He was awarded Noble Piz In the year 1921 for expalna- tion of the photo electric elect El Perionic ano OSCILLATORY MOTIONS. Bi siete HARMONIC MOTION SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION. VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION. FORCE LAW FOR SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION. ENERGY IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION. SOME SYSTEMS EXECUTING SHM Ey pamco simpce HARMONIC MOTION o FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE Ji. INTER PHYSICS Oscillations IMPORTANT POINTS (@) If abody repeats its motion at regular intervals of time, the motion is said to be periodic. @ If abody moves to and fro about a fixed point in its path and if the acceleration is proportional to the displace- ment of the body from a fixed point and directed towards} ‘the fixed point, then the motion of the body is called’ simple harmonic motion. ® One complete to and fro motion of a body is called an oscillation or vibration. @) The time required for one oscillation of a body is called its period of oscillation. ©) The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from the rest position is called its amplitude. © The number of vibrations made by a body in unit time is called its frequency. @ The phase of vibration of aparticle isthe state of motion! related to the time with reference to the average position of rest. @® he force constant of a system is equal to the force to be applied on the particle to cause unit displacement.ySaEE Chapter @ Oxclations © The time taken for one complete oscillation is known as the time period of simple harmonic motion given by T = z. The number of oscillations per second is known as the frequency @® The velocity of the particle in SHM varies with displacement 'y given by v= w A? -y?. (The velocity is equal to zero at the extreme position and maximum at the mean position. Vinax = AG. @ The acceleration of the partide varies with displacement as, a= wy. The acceleration is zero at the mean position and maximum at the extreme position. 4... = Ao’. The velocity and acceleration of the particle in SHM vary periodically with time given by v= Awcosat anda= Aw*sin wt. @ The state (or condition) of vibration of the particle with regards to its position and direction of motion at any instant is known as the “phase”. It is given by the angular displacement '8 ' on the reference circle. 8 = (wt + $,) where 9, is the initia phase (when t = 0) and is known as Epoch’. © Asimple harmonic motion with amplitude 'A’ and angular frequency ‘a’ may be represented as y= A Sin (at + 9) or y= Acos (at + >). 42) Asimple pendulum of length 'e' makes simple harmonic oscillations with small amplitudes. The I period of oscillation is given by T = aft. 8) The time period of a loaded spring is T = anf where Kis force constant. The particle velocity and acceleration during SHM as a function of time are given by v(t) = -wAsin (ot + 6) alt) = -w07Acos (wt + 6) = —w°x(t) @) The damped simple harmonic motion is not strictly simple harmonic. ei) In an ideal case of zero damping, the amplitude of SHM at resonance is infinite. @ Under forced oscillation, phase of harmonic motion of the particle differs from the phase of the driving force. 3) The phenomenon of increase in amplitude when the driving force is lose of the natural frequency of the oscillator is called resonance.8. OSCTLATIONS © show thot the motion af a spe pewaulum és simple Hosmuonic aud hence deomive eae Far tty time. periods Whet is seconds pendulum 2 Has: Consider a comple Penduliany having, a small bob af mass m tied to am inentemsi ble , tationly and may Loy sdoxing 0h Langit LL ond ofan ent gf tus Etna UF Sred dacont a wigid Supehtt- Bree Te be Kee omgelan. dspletumcnk and T be the onrkion ™ fhe SS O>A% -ae_ i 4 dadruy Tha facey aC ON3 on de bob ome |. Tous oboug €us, Savy md 2 ori fle MZ Cy VOrticably Loaneomels - Tho fase Wy con Le seyolued indo two compouenth TAQ CRD IS ng cine Tx — Mg CaSO Fe mg sie Pha = akg sine at —gse Is @ is cmalh SMO NO oe de az -34 (a= “Gp 0. flame [RA-* } ) “Mod og a Sompe Pemckuine ts SHM. Time paved o¢ Simple Pemdanlrns : i We bacw (ae {as-w a © compose, () & ©, ots wr aiy Ey n toloa (Pe 3) " , Seconds Rudulum: poudur lem calxose Hime ported Ze Called Secoudy Peududim + Draghe of fs sessed fondalon [= 1 = Toot Te vsecouds TS on ye 3 wade fy Le a4 oe fe ‘a -8 q- 872 Problem. On onesge a lumon heart it gound fo Seat Ge times in MTR MUke = Carlonhbe, Ue Foes pramby and parted - bas? The beak fro juemyy of bso fF = 15aDefine simple dommouic motion Show thet tre mociow of pawjeckion of & Parkicle Perens ns UMidam cinder mebion, onan) Lametol, 4 simple theangonic - Susi Ty a body mover do ond fac oleuy a stauight Sine about Ha yea Poser such theb, at aauy Five hs accelenodouy BoB Srauional €o i isphiament Due opposite iH atine ht amd disecked aboscus powands 42 yReam Pork fion, than fe motion Of fas & coltad simp Lasmouic mohon- AK-Y > faz-w'y). | The pasiettion of amifarm crsuler moon on cry diame ter is simple ormortic + | Conrden agartcle P moving on tea Cinuwmferwute of a Cincle ab madkius A wit uni gam Angler velochy 09 « Lek N be the projection Qf kre Pardon diaueter yy! As tus porte moved on tts Gancla, ite Pswjekion A) movey 0m | to amd fro abot (us contre’ + tue diameter yy! o+, Agter a Hite “if Secouds , Tre fertile covery omnaulen displasore Fao Aaopn, - 4 _ dfasmoe) Steve ges Dereennose gdb: Que V= AGS i ae 5 as dleestas) Vraw ater : y) as —Aarsincak Ve Meo Fae ' AE-wy 7 |e Hee AC (ehashion ¢5 cltnect. sorrel to-tts ds amd OpPaie clinestion « re ee a i peatMena Chapter@ Oxcilations Waist aecinl@lale ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Give two examples of periodic motion which are not oscillatory. Ans. i) The motion of planets around the sun. ii) The motion of an electron round the nucleus. 2. The displacement in SH.M. is given by y = asin (20t + 4). What is the displacement when it is increased by 2n/o ? Ans. The displacement in SH.M. isy= asin (201 + 4) 2x ‘The time period T= “> is increased, the displacement of the particle remains the same. 3. Agirlis swinging seated in a swing. What is the effect on the frequency of oscillation if she stands ? 1 fg 4 Fr = oon ze Ans. Frequency (n) ae ney A girl swinging in standing position location of centre of mass shift supwards / decreases, frequency of oscplation increases. f The bob of a simple pendulum is a hollow sphere filled with water. How will the period of oscillation change, if the water begins to drain out of the hollow sphere ? ‘Ans. The period of the pendulum is same, when the bob is hollow (or) completely filled with water. As water flows out from the bob, the centre of gravity of the bob lowered. The pendulum length increases. Hence time period also increases. When the bob becomes empty, again centre of gravity shifts upwards. The pgadulum length decreases. The time period also decreases. The bob of a simple pendulum is made of wood. What will be the effect on the time period if the wooden bob is replaced by an identical bob of aluminum ? jg’ Time period is independent of mass of the bob. J wooden bob is replaced by an identical aluminium bob, Time period remains constant Ans. Time period (1) = anf Will a pendulum clock gain or lose time when taken to the top of a mountain ? Ans. Tx ¥ At the mountain top, the value of g decreases, hence time period increasesi.e. the pendulum 9 will take longer time to complete one vibration. Hence pendulum clock will loose time on the mountain top. 6 The displacement in S.H.M. isgiven by y = asin (20t + 4). What is the displacement when it is increased by 2x/@ ? 6 The bob of a simple pendulum is a hollow sphere filled with water. How will the period of oscillation change, if the water begins to drain out of the hollow sphere ? © ie bob of a simple pendulum is made of wood. What will be the effect on the time period if the wooden bob is replaced by an identical bob of aluminum ?Chapter @ Oscillations A pendulum clock gives correct time at the equator. Will it gain or lose time if it i taken to the poles ? If so, why ? a Ans. Time period (1) = anfé g value at poles is greater than at equator. If it is taken to the poles g value increases, time period decreases. jendulum clock gains time. hat fraction of the total energy is K.E when the displacement is one hall of a amplitude of a particle executing SH.M. Ans. Total energy (6) = fmota? A 1 1 Given y= >, Kinetic energy = > mo%(A? - y*) = zmot KE= oxE fae happens to the energy of a simple harmonic oscillator if its amplitude is doubled ? Ans. Total energy (E) = maka? Given Amplitude A is doubled Pe maton? 1 EBs 4 xz mora? B= 4E yy Energy becomes four times. OY Can a simple pendulum be used in an artificial satellite ? Ans. No, in an artificial satellile acceleration due to gravity iszero. Hence we cannot use simple pendulum is an artificial satellite. Sigl@)eum ANSWER QUESTIONS 1, Define simple harmonic motion. Give two examples. Ans. Simple harmonic motion : "A body is said to be in simple harmonic motion, if it movesto and fro along a straight line, about its mean position such that, at any point its acceleration is proportional to its displacement but opposite in direction and is directed always towards the mean position” lw « =x] 6 What happens to the energy of a simple harmonic oscillator if its amplitude is doubled ?® Dare ths erations of Kinetic tus omd Patemtial Ho Simple KAwenke OVci|letae pe Sitonthed lacs alec oucnee Oh_emergy (4 Cas Af cimnple harmonic mokiow « DUS > Da cemple Heomonic Molton yn Oe Kinase Prengy + KE = Loy Kes wn (co REGE)™ iS ke= get covert + Tha eae dau M movig, Kerough tus. diyphemuont GAG oa mabey fate Ui saad wher dom of Fofeukiel Brorgy. Khe oven ogy feure _s wafrone we otf. £ So wotktews = Ex 2&9 Foleuttel € 2 mod | ~ wak dus = feted Sas pee mony | Tn ht GUE Ss | Total Evegy= KE+ PE Trees: fur esr bee yh _ TEs pmo gens [res meta —O . i meon Positious(Y=0) on ce ‘ieee Kea eme Carg=gmu'a> SR a @ i Kes Hom t ee . a | -- TEs KE+4PE = Am ALO Ak Extsgue shou Yea) KES EMO CAE ADEO PE = mora . TEs REECE = oF SmTA™ ® sok megs 0 MO os Gu SM law ef Cousowebre ars Jews of emergy is psored -Chapter @ Oscillations Jf tre bob of a pendulum is made of a Sol. Sol. 3. Sol. hollow brass sphere. What happens to the time period of the pendulum, if the bob is filled with water completely ? Why ? Time period (1) = anf The period of the pendulum is same. When the bob is hollow (or) completely filled with water. As water flows out from the bob, the centre of gravity of the bob lowers. The pendulum length increases. Hence time period also increases. When the bob becomes empty, again centre of gravity shifts upwards. The pendulum length decreases. The time period also decreases. 0 identical springs of force constant "kK" are joined one at the end of the other (in series). Find the effective force constant of the combination. k= kek It two springs are connected in saries x x What are the physical quantities having maximum value at the mean position in SHM ? i) Velocity, Vig, = Aw ii) Kinetic energy, (K.Byra = maka? 4/h particle executes SHM such that, Sol. P% Sol. 6. Sol. the maximum velocity during the oscilla-tion is numerically equal to half the maximum acceleration. What is the time period ? 1 Given Vinee = Aha 1 Aw = = Aw = Zhe w=2 2n_2n ate nsec. o 2 ‘A mass of 2 kg attached to a spring of force constant 260 Nm™' makes 100 oscillations, What is the time taken ? m = 2kg,k = 260 Nim im 2 Te an 2x3.14 /5e5 = 0.5508 sec. ©. Time for 100 oscillations = 100 x0.5508 = 55,08 sec. A simple pendulum in a stationery lift has time period T. What would be the effect on the time period when the lift (i) moves up with uniform velocity (ii) moves down with uniform velocity (iii) moves up with uniform accele- ration a (iv) moves down with uniform acceleration ‘a’ (v) begins to fall freely under gravity ? i) When the lift moves up with uniform velocity rf No change in time period. ii) When the lift moves down with uniform velocity. No change in the time period. When the lift moves up with acceleration a T= 2n gta Time period decreases.iv) When the lift moves down with acceleration. Te xf = 2x5 Time period increases. v) Ut falls freely, a= 9 T= 23 4. 21 & = onan = ory = Time period becomes infinity. . A particle executing SHM has ampli- tude of 4 cm and its acceleration lat a distance of 1 cm from the mean posi-tion is 3 cm s™. What will is velocity be when it is at a distance of 2 cm from its mean position ? Sol. A = 40m,x,= 1cm,a= 3cm/s* a = ox, 3 = 0x1 o- 8 Velocity v= aA = 2cm) ve V3 a=? ve V3xVi2 v = V36 = 6omss. Sgn simple harmonic oscillator has a time period of 2s. What will be the change in the phase 0.25 s after leaving the mean position ? Sol. T = 2sec t = 0.25 sec an singt = sin TI! wat = 2x tay = 7028 J o- 5. Oscillations 9. A body describes simple harmonic motion with an amplitude of 5 cm and aperiod of 0.2 s. find the acceleration and velocity of the body when the displacement is (a) 5 om. (b) 3 cm. (c) 0 cm. Sol. A = 5cm=5x10%m T = 0.2 sec. i) y =5cem=5x10%m Acceleration (a) = -w*y = {10n)*x5 x 10 a= -5n? mis? Velocity (v) = w/a? -y? =10Ryi5 x10") (5x 107)? ii) y = 8cm=3x10%m Acceleration (a) = -w*y= ~(10a)?x3x 107 = -On? mis* Velocity (v) = w/a? —y? =10ny(5x 107)? - (3x10) = 102 /25-9 x 107 v = 04x mis. y =0cm a= -wy= +10n)?x0= 0 It —y = 10ny(5x 107? = 0.5 m/s, Velocity (v) = The mass and radius of a planet are double that of the earth. If the time period of a simple pendulum on the earth is T, find the time period on the planet. GM Sol. g = & M gua (3)Chapter @ Oscillations 13. The period of a simple pendulum is found to increase by 50% when the length of the pendulum is increased 2 (M=M, R,=R aes _™ (3) (vt aM fal by 0.6 m. Calculate the initial length PR) eee. Kem and the initial period of oscillation at a place where g = 9.8m s™. 9%” 5 on i= ff sol. T= a [2 T Vo VI [A+ 0. ate BT =D T+ 50% T= 2x |"? Ta= V2T. 50 2 T+ ote a a+06 11/ Calculate the change in the length g of a simple pendulum of length 1m, 3T 2 2406 when its period of oscillation 2 mi 9g changes from 2 sto 1.5 s. ; Blog 4]. on itt Sol. Tx vi 2| "Ya l= ™ Rie ix06 Re GR 2 Ls 08) PA Pax 4 Giz 41+ 2.4 = 5) = 2.4 I, = Im, T,= 1.5 sec. T, = 2 sec. 38 gy, (USP _ 2.25 _ 12 = 048m . Ips 1x oO 72 0.5625 _ Al= 1, -1,= 1-0.5625 = 0.4375 m T= 2n oe 2n |——= 2nx0.2213 ig V98 = 1.389 sec. 14. A clock regulated by a second's pendu- lum keeps correct time. During summer ‘A {reely falling body takes 2 seconds to reach the ground on a plane, when it is dropped from a height of 8 m. If the length of the pendulum increases the period of a simple pendulum is to 1.02 m. How much will the clock seconds on the planet, calculate the gain or lose in one day ? length of the pendulum. Sol. T = 2m (a Sol. u = 0,t= 2sec,s= h= 8m 9 12 Te 8 = ul+ 5at nti 8 = Oxt+ Pxgxe To 24 g = 4mis? T = 2s00,/= S- 0.9927 Ts anf di = 1.02 - 0.9927 = 0.0273 at 10,0273 afi 27 209927 ne ONG 0.0273 1 = 1m-= 100m. = 0.992716. Chapter Oscillations The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is 1.7 ms®. What is the time period of a simple pendulum on the surface of moon if its time period on the surface of earth is 3.5 s ? (g on the surface of earth is 9.8 ms~). ~ Here, gy = 1.7ms*;g,= 9.8 ms@; Tn 2iTy= 3587 Answer the following questions : a) Time period of a particle in SHM depends on the force constant k and mass m of the particle : T= 2" A simple pendulum executes SHM approximately. Why then is the time period of a pendulum independent of the mass of the pendulum ? b) The motion of a simple pendulum is approximately simple harmonic for small angle oscillations. For larger angles of oscillation, a more involved analysis shows 1 that T is greater than anf, Think of a qualitative argument to appreciate this result. c) A man with a wristwatch on his hand falls from the top of a tower. Does the watch give correct time during the free fall ? d) What is the frequency of oscillation of a simple pendulum mounted in cabin that is freely falling under gravity ? Sol. « Centripetal acceleration, a, = a) For a simple pendulum, force constant or spring factor K is proportional to massm, therefore, m cancels out in denominator as well as in numerator. That is why the time period of simple pendulum is independent of the mass of the bob. b) The effective restoring force acting on the bob of simple pendulum in displaced position is F= ~mg sin 8. When @ is small, sin @ = 6. Then the expression for time period of simple pendulum is given by T= 2x Jug When @is large sin 0 < 0, if the restoring force mg sin @ is replaced by mg@, this amounts to effective reduction in the value of 'g' for large angles and hence an increase in the value of time period T. ©) Yes, because the working of the wrist watch depends on spring action and it has nothing to do with gravity. d) We know that gravity disappears for a man under free fall, so frequency is zero. . Asimple pendulum of length | and having a bob of mass M is suspended in acar, The car is moving on a circular track of radius Rwith a uniform speed v. If the pendulum makes small oscillations in a radial direction about its equilibrium position, what will be its time period ? a Rit isacting horizontally. Acceleration due to gravity = g acting vertically downwards. Effective acceleration due to gravity z. Time period, T = ee aChapter @ Oscillations Sol. Here,m = 10kg;R= 15cm=0.15m; T= 155,0= 7 Moment of inertia of disc, Le dma = ye 10 x (0.15)? kgm? Now T= 2x 4n'l %, a= 2 af 22 yey 10% (0.15) 7) 2° sy = 1.97 Nm/rad. af, A body describes simple harmonic motion with an amplitude of 5 cm and aperiod of 0.2 s. Find the acceleration and velocity of the body when the dis- placement is (a) 5 cm (b) 3 cm (c) Ocm. Sol. Here,r= 5cm = 0.05 m;T= 0.25; 28, _ 2 oT 02 = 10p rad/s When displacement is y, then acceleration A= ~w¥y Velocity, V= wf? —y? Case (a): Wheny= xem = 0.05 m A = +102)? x 0.05 = ~6n? m/s? V= 10x y(0.05)? sy = 0 Case (b) : When y= 3cm= 0.03m A = +102)" x 0.03 = On? m/s? 25. Sol. V= 10x (0.05)? ~ (0.03)? = 10x 0.04 = 0.4nm/s Case (c) :When y = 0, A= -(10n)? x 0= 0 V= 10x ¥(0.05)* - (0)? = 10nx 0.05 = 0.5nmis. A mass attached to a spring is free to oscillate, with angular velocity @, in a horizontal plane without friction or damping. It is pulled to a distance x, and pushed towards the centre with a velocity v, at time t = 0. Determine the amplitude of the resulting oscilla-tions in terms of the parameters @, x, and vy. [Hint : Start with the equation x = a cos (@t + @) and note that the initial velocity is negative.) x= Acos(at + 8) Velocity, e = —Ao sin (wt + 6) dx x When t = 0, x= x, and oF co ty= Acos@ \o Vy= -Awsin @ or Asin@= o Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get 2 AX%(sin® @ + cos) = (3) % o We Moye Ae [S-x en