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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Developing a book of this nature requires a lot of support from colleagues, friends and
family. I would like to register my deep-rooted gratitude to the following people for their
unlimited assistance offered towards the completion of this book.

All teachers of Social Studies with whom I worked at various levels for their positive
advice and criticism.

All authors whose books we used and consulted during our research for some of the
materials in this book.

We do sincerely regret any mistakes which may be found anywhere in this book. It is not
intended to be part of this book but accidental.

However, any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication without
prior written permission from the original authors, may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damage.

Author: Kimbugwe Apollo

Typing: Kasozi Deo
Ssevvume Willy
Kamya Imelda
Technical adviser: Mary Flavia Namulindwa
Cover design: Excel Graphics
Editing: Excel Publishers Editorial Board

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 PREFACE
Excel Standard Social Studies, Pupils’ Book Five has been developed basing on the
revised Primary Five Social Studies Syllabus as prescribed by the new curriculum of the
National Curriculum Development Center (NCDC). The book contains accurate, relevant
and current information covering all topics in all terms of the year in their order. It is
intended to guide both teachers and learners.

The pupil’s book cares for the interests of the learners in terms of simple and concise
language used, simplified content to cater for all learners with different abilities and clear
illustrations to make learning enjoyable through observation. Key words for each topic have
also been included in order to enrich the learner’s vocabulary and mastery of concepts.

The topics have well organised, relevant, and easy to understand notes and facts. It is
written in a simple language and is well aided with maps and illustrations/diagrams
where necessary to ease understanding.

The book is remarkably precise but detailed in content with no fact left hanging. It has been
mainly written for Primary Five in a language that is suitable for both rural and urban
Pupils. The book can therefore be used with minimum teacher guidance.

The book has inbuilt and continuous assessment activities at the end of topic. These
questions are to help the learners to test their understanding of the concepts covered and are
to enable the teacher to track progress as coverage goes on. This also makes the book
convenient for individual and class learning by the pupils.

The content of the book has been enriched to enable learners get solutions to the three main
levels of assessment at primary level that is to say: Knowledge, Comprehension and
Application.

The book is intended to provide learners with knowledge, skills and the desired attitudes and
values of Social Studies and the Environment that are important to prepare learners for final
assessment of the primary level.

The book is written and developed by experienced teachers of Social Studies and Religious
Education and we welcome all comments on the publication with an open mind for the
improvement in the teaching and learning of Social Studies. Comments and orders can be
communicated directly through the following contacts.

TEL: +256 771 623617 and +256 700 770630, KAMPALA.

Email address: [email protected]

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 THEME: LIVING TOGETHER IN UGANDA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TERM ONE .

Topic 1: Location of Uganda on the map of East Africa.

Districts and Regions that form Uganda……………………………………………………… …6
Maps and pictures………………………………………………………………………………… ….8
Locating Uganda using the grid reference system……………………………….………… ….12
Uganda’s neighbours …………………………………………………………………………… …..16
Uganda as a land locked country….……………………….......................................... .....17
Topic 2: Physical Features of Uganda.
Introduction to Physical Features ……………………………………………….….……… …….20
Mountains in Uganda…………….…………………………………………………………… ……..20
The Rift Valley……..……………………………………….…………………………………… …….26
Plateaus …………………..…………………………………………………………….………… ……27
Lakes in Uganda………………………………….……………………………………….……… …..27
Rivers in Uganda ….……………………………………..…………………..………………… ……32
The Influence of Physical Features …………………………………………….…………… ……36
Topic 3: Climate of Uganda.
Weather ………………………………………………………………………………..…………… ….40
Climatic Zones of Uganda ……………………………………………………………………… ….42
Factors that Influence the Climate of Uganda …………………………….………………… ..46
The Influence of Climate on Human Activities……………………………….………......... ...49
Farming in Uganda……………………………………………………………………………… ……50
Topic 4: Vegetation of Uganda.
Introduction to Vegetation ………………………….……………………………….………… … ..61
Vegetation Zones of Uganda ……………………………………………………………………… .62
Vegetation Distribution in Uganda ……………………………………………….…………… …69
The Influence of Vegetation on Animals …………………………………….…………………. .70
Game Parks in Uganda …………………………………….……………….………………… ……71
Tourism industry in Uganda ………………………………………………………………… ……74
Vegetation Conservation ……………………………………….………...………………… ………75
Relationship between vegetation and population distribution……………………… ……..76
Topic 5: Natural resources of Uganda.
Introduction to natural resources……………………………………………………… …………79
Land as a resource……………………………………………………………………………… ……79
Water resources ……………………………………………………………………………… ………80
Minerals as a resource …………………………………………………………………… …………82
Animal resources …………………………………………………………………………… ………..84
Climate (wind, rainfall, sunshine) as a resource …………………………………… …………85
Human resource …………………………………………………………………………………… …86
TERM TWO .

Topic 6: The People of Pre-colonial Uganda.

Origin of the People of Uganda ………………….…………………………………..………… ….89

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 Major Ethnic Groups in Uganda………………………………………………………………… ..92
Migration of people today …………………………………………….………………………… ….99
Settlement patterns of the people of Uganda……………………………………………………104
Political, Social and Economic Organisation among The People of Uganda……………..105
Topic 7. Foreign Influence in Uganda.
Early Foreign Traders in Uganda …………………………………………………………………118
European Explorers in Uganda ……………………………..….…………………………….…..123
Christian missionaries in Uganda ………………………………………………………………..127
Colonial administrators in Uganda ………………………………………….……………………135
Topic 8. How Uganda became a Nation.
Colonial agreements that were signed in Uganda……………………………………………..143
Evolution of Uganda’s boundaries ………………………………………………………………..145
Colonial administrative systems used in Uganda …………………………………………….146
Topic 9. The Road to independence in Uganda.
Characteristics of colonial rule …………………….……………………………………………..149
Colonial resisters in Uganda ……………………………………………………………………….150
Formation of the LEGCO in Uganda ……………………………………………………………..151
The struggle for independence in Uganda ………………………………………………………152
Formation of political parties in Uganda ………………………………………………………..153
The influence of world wars on Uganda’s independence …………………………………….154
Uganda gains her independence ………………………………………………………………….156
TERM THREE .

Topic 10. Uganda as an independent nation.

Presidents of Uganda since independence………………………………………….…………..159
Symbols of an independent nation ……………………………………………………………….162
Democracy in Uganda ……………………………………………………………………………….166
Elections ………………………………………………………………………………………………..167
Topic 11: The Government of Uganda.
Levels of government in Uganda ………………………………………………………………….174
Organs of the government ………………………………………………………………………….174
The National constitution …………………………………………………………………………..180
Sources of government revenue …………………………………………………………………..182
Budgeting ………………………………………………………………………………………………184
Rights and responsibilities of citizens ……………………………………………………………187
Topic 12. Population size and Distribution
Introduction to population …………………….…………………………………………………..194
Population growth ……………………………………………………………………………………194
Population census ……………………………………………………………………………………195
Population distribution ……………………………………………………………………………..196
Population density ……………………………………………………………………………………199
Effects of HIV/ AIDS on population ………………………………………………………………201

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TOPIC 10: UGANDA AS AN INDEPENDENT NATION.
.

Independence is the state of being free from social, political and economic
oppression.
An independent nation is a country that is free from control of another country.
Such a country manages its own affairs.
An independent nation is a country free from colonial rule.
People elect their own leaders and take part in making important decisions about
their country.
Characteristics of a nation.
▪ It has a national leader.
▪ It has clearly marked boundaries.
▪ It has national forces like the army.
▪ It has its own citizens.
▪ It has national symbols.
▪ It has control over all its territorial area.

PRESIDENTS OF UGANDA SINCE INDEPENDENCE.

▪ Sir Edward Muteesa II (9th Oct, 1962 – 2nd March, 1966)
▪ Dr.Apollo Milton Obote I (2nd March, 1966 – 25th Jan, 1971)
▪ Idi Amin Dada (25th Jan, 1971 – 11th April, 1979)
▪ Prof. Yusuf Kironde Lule (11th April, 1979 – 20th June, 1979)
▪ Godfrey Lukongwa Binaisa (20th June, 1979 – 12th May, 1980)
▪ Paulo Muwanga (12th May, 1980 – 15th Dec, 1980)
▪ Dr. Apollo Milton Obote II (17th Dec, 1980-27th July, 1985)
▪ Gen.Tito Okello Lutwa (27th July, 1985 – 26th Jan, 1986)
▪ H.E Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (26th Jan, 1986 up to date)
➢ From 9th October, 1963-2nd March 1966 (2yrs,144 days)
❖ Sir Edward Muteesa II was born on 19 November 1924 and
died on 21 November 1969.
❖ He was the Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda in Uganda
from 22 November 1939 until his death in 1969.
❖ He was the thirty-fifth Kabaka of Buganda.
❖ The foreign press often referred to him as King Freddie, a
name rarely used in Uganda.
Sir Edward Muteesa II ❖ He was the first president of Uganda.
❖ He had no executive powers.(the executive powers were
under the prime minister)
❖ His vice president was Sir Wilberforce Nadiope.
❖ In 1953, he was exiled to Britain by Sir Andrew Cohen for
rejecting the proposed East African federation.
❖ In 1966, he was exiled to Britain by Apollo M.Obote who
attacked his palace. This attack was led by Idi Amin Dada.

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 ❖ He died in exile in 1969 and his body was brought back for
burial by Idi Amin at Kasubi royal tombs in 1972
➢ From 2nd Mar, 1966-25th Jan, 1971 (4yrs,285 days)-Obote I
➢ From 17th Dec, 1980-27th July, 1985 (4yrs,222 days)-Obote II
❖ He was born in Akokoro village in Apac district in Northern
Uganda.
❖ Apollo Milton Obote was born on 28 December 1925 and died
on 10 October 2005.
❖ he was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to
Dr Apollo Milton Obote independence in 1962 from British colonial administration.
❖ He was the first Prime Minister of Uganda from 1962 to
1966 and President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then
again from 1980 to 1985. He was overthrown by Idi Amin in
1971, but regained power in 1980 a year after Amin's 1979
overthrow.
❖ He became the first executive president of Uganda.
❖ He attacked the Kabaka’s palace in 1966 and exiled Kabaka
Muteesa II to the Britain. This caused the Kabaka crisis of
1966.
❖ He abolished all kingdoms in Uganda.
❖ He declared Uganda a republic in 1967.
Note A Republic is a country that is governed by a president
who is elected by the people.
❖ He died in exile in Zambia in 2005.
➢ From 25TH Jan, 1971-11th April, 1979 (8yrs,76 days)
❖ He was born in 1925 and died on16 August 2003.
❖ He was born to a Kakwa father and a Lugbara mother.
❖ He was a Ugandan military officer who served as
the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979
❖ He overthrew Obote through a coup.
❖ Obote had travelled to Singapore to attend a commonwealth
Idi Amin Dada conference.
Forms of human rights abuse during Amin’s regime.
❖ He banned all political parties in Uganda.
❖ He imprisoned those who opposed him.
❖ He killed those who opposed him.eg.Ben Kiwanuka.
❖ Other political opponents were kidnapped never to be seen
again.
❖ He expelled all Asians and the British in 1972 and declared
an economic war.
❖ He ruled using decrees (unquestionable laws).There was no
parliament during his regime.
Note: Amin was overthrown in 1979 when the Ugandans in
exile under the Uganda National Liberation Fronf (UNLF) and the
Tanzanian People’s Defence Forces attacked Uganda.

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 ➢ From 12th April, 1979-20th Jun, 1979 (68days)
❖ He was born on 10 April 1912 and died on 21 January
1985.
❖ He was the first president of the UNLF government.
❖ The National Consultative Council (NCC) acted as the
Prof. Yusuf Kironde Lule National assembly.
➢ From 20th Jun, 1979-12th May, 1980 (327days)
❖ He was born on 30 May 1920 and died on 5 August 2010.
❖ At his death he was Uganda's only surviving former
president.
❖ He also ruled for a short time from June 1979- May 1980.
❖ He was removed from power and put under house arrest by
Godfrey Lukongwa Binaisa Paul Muwanga.
➢ From 12th May,1980-15th Dec, 1980 (217days)
❖ He was born in 1925 and died on 1 April 1991.
❖ Muwanga was the chairman of the Military Commission that
had taken over power.
❖ He organised the 1980 elections.
❖ He appointed Vicent Sekkono as the chairperson of the
Paulo Muwanga
Electoral Commission.
Political parties that took part in the 1980 general elections
▪ UPC under Dr.Apollo M.Obote.
▪ DP under Paul Kawanga Ssemwogerere.
▪ Uganda Patriotic Movement(UPM) under Yoweri Museveni.
▪ Conservative Party(CP) under Joash Mayanja Nkangi
Note:-The 1980 elections were won by UPC and Obote
became the president for the second (2nd) time.
➢ From 27th Jul,1985-26th Jan, 1986 (183days)
❖ He was born in 1914 and died on 3 June 1996.
❖ He took over power from Obote through a military coup on
27th July, 1985.
❖ He was overthrown by H.E Yoweri K.Museveni on 26th Jan,
1986.
Tito Okello Lutwa
➢ From 26th Jan, 1986 up to date.
❖ He was born on 15th September 1944.
❖ He started a guerilla war against Obote II’s government in
1981.
❖ He took over power from Tito Okello on 26th January, 1986
using the National Resistance Army (NRA)
H.E Yoweri K. Museveni Reforms under the NRM government.
▪ Restoration of kingdoms in 1993.
▪ Completion of the 1995 constitution
▪ Women enmpowerment.
▪ Construction of infrastructure.

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 ▪ Promotion of democratic elections.
▪ Introduction of UPE and USE.
▪ Ugandans of Asian origin who had been expelled by Amin
Dada were allowed to come back to Uganda.

SYMBOLS OF AN INDEPENDENT NATION.

National symbols are features/items that help one to identify a particular country.
Symbols of an independent nation include;
▪ National anthem ▪ National flag.
▪ National motto ▪ National emblem
▪ National currency ▪ National constitution
▪ National coat of arms
Symbols of Uganda as a nation.
• The Uganda national flag. • The Uganda national constitution.
• The Uganda national anthem. • The Uganda national emblem.
• The Uganda national coat of arms. • The Uganda national currency.
• The Uganda national seal.
Importance of national symbols.
❖ They promote national identity.
❖ They show that a country is independent.
❖ They promote national unity.
❖ They promote the spirit of patriotism.
❖ They show the core values of a nation.

THE UGANDA NATIONAL FLAG.

❖ The Uganda national flag has three colours
ie. black, yellow and red.
❖ The flag has a white circle with a crested
crane in the middle.
❖ The crested crane is standing on one leg
meaning to show that Uganda is moving
forward in development.
❖ The Uganda national flag was designed by
Grace Ibingira.
❖ The Uganda national flag was first raised on
9th October, 1962, replacing the Union jack.
Meaning of the colours of the Uganda National flag.
(i) Black.
➢ Shows that Uganda is a black African country.
➢ It represents the dark skinned people of Uganda.
(ii) Yellow.
➢ It represents the abundant sunshine received in Uganda.
➢ It also represents Uganda’s tropical climate.
(iii) Red.
➢ It represents the international brotherhood.

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(iv) White
➢ It stands for the peace enjoyed in Uganda.
Places where the Uganda national flag can be raised.
• Schools • Hospitals
• Airports • Government offices
• At National radio and TV stations. • State house
• Police stations
• Embassies and High Commissions.
How to show respect for the Uganda National flag.
❖ By standing still when it is being raised or lowered.
❖ It is not wet by either washing or by rainfall.
❖ It is not worn as a clothing.
❖ It does not touch the ground when being lowered.
Note:
➢ The Uganda national flag shows national identity.
➢ The Uganda national flag is flown at half mast to show a national mourning.
Conditions that can make a government declare a national mourning.
➢ Death of a very important person in the government.
➢ When there is a major national calamity.

THE UGANDA NATIONAL ANTHEM.

1. ➢ “Oh Uganda,land of beauty” is the country’s official
Oh Uganda! may God uphold thee, song. It was composed by George Wilberforce
We lay our future in thy hand. Kakoma.
United, free,
➢ George W.Kakoma was assisted by Peter G.Wingard.
For liberty
➢ It was first officially sung on independence day on
Together we'll always stand.
9th October 1962 by Makerere college school choir,
2. conducted by a student Catherine Mwandha.
Oh Uganda! the land of freedom. ➢ The Uganda national anthem is sung and played
Our love and labour we give, during official functions.It symbolises the country’s
And with neighbours all principles, hopes and goals.
At our country's call ➢ The Uganda national anthem has three stanzas . All
In peace and friendship we'll live. the three stanzas are sung to open and close official
and important functions.
3. NOTE:
Oh Uganda! the land that feeds us ✓ If there are other anthems or prayers during a
By sun and fertile soil grown. function, the national anthem is sung first, followed
For our own dear land, by other anthems and then a prayer. At the end of the
We'll always stand: function, other anthems are sung first and the
The Pearl of Africa's Crown. national anthem is sung last to close the function.
Occasions where Uganda national anthem is sung
▪ On school assemblies ▪ Opening of school debates.
▪ During parliamentary sessions. ▪ At official ceremonies
▪ Opening of sports activities. ▪ Start of public functions.

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Importance of the Uganda national anthem.
❖ It promotes national unity.
❖ It promotes nationalism and patriotism.
❖ It is a national prayer for Uganda.
❖ It promotes the fear of God amongst Ugandans.
Respect for the Uganda national anthem.
▪ When singing the national anthem, people must stand up at attention to show
respect to the nation.
▪ When one is unable to stand up, he/she should raise up the right hand.

THE UGANDA COAT OF ARMS.

➢ Uganda coat of arms is composed of a shield and
two spears on a green hill with the Uganda kob on
the left and the crested crane on the right. It is
designed using symbols that summarise important
ideas and things Uganda holds .
➢ It is found on official documents, the national
currency, parliament, the government seal and the
president’s official car.
➢ It is also hung in government institutions like
courts and offices to symbolise power and
authority.
➢ The Uganda coat of arms was designed by Paul
Mukasa.
➢ The Uganda coat of arms acts as a public seal of
Uganda.
➢ The public seal is used to signify the official nature
of government documents that bear its stamp.

Features found on the Uganda coat of arms.

▪ The Uganda Kob. ▪ The black colour of the shield.
▪ The crested crane. ▪ Coffee and cotton.
▪ The sun. ▪ The Green land scape.
▪ The drum. ▪ The National Motto.
▪ The shield and spear.
▪ Blue stripes on top of the shield.
▪ Blue stripes entering the shield at the bottom.
Meaning of features found on the Uganda coat of arms.
❖ The spears and shield represents the traditional means of defence.
❖ The blue stripes at the top represents the water bodies in Uganda.
❖ The blue stripes at the bottom entering the shield represent the source of River
Nile found in Uganda.
❖ The sun represents the abundant sunshine received in Uganda or warm climate
experienced in Uganda.
❖ The drum represents the traditional means of communication.
It also represents the culture of the people of Uganda.
❖ The black colour on the shield symbolises the African race of Ugandans.
❖ The kob represents the rich/abundant wildlife in Uganda.

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❖ The crested crane represents the gentleness and peaceful nature of the people of
Uganda.
❖ Coffee and cotton on the green hill show the traditional cash crops grown in
Uganda.
It also shows that Uganda is an agricultural country.
❖ The green landscape represents the abundant vegetation of Uganda.
❖ The green hill represents the many physical features of Uganda.
❖ The national motto “For God and My Country”signifies that the people of Uganda
are God fearing.
Use of the Uganda national coat of arms.
❖ It is printed on letter heads and official documents.
❖ It is used on the national currency.
❖ It is also hung up in the government places an instrument of power and authority.eg
in the parliament, courts of law etc.
❖ It is also put on the president’s car.
Note;-Uganda was named the “Pearl of Africa” by the British prime minister
Winston Churchill because;
• Uganda had rich natural resources.
• Uganda had beautiful sceneries.
THE UGANDA NATIONAL EMBLEM.
• The crested crane is the Uganda’s national emblem.
• It signifies the gentleness and peaceful nature of the
people of Uganda.
• Its drawn when it is in motion to show that uganda is
moving forward in terms of development
Why the crested crane was chosen to be Uganda’s national
emblem.
-It is a beautiful bird. -It is a gentle bird.
-It is a graceful bird. -It is a peaceful bird.
How Ugandans show respect for the crestad crane.
▪ It is not kept as a domestic bird.
▪ People are not allowed to kill it.
THE UGANDA NATIONAL CURRENCY.
The Uganda national currency is called the Uganda shilling.
Uganda’s currency exists in two forms. ie.in notes and coins.
50 shillings is the smallest currency value of Uganda’s currency while 50,000
shillings is the biggest.
The Uganda national currency promotes trade among people in the country.

THE UGANDA NATIONAL MOTTO

The Uganda national motto “For God and My Country”signifies that the people of
Uganda are God fearing.
The Uganda National anthem was first used by Mwiri college in Busoga.
It was adopted as the Uganda national motto by Dr.Apollo M.Obote.
The Uganda national motto promotes the spirit of nationalism, patriotism and
national unity.

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THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE.
A national language is a language which is officially
adopted to be used by all the people in a country.
Uganda has no national language because she has
many tribes which speak different languages.
Uganda uses English as her official language.
Luganda is the most widely spoken local language in
Uganda.
Importance of the national language.
❖ It makes communication easy among people.
❖ It promotes national unity. The Independence
❖ It brings a sense of belonging. monument was designed by
Gregory Maloba
❖ It promotes trade among the natives.

DEMOCRACY IN UGANDA.
The word democracy comes from a Greek word “Demos” which means people.
According to the Greeks, Democracy is a system of government that is of the
people, by the people and for the people.
Meaning:
➢ Of the people: The government comprises of regular citizens.
➢ By the people: The government is elected by its citizens
➢ For the people: The government is mainly formed to benefit the people.
Democracy is the system of government in which power is exercised by all people in
the country.
Democracy is the will of the majority over the minority.
A democratic government is a system of government in which power is exercised by
all citizens.
Democracy started from the city of Athens in Greece.
Principles of Democracy
▪ Human rights observance. ▪ Political stability
▪ Regular free and fair elections. ▪ Government transparency
▪ Rule of law ▪ Democratic participation of all citizens.
Indicators of democracy in Uganda.
❖ Elected leaders.
❖ Respect for human rights eg.freedom of movement.
❖ Constitutional rule
❖ Equality of all citizens
❖ Accessibility to all positions of leadership by all citizens
Advantages/ importance of democracy
❖ It promotes national unity.
❖ It promotes peaceful change of leadership.
❖ It promotes equality of all citizens.
❖ It promotes the spirit of patriotism and nationalism.
❖ It promotes respect for human rights.
❖ It controls bad leadership.

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Disadvantages of democracy
❖ Decision making takes a long time.
❖ It is very expensive to exercise.
❖ It neglects the interests of the minority.
Challenges faced when exercising democracy.
▪ High levels of poverty among people.
▪ Corruption.
▪ High crime rate.
▪ Political greed.
▪ Tribalism, ethnicity and nepotism.
Roles of citizens in promoting democracy.
❖ By respecting the rights of other people.
❖ By standing as a candidate for political offices.
❖ By taking part in voting during elections.
❖ Accepting the results of the elections.
❖ By watching carefully how their leaders use their powers.

ELECTIONS.
An election is a formal democratic process of choosing leaders by voting for them.
Types of elections.
• General elections. • Referendum elections.
• Primary elections. • Local elections.
• By-elections
i) General election.
This is a formal democratic process in which people choose leaders at the national
level
eg. The president, members of parliament.
ii) Referendum election.
This is a formal democratic process in which people choose to accept or reject a
political proposal that concerns all citizens in the country.
iii)Local election.
This is a formal democratic process in which people choose leaders at local council
level
ie. Local council I -V leaders.
iv) By-election.
This is a formal democratic process of choosing a leader to fill a vacant political
post.
v) Primary election.
This is a formal democratic process in which a political party chooses a candidate
to contest for a specific office in the general elections.
Causes of by-elections.
• Death of the incumbent/ post holder.
• Resignation of the incumbent.
• Long term imprisonment of the incumbent.
• Cancellation of the election results by the court of law.
• Mental illness of the incumbent.

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 • When vote of no confidence has been made against the incumbent.
Note: By-elections lead to loss of government funds when organising them.
Conditions for one to become an eligible voter in Uganda.
▪ One should be a registered voter.
▪ One should be 18 years of age and above.
▪ One should be a citizen of Uganda.
Qualification for presidency in Uganda.
▪ One should be a citizen of Uganda.
▪ One should be a registered voter.
▪ One should not be less than 35 years of age.
▪ One should have a minimum qualification of Advanced level certificate.
Qualification for a member of parliament in Uganda.
▪ One should be a registered voter.
▪ One should be a citizen of Uganda.
▪ One should be eighteen years of age and bove.
▪ One should have a minimum qualification of Advanced level certificate or its
equivalent.
Key activities in the electoral process
▪ Voter registration. ▪ Training of the electoral officials.
▪ Voter education (civic education ▪ Vote casting by registered voters.
concerning elections) ▪ Vote counting.
▪ Party primary campaigns.

ORGANISATION OF NATIONAL ELECTIONS.

The Independent Electoral commission is the body responsible for organizing and
conducting regular free and fair elections in the country.
It is under the Ministry of Justice and Constitutional affairs.
Justice Simon Byabakama is the current chairperson of the Uganda electoral
commission.
The chairperson Electoral commission is appointed by the president and approved
by the parliament.
General elections in Uganda are conducted after every five years.
Roles of the Electoral commission
❖ To register voters and candidates.
❖ To prepare election materials
❖ To train the electoral officials
❖ To count votes and release election results.
❖ To carry out civic education concerning elections/ to carry out voter education.
❖ To demarcate polling stations and constituencies.
Challenges faced by the Electoral commission in Uganda.
❖ Shortage of funds.
❖ Poor response from the voters.

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❖ Dishonest electoral officials.
❖ Delay of election materials
❖ Election malpractices.
❖ Voter bribery due to increased poverty among the electorate.
Possible solutions to the challenges facing the Electoral commission.
❖ By carrying out effective voter education. This can help to reduce the number of
invalid votes.
❖ By eradicating poverty among the electorate.
❖ By distributing election materials in time.
❖ By punishing dishonest electoral officials.
❖ By providing adequate funds to the electoral commission.
Importance of elections
❖ They promote democracy in the country
❖ They promote peaceful change/ transition of leadership.
❖ They enable people get rid of bad leaders
❖ They enable people to choose their own leaders.
❖ They promote respect for human rights.

ELECTION MALPRACTICES.
These are illegal acts done during elections.
The election malpractices are the various forms of vote rigging.
Some of these practices may lead to cancellation of election results and hence
leading to by-elections.
These practices include;
• Voter bribery.
• Multiple voting.
• Torturing of opponents.
• Campaigning on the Election Day.
Bad practices that happen during voting.
▪ Bribing voters during elections.
▪ Harassing voters of a particular candidate.
▪ Ballot stuffing (putting pre-ticked ballot papers in the ballot box before elections)
▪ Grabbing and stealing ballot papers.
▪ Campaigning on the voting day.
▪ Cheating when counting votes.
Bad practices that happen after elections.
▪ Making fun of the losers of an election.
▪ Mis-recording of election results.
▪ A candidate refusing to accept defeat.
▪ Attacking a voter who has not voted a particular candidate.
▪ Unnecessary delay to announce final results.

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THE ELECTORAL SYSTEMS.
▪ Secret ballot system
▪ Open election system
(i) Secret ballot system
This is a system where a voter is given a ballot paper and secretly selects a person
he/she wants.
This is a modern way of voting in the whole world.
Advantages of secret ballot system
❖ It promotes friendship among people.
❖ Elections can easily be monitored by computers.
❖ A voter is free from interference.
Disadvantages of secret ballot system
❖ It is very expensive to conduct.
❖ Votes can easily be rigged.
❖ It is difficult to the illiterates and the blind.
❖ Election results take long to be declared.
(ii) Open elections
These are elections held when everyone is seeing each step.
It is done by lining up behind the candidate or by putting up the hands.
This is the cheapest way of voting in many places.
This was common in the past.
Advantages of open elections
❖ They are very cheap to conduct.
❖ Results can not easily be rigged.
❖ It is simple for the illiterates.
❖ It discourages bribery during elections.
❖ Releasing of election results takes a short time.
Disadvantages of open elections
❖ It promotes hatred among people.
❖ It limits people’s freedoms.
❖ Some people are easily influenced by others during voting.
Materials used during the process of elections.
• Nomination forms. These are forms filled by the candidates and submitted to the
Electoral Commission in order to be nominated for the posts they want.
• Ballot paper. This is a sheet bearing names and photograph of a candidate standing
to be elected on particular post.
• A ballot box. This is a box where ballot papers are kept after voting.
• Voter’s register.This is a list of all the people who register to participate in voting.
• Ink. It is used to mark a voter who has finished to vote.
• Basins.They are used to provide a safe place to for voters to cast his/her vote.
• Biometric machine.This is a machine which proves the details of a voter.
• Declaration forms.These are forms where election results are recorded.

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Terms used in elections
❖ A Polling station is a place where voting takes place.
❖ A Polling day is the day when voting takes place.
❖ A Polling officer is a person who is in charge of elections at a polling station. He
issues out ballot papers, declares results and fills the declaration form.
❖ A Polling assistant is a person who assists a polling officer at a polling station. they
check for voters’ names, issue out ballot papers, mark voters who have finished
voting.
❖ A Polling constable is a person who is in charge of security at the polling station
❖ An Electorate refers to people in a country who qualify to vote.
❖ Proxy is a person who is given authority to vote on behalf of someone who is
absent.
❖ Election monitors is a group of people from a foreign country who come to watch
over elections.
❖ Voting by proxy is when a person who is absent gives authority to another person
to vote on his/her behalf.
❖ The candidates’ agent is a person who represents a candidate at a polling station.
❖ An eligible voter is a person who qualifies to vote. He/she must appear on the
voters’ register of that polling station.
❖ Returning officer is a person in charge of elections in the district or division.
❖ An electoral college is a group of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to
a particular office.
❖ A candidate is a person who stands to be voted/contests in an election.
❖ A valid vote is a vote that has been ticked correctly.
❖ An invalid vote is a vote that has been ticked wrongly. It is counted on none of the
candidates.
❖ A constituency is an electoral area represented by a member of parliament.
Note: The Citizen’s Coalition for Electoral Democracy in Uganda (CCEDU) is the
body responsible for monitoring the general elections in Uganda.

Testing Exercise.
1. Give the meaning of each of the following;
(i) Independence.
(ii) A Republic
2. Mention any three characteristics of an independent nation.
3. Who led Uganda to independence?
4. Name the first executive president of Uganda.
5. Mention any two ways human rights were violated during Idi Amin’s regime.
6. Name the former president who made Uganda become a republic.
7. Why is Ignatius Kangave Musaazi considered to be a national heroe in Uganda?
8. What title was given to the head of government in Uganda between 1962-1966?
9. Name the president of who restored kingdoms in Uganda.
10. Mention any four symbols of Uganda as a nation.
11. Give any two ways national symbols are important to a country.
12. Name the flag which was replaced by the Uganda national flag.

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13. What do the following colours symbolise on the Uganda national flag?
(i) Black
(ii) Red
14. How do Ugandans show respect to the nation when the Uganda national flag is being
raised?
15. Why is the Uganda flag some times flown at ahalf mast?
16. Mention any three places where theUganda national flag is usually flown.
17. State any one condition that can lead to a national mourning.
18. Why do Ugandans who participate in Commonwealth games carry the Uganda national flag?
19. Match the information in list A with that given in list B correctly.
List A List B
(i) Grace Ibingira Designed the Uganda coat of arms.
(ii) George W.Kakoma Designed the Uganda independence monument.
(iii) Maj.Akorimo Kanuti Composed the Uganda national anthem.
(iv) Paul Mukasa Designed the Uganda national flag.
(v) Gregory Maloba Raised the Uganda national flag on 9th October, 1962
20. Give one way a national anthem is important to Uganda as a nation.
21. Why do Ugandans stand at attention when the Uganda national anthem is being sung/
played?
22. What do the following features symbolise on the Uganda national coat of arms?
(i) The drum
(ii) The sun
(iii) Coffee and cotton
(iv) The Blue stripes at the bottom of the shield.
23. Why did Winston Churchill name Uganda “The Pearl of Africa”?
24. Give any two reasons why the crested crane was chosen to be Uganda’s national emblem.
25. Why does Uganda have no national language?
26. What name is given to the Uganda national currency?
27. Give any two ways a national language is important to a country?
28. Why does Uganda use English as her official language?
29. Write the Uganda national motto.
30. Give the meaning of the term Democracy.
31. Mention any three indicators of democracy in Uganda.
32. Give any two ways democracy is important to a country.
33. Mention any three ways democracy is exercised in Uganda.
34. State any two challenges faced when exercising democracy.
35. Give any two ways citizens can participate in promoting democracy in the country.
36. Mention any four types of elections.
37. Mention any three causes of by-elections in a country.
38. State any one way by elections affect the economic development of a country.
39. Mention any one condition one must fulfill in order to be allowed to participate in national
leaders in Uganda.
40. Mention any two conditions presidential candidates must have fulfilled in order to contest
as candidates.
41. Name the body is responsible for organizing national elections in Uganda.
42. State any three roles of the above body in Uganda.
43. Give any two reasons why it is always important to organise regular free and fair elections
in the country.
44. State any three challenges the Uganda Electoral commission faces when carrying out its
duties.

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45. Mention any three examples of election malpractices.
46. State any two advantages of getting leaders through the secret ballot system.
47. State any two advantages of using open elections when choosing leaders.
48. What title is given to the political head of a constituency?
49. Mention any two election materials at a polling station on the polling day.
50. Mention any two electoral officers found at a polling station on the polling day.

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TOPIC 11: THE GOVERNMENT OF UGANDA
.

INTRODUCTION TO THE GOVERNMENT.

A government is a ruling body of a state.
This is a group of people who exercise authority in a state.
Governance is the system by which a society is governed.
Levels of government in Uganda.
▪ The Central government.
▪ The Local government (LC1-LCV).
The Central government is in charge of the whole country while the Local
government is in charge of a district, region or an urban area.
The Central government builds and maintains major roads (through UNRA) while
Local government builds and maintains feeder roads.
Difference between the central government and local government.
Central government Local government
▪ Cares the development of the whole ▪ Cares for the development for the
nation. local areas.
▪ Central government is one ▪ Local governments are many.
▪ Controls all armed forces. ▪ Controls the local defence forces.
▪ Build and maintains major roads ▪ Builds and maintains feeder roads.
▪ Runs the major hospitals ▪ Controls health centres.
Levels of local government.
Area Level Political leader
Village Local council one Chairperson LC I
Parish Local council two Chairperson LC II
Sub-county Local council three Chairperson LC III
District Local council five Chairperson LC V
Systems of government.
• Party system of government.
• Democratic system of government.
• Unitary government system.
• Monarchial government system
• Theocratic system of government.
• Dictatorship system of government
• Federal system of government
• Military system of government.

ORGANS/ARMS OF THE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT.

▪ Executive.
▪ Judiciary.
▪ Legislature.

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 H.E.Yoweri Museveni Hon.Rebecca Kadaga Hon. Justice Bart Katureebe

THE EXECUTIVE.
It is the main administrative organ of the government.
Its main duty is to plan and rule the country.
This organ is made up of the president, ministers and civil servants.
It is headed by the president.
Duties of the Executive
▪ To plan for and rule the country.
▪ To implement government policies/programmes.
▪ To maintain law and order in the country.
▪ To run and rule the country.
▪ To collect and spend government revenue.

(i) The President.

➢ The president is the political head of a country.
➢ He is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces in Uganda. eg.the Army, the
police, the prisons
➢ He appoints top officials of the government eg. Ministers, Prime minister, Vice
president, ambassadors, chief justice, RDCs etc. These appointed officials are
approved by the parliament
➢ He chairs cabinent meetings.
➢ He represents the country internationally.
➢ He is the head of state and head of government.
➢ He grants mercy to offenders who deserve pardon.
➢ He approves the parliamentary bills.
Note.
✓ The president is sworn in by the Chief justice.
✓ The president receives the instruments of power when swearing in. these
instruments of power include; The National Constitution, dummy key to the
state house, Uganda mnational coat of arms, standard presidential flag.

(ii) The Ministers.

➢ The minister is the title given to the head of a ministry.
➢ The president and all the ministers are referred to as the cabinent.
➢ Ministers make sure that their ministries implement government policies.

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 ➢ Cabinet ministers are assisted by ministers of state.
➢ The chief minister is known as the Prime minister. He is in charge of the
government business.
➢ A Permanent secretary is the highest civil servant in a ministry.

H.E.Yoweri K. Museveni H.E.Edward Ssekandi Rt.Hon.Ruhakana Rugunda Hon.Janet Museveni

The Cabinet of the Government of Uganda as per 2020.
President/Commander-in-Chief of the Uganda Armed forces H.E. President Museveni Yoweri
Kaguta
Vice President of Uganda H.E.Ssekandi Edward Kiwanuka
CABINET MINISTERS
Prime Minister and Leader of Government Business Rt Hon. Ruhakana Rugunda
First Deputy Prime Minister and Deputy Leader of Government Gen. (Rtd) Ali Moses
Business in Parliament
Second Deputy Prime Minister and Minister without Portfolio Hon. Kirunda Kivejinja Ali

Minister of Education and Sports Hon. Museveni Janet Kataaha

Minister of Public Service Hon. Muruli Mukasa Wilson
Minister of Trade, Industry and Cooperatives Hon. Kyambadde Amelia Anne
Minister of Internal Affairs Gen. Odongo Jeje Abubakhar
Minister of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries Hon. Ssempijja Vincent
Bamulangaki
Minister of Finance, Planning and Economic Development Hon. Kasaija Matia
Minister of Foreign Affairs Hon. Kutesa Sam Kahamba
Minister of Health Dr Aceng Jane Ruth
Minister of Works and Transport Gen. Katumba Wamala Edward
Minister of Lands, Housing and Urban Development Hon. Kamya Beti
Minister of Water and Environment Hon. Cheptoris Sam
Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs Prof. Kamuntu Ephraim
Attorney General Hon. Byaruhanga William
Minister of Defence and Veteran Affairs Hon. Mwesige Adolf
Minister of Local Government Hon. Magyezi Raphael
Minister for Karamoja Affairs Eng. Byabagambi John
Minister of Energy and Mineral Development Dr Kitutu Mary
Minister of Information, Communication Technology and National Hon. Nabakooba Judith Nalule
Guidance
Minister for Science, Technology and Innovation Dr Tumwesigye Elioda
Minister, Office of the Prime Minister (General Duties) Hon. Karooro Okurut Mary
Minister, Office of the Prime Minister (Relief, Disaster Eng. Onek Hillary Obaloker
Preparedness and Refugees)
Minister of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities Col. (Rtd) Butime Tom
Minister, Office of the President (Presidency) Hon. Mbayo Esther Mbulakubuza
Minister, Office of the President (Security) Gen. Tumwine Elly
Minister for East African Community Affairs Maj. Gen. (Rtd) Kahinda Otafiire

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 Minister for Kampala Capital City Hon. Amongi Betty
Minister of Gender, Labour and Social Development Hon. Tumwebaze Frank
Government Chief Whip Hon. Nankabirwa Ruth Sentamu
(iii) The Civil servants.
➢ Civil servants are people who work for the government eg.doctors, teachers,
police, nurses, engineers, army etc.
➢ Civil servants implement government programs.
➢ The head of all civil servants in every ministry is the Permanent secretary.
➢ The head of all civil servants in the district is the Chief Administrative Officer
(CAO)
➢ All civil servants are under the Ministry of the public service.
➢ The Public Service Commission (PSC) is responsible for recruiting government
workers.

THE LEGISLATURE.
It is sometimes called the National Assembly or Parliament.
Its main work is to make and amend laws.
The legislature is made up of the members of the parliament (MPs).
It is headed by the Speaker of parliament.
It was called the Legislative Council (LEGCO) during colonial times.
The legislature makes laws which are used by the Judiciary to punish law breakers.
Hon.Rebecca Kadaga is the current speaker of the parliament of Uganda.
Duties of the legislature.
❖ To make and amend laws.
❖ To approve the National Budget.
❖ To check on how the government spends its
income.
❖ To approve the government officials who have
been appointed by the president.
Composition of the Legislature.
▪ Members directly elected to represent
constituencies.
▪ District women representatives.
▪ Representatives of special interest
groups.eg.the workers, the army, people with disabilities, the youths, the women.
▪ Ex-officios. These are ministers without constituencies.They sit in parliament but
haveno right to vote.
Note:A constituency is an electoral area represented by a member of parliament.
How one can become a member of parliament in Uganda.
❖ By winning parliamentary elections.
❖ Being elected to represent a special interest group.

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 Officers in the parliament.
Officer Role(s)
▪ The speaker. ❖ He/ she chairs debates in the parliament.
❖ He/she presides over meetings in the parliament.
▪ Deputy speaker ❖ He/ she chairs debates when the speaker is not around.
▪ Clerk to parliament. ❖ He/she records and keeps the proceedings/ minutes of
debates in the parliament. The recorded proceedings are
called Hansards.
▪ Sergeant at arms. ❖ He keeps security in the parliament. He is a senior
police officer.
❖ He also alerts the house when the speaker is about to
enter.
❖ He carries the mace as the speaker/president enters
the house.
A mace is a symbol of authority representing the power
of the speaker.
Note:
✓ A bill is a proposed law in the parliament.
✓ A bill becomes a law/an act when the president has signed it.
✓ A law is a rule that governs the conduct of citizens of a country. It is called an act.
✓ An act is a law that has been passed by the parliament and signed by the
president.

JUDICIARY.
It is headed by the chief justice.
Hon.Bart Katurebe Magunda is the current Chief justice of Uganda.
The chief justice is appointed by the president and is approved by the parliament.
The main work of the judiciary is to punish law breakers.
It’s the Judiciary which decides whether one has broken the law or not.
The Judiciary is made up of the justices, judges, magistrates, attorneys and
lawyers.
The Judiciary uses the laws made by the parliament when punishing law breakers.
Law breakers are punished by;
✓ Fining them
✓ Sentencing them to spend a period of time in prisons.
Composition of the Judiciary.
▪ The Chief justice ▪ Judges
▪ Lawyers ▪ Principal judge
▪ Magistrates
Duties of the judiciary.
❖ To punish law breakers.
❖ To interpret laws to people.
❖ To settle disputes among people in the country.
❖ To protect the rights of the citizens.

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Roles of the Chief justice.
❖ He/ she is responsible for the swearing in of the top political leaders in the
country.
❖ He is the head of the supreme court.
❖ He/ she guides the judges and magistrates on how to perform their work.
❖ He disciplines the judges and magistrates who are out of order.
Types of courts
(i) Local council courts. They deal with simple civil cases.
Note:
Criminal cases are cases where offenders break the law of the state.eg. defilement,
rape, robbery, murder, etc.they are between individuals and the government while
Civil cases are cases between individuals accusing one another eg.divorce, child
abuse, child neglect etc.
(ii) Magistrates courts.
➢ This is headed by the Chief magistrate.
(iii) The High court.
➢ It hears appeals from the court below it.
➢ It is headed by the Principal judge
(iv) The court of appeal.
➢ This hears the appeals from the decisions of the High court.
➢ It is headed by the deputy Chief justice.
(v) The supreme court.
➢ This is the final court of appeal.
➢ It is the highest court in Uganda.
➢ It is headed by the chief justice.
Duties of the government.
❖ To provide social services to its citizens.
❖ To maintain law and order in the country.
❖ To promote national development.
❖ To defend the country against attacks.
❖ To pay salaries for civil servants.
❖ To make the national budget.
❖ To conduct national elections.
Note:
✓ Social services are the activities that improve the people’s way of living.
✓ They are provided by private individuals, the government and non-government
organisations.
Social services the government provides to its people.
▪ Education service. ▪ Banking service
▪ Transport service ▪ Security service
▪ Water service ▪ Communication service.
Examples of social service centres.
• Schools • Police stations
• Hospitals • Banks
• Radio stations • Police stations
• Taxi parks.

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Problems faced by the government when providing social services.
❖ Shortage of funds. ❖ High population growth.
❖ Corruption. ❖ High levels of illiteracy.
❖ Bad weather ❖ Poor transport and communication
❖ Insecurity in some areas. network.
❖ Outbreak of epidemic diseases eg.Covid-19, cholera, ebola etc.
Solutions to the problems the government faces when providing social services.
By maintaining good security in the country.
By enforcing laws against corruption.
By encouraging the use of family planning methods to control high population
growth.
By sensitising people about the importance of social services.
Note:
✓ The office of the Inspector General of Government (IGG) was set up to
control corruption in Uganda.
✓ The Ministry of Ethics and Integrity was established to curb corruption in
Uganda.

THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION.

A National constitution is a set of laws by which a country is governed.
It is a supreme law of a country.
By-laws are laws that are made by the local government.

Uganda’s constitutions since independence.

(i) The 1962 independence constitution.
➢ It led Uganda to independence in 1962.
(ii) The 1966 copnstitution.
➢ It was known as the pigeon hole constitution.
➢ It was written after the conflict between Sir Edward Muteesa II and Dr.Apollo
M.Obote.
➢ It was not popular because it was not discussed by the parliament.
(iii) The 1967 constitution.
➢ It was also called the Republican constitution.
Results of the 1967 constitution.
❖ All kingdoms in Uganda were abolished.
❖ Uganda became a republic.
❖ The president was given more powers to rule the country than the prime
minister.
(iv) The 1995 constitution.
➢ Mr.Stephen Akabway was the chairperson of the interim Electoral commission
that organised the election of the Constituent Assembly Delegates.
➢ The constituent Assembly Delegates (a group of people with the power to
change the constitution) were elected in 1994.
➢ The constituent assembly chaired by James Wapakhabulo and Victoria Mwaka
was his vice.

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 ➢ Justice Benjamin Odoki was the head of the constitutional commission that
collected views from the majority of the citizens all over the country.
Note:
✓ It was called the people’s constitution because it was made basing on
people’s views.
✓ This was announced publically/promulgated/launched on 8th October,1995 at
the constitutional square (formerly City square) in Kampala.
Importance of the national constitution.
❖ It protects the rights of the citizens.
❖ It promotes democracy.
❖ It promotes peaceful change of leadership.
❖ It defines the roles of each organ of the government.
❖ It is used to settle cases peacefully.
❖ It guides the government when making national policies.
❖ It promotes good governance.
Relationships between the constitution and elections.
❖ The constitution defines the duration for conducting elections.
❖ It sets conditions for aspiring candidates.
❖ It sets conditions to participate in elections.
❖ It states the functions of the electoral commission.

COMMUNICATION.
Commulnication is the sending and receiving of messages.
Traditional ways of communication.
▪ Use of drums ▪ Use of smoke signals
▪ Ululation ▪ Whistling
▪ Clapping hands ▪ Sending special messengers
▪ Use of horns
Modern ways of communication.
▪ Radio ▪ Magazines
▪ Television ▪ Newspapers
▪ Billboards ▪ Letters
▪ Telephones
Note.
✓ Mass media is the sending of messages to many people at the same time.
✓ Means of mass media communication include; radios, televisions, newspapers
✓ All media services are regulated by the Uganda Communications
Commission (UCC).
Barriers to effective communication in Uganda.
▪ High taxes imposed on the ▪ Communication barrier.
communication companies. ▪ Poor network coverage.
▪ Illiteracy among the people. ▪ Poor transport network.
▪ Arrests and torture of journalists. ▪ High cost of communication means.
▪ Poverty among people.

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Possible solutions to the barriers of communication.
❖ By introducing a national language.
❖ By providing free education for all Ugandans.
❖ By lowering the cost of communication means.
❖ By charging low taxes on communication companies.
❖ By constructing and maintaining good transport network.
❖ By regulating the work of communication companies.
Importance of communication.
❖ It promotes trade.
❖ It promotes national unity.
❖ It promotes peace in the country.

SOURCES OF GOVERNMENT REVENUE.

Government revenue means government’s income.
Government’s income is all the money earned by the government in a given time.
The main source of revenue of the government of Uganda is taxation.
Sources of government revenue.
▪ Taxation. ▪ Court fines and traffic fines.
▪ Grants. ▪ Licences.
▪ Loans. ▪ Sale of minerals.
▪ Donations. ▪ Agricultural exports.
▪ Sale of electricity ▪ Sale of parastatal bodies.
▪ Tourism.
Note:
✓ Grant is a sum of money given to the government to solve particular problems and to
be paid back without interest.
✓ Loan is the money a country borrows from another country or international financial
body and is paid back with interest.
✓ Donation is the foreign aid given to a country according to its needs eg.materials,
finances, equipment. Donations are not paid back.
✓ Fine is themonhey charged from people who have been found guilty for breaking the
law.
✓ Licence is an official document which gives permission for one or an organisation to
carry out business.

TAXATION.
Taxation is the system of imposing taxes on people.
Taxes is all money paid to government by the people and their business or
organisations in order to provide public services.
It is the charge against a person, property or activity for the support of
government.
Types of taxes paid in Uganda.
▪ Direct tax
▪ Indirect tax.

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(a) Direct tax
This is the tax collected directly from the person who pays it.
Examples of direct taxes.
(i) Property tax.
➢ This is the tax paid by the people on the commercial buildings they own.
(ii) Income tax.
➢ This is the type of tax paid by people according to how much they earn. The
salary earners (workers) pay this tax every month using a method of Pay As
You Earn (PAYE).
Groups of people exempted from paying direct taxes.
▪ Prisoners
▪ House maids
▪ Elderly people
▪ Students
(b) Indirect tax.
This is the tax paid by the final consumers of the commodities.
It is passed on by thye traders to the consumers (final users) in form of price
increase.
Examples of indirect taxes.
(i) Customs duty tax.
➢ This is tax paid on imports/ goods entering a country.
➢ It is also called import tax.
(ii) Excise duty tax.
➢ This is tax paid on locally manufactured goods/ goods made within the
country.
(iii) Value Added Tax (VAT).
➢ This is tax paid by all people who buy goods and services.eg. When paying
for water, electricity, telephones, cars, shoes etc.
➢ VAT is charged on imports, manufactured goods, goods supplied for sale and
on services.
➢ It is charged as value added to a commodity.
Why people should pay taxes.
❖ To provide money to support government programmes.
❖ To provide money to pay civil servants.
❖ Government raises money to provide social services.
Why some people do not pay taxes.
❖ They lack knowledge about tax education.
❖ Taxes are too high.
❖ Some revenue collectors are corrupt.

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THE UGANDA REVENUE AUTHORITY (URA)
This is the body responsible for collecting taxes
in Uganda.
It assesses tax payers and also educates the
public about the importance of paying taxes.
Roles of the URA.
❖ To collect taxes.
❖ To assess the tax payers.
❖ It conduct tax education.
❖ It controls smuggling.
Problems faced by the URA.
❖ Smuggling of goods.
❖ Tax evasion/tax defaulting. URA Tower located at Nakawa
❖ Corrupt revenue officers.
❖ Declaration of false goods.
Possible solutions to the problems facing URA.
❖ By educating the public on the importance of paying taxes.
❖ By paying attractive salaries to revenue officers.
❖ By employing honest revenue officers.
❖ By punishing corrupt revenue officers.
❖ By imposing fair taxes on tax payers.

SMUGGLING.
Smuggling is the illegal importation and exportation of goods.
Special Revenue Protection Services (SRPS) has been set up to control/ curb
smuggling in Uganda.
SPRS replaced the Anti-smuggling Unit.
Dangers of smuggling.
❖ It reduces tax income.
❖ It may lead to importation of low quality goods into the country.
❖ It lowers market for locally manufactured goods.
❖ Expired goods can be imported into the country.
Ways of controlling smuggling.
❖ By enforcing laws against smuggling.
❖ Reducing on taxes paid on goods.
❖ By employing honest revenue officers.
❖ By supporting the work of the Special Revenue Protection Services (SRPS).

BUDGETING.
A Budget is an estimate of income and expesonditure for a given time.
A National budget is a country’s estimate of expected income and expenditure for
a financial year.
A financial year is a planning year for the government.

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 In Uganda, a financial year begins on 1st July and ends on 30th June the following
year.
The Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic development is responsible for
preparing a National budget in Uganda.
Parts of a budget.
▪ Income. This is the amount of money earned..
▪ Expenditure. This is the amount of money spent.
Importance of making a National budget.
❖ It helps the government to identify the sources of income.
❖ It helps the government to cater for priorities.
❖ It helps the government to avoid unplanned expenditure.
❖ It promotes proper planning.
❖ It promotes accountability.
Types of budgets.
▪ Surplus budget
▪ Balanced budget
▪ Deficit budget.
(i) Surplus budget.
Surplus budget is a type of budget where by the income is greater than the
expenditure.
The amount of money earned is more the amount spent.
JJJJJJJJ A diagram showing a Surplus budget.

20M

50M
expenditure

income

Importance of a surplus budget.

❖ It promotes development.
❖ It encourages saving and investment.
❖ It limits debts.
❖ It improves people’s living standards.
(ii) Balanced budget.
A balanced budget is a type of budget where by the income equal to the
expenditure.
It has neither a surplus nor debts.

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 HHH A diagram showing a Balanced budget.

50M 50M

expenditure income

kkk
(iii) Deficit budget.
A deficit budget is a type of budget where by the expenditure is more income.
The amount of money earned is less than the amount of money spent.
Under developed countries like Uganda usually make this type of budget.
JJJJJJJJ A diagram showing a Deficit budget.

20M

50M
income

expenditure

Causes of a Deficit budget.

▪ Corruption. ▪ Fall in prices of goods.
▪ Failure to exploit natural resources. ▪ Constant civil wars.
▪ Smuggling of goods.
▪ Lack of reliable sources of income/ limited investment.
Dangers of the deficit budget.
❖ It leads to debts.
❖ It limits saving and investment.
❖ It leads to over dependence.

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❖ It limits development.
❖ It limits services the government provides to people.
Solutions to the deficit budget.
❖ By widening the tax base.
❖ By diversifying the economy of the country.
❖ By privatisation.
❖ By mechanising agriculture.
❖ By getting loans from international institutions.
❖ By encouraging foreign investors in the country.

GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE.
This refers to the ways how the government spends its income.
How the government spends its revenue.
❖ By building schools.
❖ By providing education services.
❖ By paying salaries for civil servants.
❖ By paying back loans and grants.
❖ By buying weapons.
❖ By funding developmental programmes like Operation Wealth Creation, NAADS.
❖ By constructing roads in the country.
❖ By helping people hit by disasters eg. refugees.
❖ By providing health services.

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS

CITIZENSHIP:
Citizenship is the legal right of belonging to a particular country.
A citizen is a person who has the legal right of belonging to a particular country.
How one acquires citizenship of Uganda.
❖ Through birth (is the legal right of belonging to a country when one’s parents are
citizens in that particular country)
-it is acquired by people born by parents who are Ugandans.
❖ Through descent (is the legal right of belonging to a country a person gets when
his / her ancestors were citizens in that country)
❖ Through registration. (is the legal right of belonging to a country granted to a
foreigner who has applied for citizenship in a particular country)
-In Uganda, this registration is done under the Ministry of Internal affairs.
eg.if a woman who is not a Ugandan gets officially married to a Ugandan, she can
apply to become a citizen and she is registered.
❖ Through naturalisation (is the legal right of belonging to a country granted to a
person after having spent a very long time in a particular country)
❖ Through adoption. (is the legal right of belonging to a country granted to
foreigner who was brought up by a person who is a citizen in a particular country)
-It is granted to children below 18 years of age whose parents are not known and
have been adopted by citizens of Uganda.

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 Factors that determine one’s citizenship.
▪ Area of birth ▪ Citizenship of parents
▪ Marriage to a citizen ▪ Nationality law
Types of citizenship
➢ Single citizenship. This is the legal right of belonging to one particular country.
➢ Dual citizenship. This is the legal right of belonging to more than one country.
Loss of citizenship of Uganda.
❖ By spying against your country. (Espionage against Uganda).
❖ By joining the army of an enemy country to fight Uganda.
❖ If one’s citizenship was acquired unlawfully/ by fraud.
❖ By denouncing the citizenship.
Responsibilities/duties/obligations of a citizen
❖ To pay taxes promptly
❖ To defend the country
❖ To help in maintaining law and order
❖ To participate in community work
❖ To respect the rights and freedoms of other people
❖ To obey national laws
❖ To be loyal to the rulers or head of state
❖ To register the birth of his or her children
Note:
✓ A Passport is an official document issued to citizens allowing them to travel abroad
and enter the home country.
✓ A passport can be obtained by both young and old people.
✓ A National ID card is a legal document given to all Ugandan citizens for easy
identification.
✓ A National ID shows national identity and also enables citizens to get access to the
social services provided in the country.

HUMAN BASIC NEEDS

Basic needs are things which man cannot live without.
Examples of human basic needs
▪ Food ▪ Medical care
▪ Clothes ▪ Security
▪ Shelter
Problems faced when getting human needs
▪ Poverty ▪ Poor supply of social services
▪ Unemployment ▪ Corruption
▪ Laziness ▪ Bad weather changes
▪ Sickness ▪ Increasing population
CHILDREN’S RIGHTS
Children rights are basic natural freedoms to which all children are entitled.
A child is a person below 18 years of age according to Uganda’s constitution.

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Examples of children’s rights
▪ A right to medical care ▪ A right to have a name
▪ A right to play. ▪ A right to food
▪ A right to protection. ▪ A right to education
Importance of children’s rights
❖ They protect children from harm.
❖ They promote respect for children.
❖ They promote the welfare of children in the society
Note:The Vice chairperson is the local council I committee member who is in charge of
protection of children’s rights.

CHILD ABUSE
Child abuse is the violation of children’s rights
Forms of child abuse
▪ Physical child abuse. ▪ Psychological child abuse.
▪ Emotional child abuse.
Examples of child abuse practices.
▪ Defilement ▪ Child neglect
▪ Child labour ▪ Forced early marriage
▪ Denial of food. ▪ Child battering
▪ Child sacrifice ▪ Kidnapping
Causes of child abuse
❖ Poverty ❖ Death of parents
❖ Alcoholism ❖ Divorce or separation of parents
❖ Wars ❖ Indiscipline of children
❖ Parental neglect
How children can lead to the abuse of their rights.
❖ By walking alone at night. ❖ By failing to perform their duties.
❖ By accepting gifts from strangers. ❖ By staying in lonely places.
❖ By stealing property at home.
Groups of people who commonly abuse children’s rights.
▪ Insane people. ▪ Step parents
▪ Drug addicted people. ▪ Fellow children
▪ Parents of children. ▪ Community members
Effects of child abuse
❖ It leads to death of children. ❖ It leads to early pregnancies.
❖ It causes body deformity. ❖ It can lead to disease infections
❖ It causes injuries to the body.
Ways of controlling children abuse
❖ By sensitising children about their rights.
❖ By encouraging children to move in groups.
❖ By reporting cases of child abuse to elders.
❖ By educating the public on children’s rights
❖ By encouraging children to behave well.

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 ❖ By enforcing laws against child abuse.

HUMAN RIGHTS
Human rights are basic natural freedoms to which all people are entitled.
These are natural freedoms that people must enjoy.
Examples of fundamental human rights
▪ The right to life ▪ Right to a nationality.
▪ Freedom from discrimination. ▪ The right to own property.
▪ Freedom from slavery. ▪ Freedom of thought.
▪ Freedom from unfair detainment. ▪ Freedom of expression.
▪ The right to trial. ▪ The right to democracy.
▪ Freedom from torture. ▪ Right to social security.
▪ We are all equal before the law. ▪ The right to education.
▪ Freedom to move. ▪ The right to food and shelter.
▪ The right to seek a safe place to live in. ▪ The right to play.
▪ Every grown up has the right to do a job.
▪ Every grown up has the right to marry.

Human rights violation

This is the denial of the basic human freedoms people are entitled to.
Forms of human rights abuse
▪ Torturing of political opponents. ▪ Mob justice.
▪ Raping of women. ▪ Denial of the freedom of movement.
▪ Killing of political opponents. ▪ Imprisonment without trial
▪ Slavery. ▪ Death penalty.
How the government can protect people against the human rights violation.
❖ By teaching people about their rights.
❖ By enforcing laws against human rights abuse.
❖ By promoting peace and security in the country.
❖ By forming organisations that ensure the protection of human rights.
Note: The Uganda Human Rights Commission (UHRC) was set up in Uganda to
ensure protection of human rights
Roles that can be played by the citizens in preventing the human rights violation.
❖ By respecting other people’s rights.
❖ By reporting the cases of human rights abuse.
❖ By helping the police in arresting people who violate human rights.
❖ By sensitising other people about their rights.
Duties of the Uganda Human Rights Commission.
❖ To educate the citizens about their rights.
❖ To investigate the violation of human rights.
❖ To promote human rights.
❖ To receive complaints from people who feel that their rights have been violated.

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 CHILD LABOUR
Child labour is when children are employed to do work.
Children are paid money/wages/salaries after performing such heavy tasks.
Forms of child labour.
❖ Carrying heavy goods for other people. ❖ Employing children in mines.
❖ Employing children as house maids. ❖ Offering children for prostitution.
❖ Working in building sites. ❖ Tasking them to sell goods as hawkers.
❖ Doing a lot of domestic work. ❖ Employing them in stone quarries.
Causes of child labour.
❖ Poverty
❖ Child neglect by the parents.
❖ Desire for money by the parents
❖ Death of parents.
❖ Need for cheap labour provided by the children.
❖ Limited number of family members.
Dangers of child labour.
❖ It can lead to early marriages. ❖ It can lead to body injuries.
❖ It leads to high risks of diseases. ❖ It can lead to stunted growth among
❖ It can leasd to death of children. children.
❖ It leads to school dropouts.
Ways of controlling child labour.
❖ By enforcing strict laws against child labour.
❖ By educating people about the dangers of child labour.
❖ By promoting developmental programmes to eliminate poverty.
❖ By sensitising people to use family planning practices in order to produce children
they are able to care for.
❖ By providing free formal education to keep children in schools.
❖ By encouraging people to care for their children.

Testing Exercise.
1. What is a Government?
2. State any two difference between the Central government and Local government.
3. Name the body that is responsible for building major roads in Uganda.
4. What title is given to a political head of a sub-county?
5. Give one way a government is important to a country.
6. Mention the three arms of a democratioc government.
7. State any three duties performed by the executive organ of the government.
8. Complete the table below correctly.
Government organ Headed by Composition
(i) ------------- ------------------- -civil servants -ministers
(ii) ------------- Chief justice -------------- --------------
(iii) ------------- ------------------- -Constituency MPs -Ex-officios
9. State any two roles performed by the president of Uganda.
10. Mention any three instruments of power given to the president on the swearing in ceremony.

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11. What title is given to the;
(i) Political head of a ministry?
(ii) Highest civil servant in a ministry?
(iii) Highest civil servant in a district?
12. How does the chief justice help the president to attain leadership powers?
13. Mention any two examples of civil servants.
14. State tany three ways the legislature in a democratic government.
15. How is the work of the parliament similar to that of the defunct LEGCO?
16. Give one way one can become a member of parliament in Uganda.
17. How does the Legislature help the Judiciary to perform its work?
18. Mention any three special groups of people represented in the par5liament of Uganda.
19. How is a Bill different from an Act?
20. State one role performed by the following people in the parliament of Uganda.
(i) Speaker of parliament.
(ii) Clerk
(iii) Sergeant at arms
21. When does a bill become a law?
22. Give any two ways law brakers are punished by the Judiciary.
23. Apart from punishing law breakers, give any two other ways the Judiciary is important to a
country.
24. State any three roles performed by the government.
25. State any three problems the government faces when performing iots duties.
26. Name the government ministry that is responsible for fighting againsty corruptio n in the
country.
27. What are Social services?
28. Mention any three social services provided by the government to its citizens.
29. Give the meaning of each of the following;
(i) A constitution
(ii) By-laws
30. Which constitution made Uganda become a republic?
31. How did the 1967 constitution affect cultural institutions in Uganda?
32. Why is 8th October, 1995 remembered in the history of Uganda?
33. State any two ways a national constitution is important to acountry.
34. Give the meaning of Mass media.
35. Name the body that is responsible for regulatinmg media services in Uganda.
36. State any two challenges hindering effective communication in Uganda.
37. How does communication promote trade in an area?
38. Mention any four sources of government revenue.
39. Give any two ways the government spends its revenue.
40. Name the type of tax charged on;
(i) Locally manufactured goods.
(ii) Imported goods.
41. Mention the two types of taxes.
42. Name the body that is responsible for collecting taxes in Uganda.
43. State any three problems the above body faces when carrying out its work.
44. Give the meaning of the term Smuggling.
45. Name the body under URA that is responsible for controlling smuggling in Uganda.
46. Give two any two ways smuggling affects the development of the country.
47. Give the meaning of the following;

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 (i) A Budget
(ii) A National budget
(iii) A Deficit budget.
48. Mention the two parts of a budget.
49. Name the government ministry responsible for making a national budget.
50. Mention the three types of budgets.
51. Give any two ways budgeting is important to an individual.
52. State any two ways a surplus budget is important to a family.
53. Mention any two causes of a deficit budget in a country.
54. State any two ways a deficit budget is dangerous to a family.
55. Give any two ways a country like Uganda can overcome a deficit budget.
56. Give the meaning of the term Citizenship.
57. Mention any two ways one can acquire citizenship of Uganda.
58. State any three obligations of a good citizen.
59. Give any one condition that can make one lose citizenship of Uganda.
60. What name is given to an official government document that permits one to travel to other
countries?
61. Give any two ways a National identity card is useful to the citizens of Uganda.
62. Why is food regarded to as a basic need?
63. State any three problems people face when getting their basic needs.
64. Mention any two forms of child abuse.
65. State any two causes for the increasing cases of child abuse in Uganda today.
66. Give any two ways children can contribute towards violation of their rights.
67. How is the LC I Vice-chairperson useful to children in your community?
68. Give any two ways cases of child abuse can be reduced in the society today.
69. Give the meaning of Human rights.
70. Mention any three examples of fundamental human rights.
71. Name the body that is responsible for protecting therights of the people of Uganda.
72. State one role a citizen can play to protect other people’s rights.
73. Give any two ways children are subjected to child labour in the society today.
74. Mention two ways child labour affects children in your community.
75. Give any one way child abuse practices can be reduced in our community today.

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TOPIC 12: POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION.
.

Population is the total number of people living in an area at a given time.

Uganda has a population of over 45 million people according to the 2020 national
population census statistics.
Population distribution is the way people are spread in an area.
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in an area.
Population explosion is the sudden increase in the number of people in an area.
Population census is the official counting of people in a country.
Population density is the number of people living in an area per square kilometre.
Population structure is the composition of people in terms of age and sex.

POPULATION GROWTH.
Population growth is an increase in the number of people in an area of a country.
Factors that encourage Population growth.
• High fertility rate among women. • Improved security and peace.
• Improved medical services. • Unplanned family size.
• Early marriages. • Immigration.
• Polygamous marriage. • Producing children for prestige.
• Availability of food. • Refugee influx.
Cultural factors that promote population growth.
• Polygamy
• Producing children for prestige.
• Forced early marriages.
Advantages of population growth in an area.
❖ It creates a large market for goods produced in an area.
❖ It provides cheap labour force in an area.
❖ The government collects more taxes from the people in areas with a large
population.
❖ It leads to development of an area.
Disadvantages(dangers) of population growth.
❖ It leads to shortage of land for settlement leading to land fragmentation.
❖ It leads to development of slums.
❖ It leads to easy spread of communicable diseases due to congestion.
❖ It leads to high crime rate especially in urban centres.
❖ It leads to inadequate social services in an area.
❖ It leads to over exploitation of natural resources leading to environmental
degradation.
❖ It increases government expenditure and slows down other developments.
❖ It leads to unemployment.

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Ways of controlling population growth.
❖ By encouraging people to use family planning methods.
❖ By promoting girl child education.
❖ By discouraging polygamy.
❖ By enforcing strict laws on immigration.
❖ By rewarding families with a small population.
❖ By discouraging early marriages.
Natural disasters that may reduce the number of people in an area.
- famine due to drought - landslides/mudslides
- lightning - storms
- volcanic eruption - earthquakes
- epidemic diseases
Artificial hazards that may reduce the number of people in an area.
- Road accidents - water and food poisoning
- fire outbreaks - plane crush.
- wars
Note:
✓ Population explosion is the sudden / rapid increase in the number of people in
an area.
✓ The major cause of population explosion is the coming of refugees.
✓ Refugee influx can bring about a sudden increase in the number of people in an
area.
✓ A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave his/ her country because of a
disaster.
Causes of refugees .
-Civil wars -landslides -famine -volcanic eruption -floods

POPULATION CENSUS
Population census is the official counting of people in a country.
Population census is the process of collecting, analysing and using information about
people in the country.
Enumerators are trained people who collect information about people in the country
during population census.
The census exercise is organized by the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic
development.
The body in Uganda that is responsible for conducting the census exercise is the
Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS).
A census night is the night before the census exercise is carried out.
Population census in Uganda is carried out after every ten years.
Reasons why the population census in Uganda is carried out after every ten years.
• It is very expensive to carry out every year.
• To allow population changes to take place.

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Importance of carrying out a population census in a country.
• To effectively plan for the people.
• To determine the birth and death rates.
• To determine the population structure (composition of the population in terms of age
and sex).
• To know the level of people’s living standards.
• To know the total number of people in a country.
• To know the level of literacy in a country.
Types of information collected during a population census.
- Age of the family members. - Religious status of the family members.
- Number of children produced by the - Occupation of the people in a family.
couple. - Major source of energy used at home
- Type of housing in a home stead. - Level of education of the family
- Sex of the family members. members.
Problems faced by enumerators during a population census.
• Harsh weather conditions • Poor transport network in some areas.
• Ignorance amongst the people • Insecurity in some areas.
• Moving long distances
Problems faced by the government during a population census.
• Shortage of funds. • Wrong information given by some
• Insecurity in a country. people.
• Poor transport and network. • Shortage of skilled enumerators.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION.
Population distribution is the way people are spread in an area.
The distribution of the population in Uganda varies from one area to another.
Some areas of Uganda have very many people (are densely populated),some have a
moderate number of people (optimum population) while others have very few people
(sparsely populated)
Dense population is the situation when an area has many people compared to the size of
the land.
Sparse population is the situation when an area has very few people compared to the
size of the land.
Optimum population is when the number of people living in an area can be well supported
by the available resources.
Population distribution in our district.
Area A Area B Area C

Dense population Optimum population Sparse population

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Types of population distribution.
• Dense population.
• Sparse population.
SPARSE POPULATION
Sparse population is when an area has very few people compared to the size of the
land.
Areas that are sparsely populated.
- Semi-arid areas - forested areas.
- areas affected by civil wars - rural areas
- steep slopes - areas affected by natural disasters.
Why the above areas are sparsely populated.
a) Semi-arid areas.
➢ The areas experience long dry seasons. ➢ The areas receive very little.
➢ They have infertile soils.
➢ They experience very high temperatures during day time.
b) swampy areas
➢ They are greatly affected by floods during the rainy season.
➢ They have dangerous aquatic animals that attack people.
c) Forested areas
➢ They have many disease vectors.
➢ They harbour many dangerous animals which are dangerous to people.
➢ The government doesn’t allow human settlement in such areas.
d) Steep slopes.
➢ They have poor transport network.
➢ They hinder mechanisation of agriculture.
e) Areas affected by civil wars.
➢ People run away from such areas in order to save their lives.
f) Rural areas.
➢ They have poor social services. ➢ They have limited market for goods.
➢ They have few job opportunities.
Factors that lead to low/ sparse population in an area.
❖ Unreliable rainfall/drought. ❖ Poor/infertile soils
❖ Outbreak of epidemic diseases in an ❖ Outbreak of famine.
area. ❖ Political instability/insecurity.
❖ Poor social service delivery.
❖ Presence of natural disasters like floods, landslides

DENSE POPULATION.
This is when an area has many people compared to the size of the land.
Areas that are densely populated.
- Around the shores of lakes - Plateau areas
- Around river banks - Areas with favourable climate
- Urban areas (cities, towns and trading - Areas with fertile grounds for crop
centres) growing.

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Examples of densely populated areas.
❖ Lake shores
➢ They have fertile soils for crop growing.
➢ They receive reliable rainfall which supports crop growing.
➢ Presence of lakes promotes fishing.
❖ River banks
➢ They have fertile soils for crop growing.
➢ They receive reliable rainfall which supports crop growing.
➢ Presence of rivers promotes fishing.
❖ Urban areas
➢ They have many job opportunities
➢ They have better social services.
➢ They have a large market for goods.
❖ Plateau areas
➢ They have fertile soils for crop growing.
➢ They receive reliable rainfall which supports crop growing.
➢ Plateau areas have lakes and rivers which promote fishing.
❖ Mountain slopes
➢ They have fertile soils for crop growing.
➢ They receive reliable rainfall which supports crop growing.
➢ They have plenty of minerals which promote mining.
❖ Areas along the major roads.
➢ Such areas usually have a large market for goods.
➢ There is easy access to social service centres.
➢ They have many trade opportunities.
Factors that lead to a dense/ high population.
• Reliable rainfall. • Industrialisation.
• Availability of employment • Improved peace and security.
opportunities. • Presence of natural resources.
• Urbanisation.
Factors that influence population distribution.
❖ Rainfall distribution. ❖ Government policy.
❖ Employment opportunities. ❖ Nature of the soil.
❖ Relief of an area. ❖ Political stability.
❖ Social service provision.
How the above factors influence the population distribution of an area.
Rainfall distribution/ climate.
➢ The areas that receive reliable rainfall are densely populated because they support
farming. Areas that receive very little are sparsely populated because they can’t
support crop growing.
Nature of the soil.
➢ Areas that have fertile soils are densely populated because they support plant
growth. Areas with infertile soils are sparsely populated because they can not
support plant growth.

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 Vegetation distribution.
➢ Areas that have thick vegetation are not occupied by people because they harbour
dangerous animals, vectors and pests.
➢ The areas with good vegetation cover like savannah grasslands are favourable for
human settlement.
Relief.
➢ Steep slopes of mountains have few people due to land slides, soil erosion and poor
transport.
➢ Plateau areas and gently sloping lands are densely populated due to fertile soils,good
drainage and better transport networks.
➢ Valley areas and plains have a low population due to floods and high temperatures.
Social service provision.
➢ Areas with good social service provision are densely populated while those with poor
social service provision are sparsely populated.
Government policy.
➢ The government stops people from settling in certain areas like game parks, game
reserves, swamps making them sparsely populated.
Political stability.
➢ Areas that are politically stable are densely populated.
➢ People take refuge in more peaceful areas compared to those that experience wars.
Urbanisation.
➢ Developed areas like towns attract many people because they have good jobs and
employment opportunities while rural areas are sparsely populated due to poor social
services leading to rural-urban migration.

POPULATION DENSITY.
This is the number of people living in an area per square kilometre.
How to determine population density.
Population density = total population(people).
Total area (km2)
Example:An area has a population of 600,000 people, living in an area of
300km2,calculate the population density of that area.
Population density = total population.
Total area (km2)
=600,000 people
300km2
=200 people/km2
Therefore, the population density of that area is 200people/km 2
Types of population density.
a) HIGH POPULATION DENSITY.
This is a large number of people living in an area compared to the available
resources.

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Areas with a High population density.
- Shores of lakes. eg.lake Victoria
- Mountain slopes eg.mountain Mufumbiro
- Major towns and cities Kampala,Masaka,Jinja,Mbarara,Arua
Advantages of High population density in an area.
❖ It creates a large market for goods.
❖ It leads to a large labour force in an area.
❖ It leads to high revenue collection in form of
taxes.
❖ It promotes development in an area.
❖ It promotes proper utilisation of resources in
an area.
Problems associated/ caused with a High
population density.
• Unemployment.
Storeyed houses can help to solve
• Shortage of food. shortage of land in towns
• Easy spread of communicable diseases.
• Development of slums.
• Poor hygienic condition leading to disease outbreak.
• Environmental degredation.
• High crime rate.
Solutions to problems associated with a High population density.
❖ People in urban areas should build storeyed buildings to solve a problem of land
shortage.
❖ Government should provide better social services in rural areas to promote urban-
rural migration.
❖ Empowering the youths to start small scale businesses (projects).
❖ By extending electricity to rural areas.
❖ Educating people to use modern methods of farming to increase food production.

b) LOW POPULATION DENSITY.

This is when an area has a small number of people compared to the available
resources.
Advantages of a low population density.
• People have enough land. • It promotes conservation of the
• Low crime rate. natural environment in an area.
• There is enough accommodation.
• Communicable diseases can not easily spread from one homestead to another.
Disadvantages of a low population density.
• There is low market for local goods or imported goods.
• There is low labour force.
• There is low tax base for the government.

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• There is poor social service provision.
• There is limited social security.
• There is under utilisation of resources in an area.
Solutions to a low population census.
• By improving social services to attract more people.
• By setting up industries in an area.
• By encouraging mechanisation to increase food production.
• By encouraging people to marry many wives.

EFFECTS OF HIV/AIDS ON POPULATION.

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
AIDS patients are people who suffer from AIDS.
AIDS patients in Uganda are cared for by The AIDS Support Organisation
(TASO).
How TASO helps AIDS patients.
❖ It provides them with counselling services.
❖ It provides them with Anti-Retroviral drugs (ARVs)
❖ It provides relief aid in terms of food.
How AIDS is spread.
❖ By sharing sharp objects with an infected person.
❖ Contact of wounds with blood of an infected person.
❖ Having unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.
❖ Using unsterilised sharp objects during some cultural practices like circumcision.
❖ Through blood transfusion with an infected person.
Use of ABC to prevent AIDS.
• A=Abstain from sex (to unmarried people)
• B=Be faithful to your partner (to married couples)
• C=Condom use.
Social effects of HIV/AIDS on the population.
❖ It leads to death of people.
❖ It causes misery to the infected person.
❖ It leads to isolation.
❖ It leads to many orphans due to deth of the parents.
Economic effects of HIV/AIDS on population.
❖ It leads to loss of efficiency at work.
❖ It leads low labour supply due to death of many people.
❖ It leads to poverty in a family as a result of overspending on drugs treating those
infected.
❖ It leads to low market for goods due to death of many people.

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 Testing Exercise.
1. Give the meaning of each of the following;
(i) Population
(ii) Population growth
2. Give any three causes of high population growth in Uganda.
3. State any two advantages of a high population in an area.
4. Mention any two problems an area is likely to face as a result of having a large population.
5. Give any two economic benefits of a large population to the development of a country.
6. Mention any three natural disasters that may lead to the reduction in the number of
people in an area.
7. Name the body that is responsible for conducting a national census in Uganda.
8. Mention any three types of information that is collected by enumerators during the
census.
9. Which ministry is responsible for conducting a national census in Uganda?
10. Give any one reason why a national census in Uganda is conducted after ten years.
11. State any three reasons why the government conducts a national census.
12. Mention any three problems faced by the enumerators during the census exercise.
13. Why is population census in Uganda conducted after ten years?
14. State any three problems the government faces when conducting a national population
census.
15. Give the meaning of Population distribution.
16. Mention any three factors that influence population distribution.
17. Give one reason why steep slopes of mountains are sparsely populated.
18. Mention any three factors that lead to a sparse population in an area.
19. State any one two reasons why slopes of most mountains in East Africa are densely
populated.
20. Why are there many people living around the shores of lake Victoria?
21. Mention any three examples of sparsely populated areas in East Africa.
22. Why is the North Eastern part of Uganda sparsely populated?
23. Give the meaning of Population density.
24. Which East African country has the biggest population density?
25. Calculate the population density of town W which has a population of 4500 people living in
an area of 90km2.
26. Give one way the government can encourage the settlement of people in rural areas.
27. What is Population structure?
28. Give any two ways TASO helps AIDS victims in Uganda.
29. How can married people safeguard themselves against AIDS?
30. State any two ways HIV/ AIDS affects economic development in an area.

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