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Applications and Interpretation Formulae Sheet (Standard Level and Higher Level)
Pre-Requisites Topic 3: Geometry and Trigonometry Topic 4: Statistics & Probability Continued
! Linear Transformations of ï(8í ± Z) = 8ï(í) ± Z
Area of Triangle x base x height Distance between >(4"% 4! )" + (5"% 5! )" + (7"% 7! )"
"
(;# , <# , q# ) and (;$ , <$ , q$ ) a random variable 980(8í ± Z) = 8" 980(4)
Area of Parallelogram base x height
Coordinates of midpoint of 4!' 4" 5!' 5" 7!' 7" Linear Combinations of G ï(8! í! ± 8" í" ± ⋯ ± 8@ í@ )
Area of Rectangle !"#$%ℎ × ()*%ℎ ? , , @
! (;# , <# , q# ) and (;$ , <$ , q$ ) 2 2 2 independent random = 8! ï(í! ) ± 8" ï(í") ± ⋯ ± 8@ ï(í@ )
Area of Trapezoid (sum of parallel sides) x height
" Cone Surface Area 32 = /0! + /0 " variables ó# , ó$ , … , óT
Circumference & Area: Circle , = 2/0, 2 = /0 " Note: Curved part: /0! 980(8! í! ± 8" í" ± … ± 8@ í@ )
Cuboid Surface area 32 = 245 + 247 + 257 where ! is slant length = 8!" 980(í!) + 8"" 980(í") + ⋯ +
Where 4, 5, 8#* 7 are side lengths Cone Volume 1 8@" 980(í@ )
9 = /0 " ℎ Unbiased estimate of a #
Cuboid Volume 9 = 457 3 d "@%! = d"
where 4, 5, 8#* 7 are side lengths Sphere Surface Area 32 = 4/0 " population variance #−1 @
Cylinder Surface Area 32 = 2/0ℎ + 2/0 " Note: Hemisphere= 2/0 " + /0 " = 3/0 " Poisson Distribution 4~ä5(m)
Note: Curved part: 2/0ℎ Sphere Volume 4 E(X)= m, Var(X)= m
a = /0 G Transition Matrices ö @ d5 = d@ , where d5 is the initial state
Cylinder Volume 9 = /0 " ℎ 3
"
Prism Volume 9 =Area of cross section x height Note: Hemisphere= /0 G Topic 5: Calculus
G
Distance between 2 points Pyramid Volume 1 Turning/Stationary Points +0 +! 0 +! 0
>(4"% 4! )" + (5"% 5!)" Solve +@ = 0, If +@! > 0 min and +@! < 0 max
(;# , <# ), (;$ , <$ ) 9 = × Z8d" 80"8 × ℎ
3 (Max/Min)
Coordinates of midpoint of 4!' 4" 5!' 5" Sine Rule , ( -
? , @ Finding a side: = = Points of Inflection +! 0
(;# , <# ), (;$ , <$ ) 2 2 H>@< H>@I H>@E solve +@! = 0
, ( -
Finding an angle: = = Increasing/Decreasing +0 +0
Solutions of a Quadratic 4=
%(±√(!%+,-
, 8≠0
H>@< H>@I H>@E Increasing: solve +@ > 0, decreasing: solve +@ < 0
Equation A;$ + B; + C = D ", Cosine Rule inding a side: 8" = Z" + , " − 2Z, cos 2 +! 0
Convex/Concave concave up: solve +@! > 0
(!'- !%,!
Finding an angle:2 = cos %! ? @ +! 0
Topic 1: Number and Algebra "(- concave down: solve +@! < 0
Area of Triangle 1
Arithmetic sequence: u. = a + (n − 1)d 8Zd)#p Chain Rule *5 *5 *õ
2 5 = $(õ), õ = n(4) ⟹ = ×
GHI term where 8 =first term, d= common diff Degrees to radians and vice D to R: × !>=
5
R to D: ×
!>= *4 *õ *4
Arithmetic sequence: n # 5
Product Rule *5 *a *õ
S. = [2a + (n − 1)d] = (8 + !) versa 5 = õa ⟹ =õ +a
sum of n terms 2 2 Length of an arc ? *4 *4 *4
where 8 =first term, d= common diff, × 2/0 Quotient rule *õ *a
GJ5
!=last term Area of a Sector ? õ *5 a *4 − õ *4
× /0 " 5= ⟹ =
Geometric sequence: u. = ar .%! GJ5 a *4 a"
Trig Identities d)#" 4 + ,]d " 4 =1 Area between curve & # )#/0: ∫@A, % -#
@A"
curve & % axis:
GHI term where 8 =first term, r= common ratio sin 4 0A"
Geometric sequence: /(!%1") /(1"%!) tan 4 = ∫0A, # -%
S. = = ,0 ≠1 cos 4
!%1 1%!
sum of n terms Transformation Matrices cos 2e sin 2e (take + answer if neg)
where 8 =first term, r= common ratio • ? @ @A"
/ sin 2e − cos 2e Between 2 curves: ∫@A, (top curve-bottom
Geometric sequence: S3 = , |0| < 1
!%1 Reflection in the line 5 = (tan e)4
Sum to infinity where 8 =first term, r= common ratio V 0 curve)-#
• ? @
Compound Interest 4 67 0 1 Remember to split up if separate areas
FV = PV?1 + @ Horizontal stretch by scale factor V (
!55 6 Trapezoidal Rule
FV=future value 1 0 ú 5 *4
• ? @
PV=present value 0 V ,
!
%=no. of years Vertical stretch by scale factor V ≈ ℎ[(55 + 5@ ) + 2(5! + 5" + ⋯ + 5@ − 1)]
"
V 0
0=nominal annual interest rate • ? @ Where ℎ =
(%,
0 V @
V =no. of compounding periods per year Enlargement by scale factor V, centre (0,0) 7
Kinematics: Distance=∫7 ! |a(%)|*%,
Exponential & Logarithms log , Z = , ⟺ 8- = Z, 8, Z, > 0, 8 ≠ 1 cos e −sin e ,
• ? @ 7
Exponential & Logarithms • , !]$, Z ⟺ !]$, Z- sin e cos e Displacement=∫7 ! a(%)*%
,
Rules • log , Z + log , , ⟺ log , Z, Anti-clockwise rotation of angle e about the 7 UH
( origin (e > 0) Velocity: ∫7 ! 8(%)*% or
U7
• log , Z − log , , ⟺ log , ,
U; U!H
- cos e +sin e Acceleration= = !
89:# ( • ?− @
• log , Z ⟺ sin e cos e U7 U7
89:# , • # B ⟹ `# B1!
clockwise rotation of angle e about the Derivatives
Percentage Error ; %; @ @%! V
^ = _ $ % _ × 100% origin (e > 0) • ün(4)† ⇒ #ün(4)† n (4)
;&
Vector Form ) LV(M)
a< =approximate value, • lnün(4)† ⇒
)L + *O + ,P ≡ R*S L(M)
a= =exact value , • sin n(4) ⇒ n V(4) cos n(4)
Quadratic Function: ∆= Z" − 48, Properties ) - )±- ) W)
Discriminant • > 0 (2 real distinct roots) (addition/ subtraction, R* S ± T U V = T * ± U V W R* S = TW*V • cos n(4) ⇒ −n V (4) sin n(4)
• = 0 (2real repeated/double roots) , ! ,±! , W,
multiplication and scalar ) - • " L(M) ⇒ " L(M) n′(4) = " L(M) n′(4)
• < 0 (no real roots) product) R*S . T U V = )- + *U + ,! @-.,
Integrals • ∫ # B -# = + ,, ` ≠ −1
Complex Numbers: 7 = 8 + Z) , ! B&!
!
Cartesian Form Magnitude of a vector 8 • ∫ M *4 = ln|4| + ,
Complex Numbers: 7 = 0(,]d e + ) d)# e) = 0 ,)d e wxZ yw = >8" + Z" + , " • ∫ sin 4 *4 = − cos 4 + ,
Modulus/Argument Form ,
Unit Vector , ! , • ∫ cos 4 *4 = sin 4 + ,
Complex Numbers: 7 = 0" >? Unit vector of Y"Z = [" \ !
( ?,!&"!&( ! , • ∫ ! *4 = tan 4 + ,
Eulers Form W9X M
Angle Between 2 vectors 8 *
Z 8
• ∫ " M *4 = " M + ,
Determinant of a f × f @ ⟹ det 2 = |2| = 8* − Z,
2=? xZ y . ~ " • (
* , ⎛ ⎞ Volume of Revolution About 4 84)d ∶ 9 = ∫, /5 " *4
matrix , n
e = cos %! ⎜ ⎟ (
Inverse of a f × f matrix 8 Z 1 * −Z ⎜ 8 * ⎟ About 5 axis: 9 = ∫, /4 " *5
2=? @ ⟹ 2%! = ? @ wxZyw Ä~ " •Ä
, * det 2 −, 8 Euler’s method 5@'!
Power formula for a matrix j@ = kl@ k@%! , where P is the matrix of ⎝ , n ⎠
= 5@ + ℎ × n(4@ , 5@ ); 4@'! = 4@ + ℎ
eigenvectors and D is the diagonal matrix Vector Equation of a line * where h is a constant (step length)
8
of eigenvalues 0 = ~Z • + Ñ Ö Ü "
n Euler’s Method for 4@'! = 4@ + ℎ × n! (4@ , 5@ , %@ )
Topic 2: Functions , Coupled Systems 4@'! = 4@ + ℎ × 2(4@ , 5@ , %@ )
Straight Line: Equation • Slope intercept 5 = m4 + , Parametric Form of a line 4 = 8 + Ñ*, 5 = Z + Ñ", 7 = , + Ñn %@'! = %@ + ℎ
(gradient means slope) Scalar Product 8 * 8 * where h is a constant (step length)
• General 84 + Z5 + * = 0
Parallel⟹ same slope xZy.~ " •=wxZ yw Ä~ " •Ä ,]de Exact solution for coupled 4 = 22" Y,7 î! + ë" Y!7 î"
• Point slope form 5 − 5! = m(4 − 4! )
Perpendicular⟹ “flip fraction and , n , n linear differential
change the sign” (slopes multiply to 8 * equations
make −1)
5"% 5! where, e is the angle between xZ y and ~ " •
Straight Line: Gradient m= , n
4"% 4!
Vector Product 8 * Zn − ",
Quadratic Function:Solutions 4=
%(±√(!%+,-
,8 ≠0 xZy × ~ " • = ~−(8n − ,*)•
to A;$ + B; + C = D ",
, n 8" − Z*
Quadratic Function: Z or
n(4) = 4" + Z4 + , ⟹ 4 = −
Axis of Symmetry
Inverse Replace !(#) with %, swap # & %, solve for %
28 8 * 8 *
ÄxZ y × ~ " •Ä=wxZyw Ä~" •Ä sin e
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Composite !((#) means plug ((#) into !(#) , n , n
Transformations: a=vertical stretch sf ), b=horizontal stretch sf 8 *
)!(*# + ,) + - !
, c=translation c units x direc, d=translation d where, e is the angle between xZ y and ~" •
“anything in a bracket does the
" , n
units in y direction
opposite” Area of a Parallelogram 8 *
!(−#)=reflc in % )#/0, − !(#)=reflc in % )#/0
2 = ÄxZy × ~ " •Ä
Linear: 1 = 34 + 5 Trigonometry:1 = 9KLG(:4 + 5)+d
, n
Domain: x∈ ℝ 1 = 95MK(:4 + 5)+d 8 *
Range: y∈ ℝ Domain: # ∈ ℝ
# where, xZy and ~" • form 2 adjacent sides of a
Quadratic: 1 = ±9(:4 + 5) +d Range: −) + - ≤ % ≤ ) + -
, n
Domain: x∈ ℝ Note: If asked to find values of a,b,c,d
-./ 01-23 0 parallelogram
Range: % ≥ - if min, % ≤ - if max ) = amplitude=
Exponential: 1 = 9B$%&' + C 45 ;<=
4 Topic 4: Statistics & Probability
* = 6789:+ or 6789:+
Domain: x∈ ℝ (Hint: power of exp Interquartile Range IQR= áG − á!
-./ 0&-23 0
can be anything, so no restriction) - = principal axis= Mean ∑(*+, L*M*
Range: % > - if a > 0, % < - if ) < 0
4
4̅ = where # = ∑6>N! n>
, =phase shift (plug in point to find) @
Logarithm: 1 = 9FG(:4 + 5)+d Logarithm: 1 = 9FG(:4 + 5)+d Probability of event A #(2)
Domain: # > − "
( ( ä(2) =
Asymptote: # = − " #(ã)
Range: y ∈ ℝ Complementary Events P(A’)+1−P(A)
(
Asymptote: # = − " Combined Events P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A ∩ B)
Root: 9√:4 + 5 + C: Mutually Exclusive Events P(A ∩ B) = 0
(
Domain: # ≥ − " Conditional O(P∩R)
P(AIë) =
Range: % ≥ - if ) > 0 and % ≤ - if S(I)
a<0 Independent Events P(A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B)
)%&$
Rational: '%&* + C Expected Value – discrete E(X)= ∑ 4ä(í = 4)
+ random variable
Domain: x∈ ℝ, # ≠ − (
, Binomial Distribution 4~ë(#, î)
Range: y∈ ℝ, % ≠ ( + -
E(X)=Mean= #î, Var(X)= #î(1 − î)
+ ,
Asymptotes: # = − ( , % = ( + -
Logistic Function D
n(4) = , o, V, p > 0
!'EF '()