(CARI PENGERTIAN SEDERHANA + JELASKAN CONTOH)
Sentence semantics
1. Presupposition
Hudson (2000: 321) states that "a presupposition" is something assumed (presupposed) to
be true in a sentence which asserts other information".
e.g : In the sentences below, A presupposes sentence B.
A ：My elder sister is a nurse．
B ：I have an elder sister
Explanation : We can see that presupposition is similar to entailment in that when A is true;
B is true in both cases. However, there is an important difference between them. Unlike
entailment, presupposition is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, when A is false, B is
still true. And other sentences about the truth－value in presupposition are: When B is true,
A can be either true or false. When B is false, no truth－value can be said about A.
(all of the from : : https://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/ideas/article/view/522/0 )
2. Entailment :
According to Crystal (1998: 136) entailment as "a term refers to a relation between a pair of
sentences such that the truth of the second sentence necessarily follows from the truth of
the first, for example I can see a cat entails I can see an animal.
So, we can also say that Entailment is the truth of one expression that implies the truth of
another.
Entailment means A entails B if:
(i) Whenever A is true, B is true also; (but if B is true, A is not necessarily true).
(ii) The information of B conveys is contained in the information A conveys.
(iii) (A and not B) is contradictory.
For example: John was killed entails John is dead
(all of them from :
https://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/ideas/article/view/522/0
3. Predicate logic :
in predicate logic, simple propositions are formed by predicate-argument combinations.
https://www.gist.ugent.be/file/216
THE IMPORTANCE :
by learning semantics, it can empower English teachers to effectively teach vocabulary,
analyze language use, and comprehend the meaning of words in English. With a good grasp
of semantics, teacher can help students avoid errors in using words that have similar
meanings but are used in different contexts.
