Moving Charge Magnetism M

History
Any charge moving at constant velocity "v" produces additional Magnetic field with the
Electrostatic Field.

Biot Savart's Law – 1

The magnetic field of a small charge “dq” moving with a velocity v at point P depends on,

⃗⃗ be small magnetic field at P due to charge “dq”

Let 𝐝𝐁
& μ0 = Permeability of free space.
v → Velocity
r → Distance of P
dq → Charge
μ0
= 10−7
4π
So,
1
⇒ dB ∝ 2
r
⇒ dB ∝ dq
⇒ dB ∝ sin θ
μ ⃗ ×r
v
⇒ dB⃗ = ( 0 ) × dq [ ]
4π r3

Biot Savart's Law – 2

Extension of law to current carrying conductors and finding Magnetic field produced by
current carrying elements.

Let 𝐝𝐁⃗⃗ be the field of 𝐝𝐥‾ element at P,

μ ⃗ ×r
v
⇒ dB ⃗ = 0 × dq
4π r3
μ (v ⃗ ∗ dt) × r
⇒ dB ⃗ = 0I
4π r3
μ ⃗ ×r
v
⇒ dB ⃗ = 0 Idt
4π r3
μ0 dl × r
⇒ dB = I( 3 )
4π r
Also, 𝐁wire = ∫ 𝐝𝐁
dq
I (Current in Conductor) =
dt
dl
⃗ = , where dl is in the direction of I(current)
v
dt
Direction of Magnetic Field & Conventions
The direction of B‾ is given by cross product rule Or Right palm thumb Rude

Rule 1:
Stretch your right palm such that your palm is perpendicular to the thumb, curl your
fingers in direction from 𝐝𝐥⃗ to 𝐫 then thumb will face in direction of 𝐁
(Magnetic Field produced).

𝐢̂ × 𝐣̂ = 𝐤̂ 𝐣̂ × 𝐢̂ = −𝐤̂ 𝐢̂ × 𝐢̂ = 𝟎
𝐣̂ × 𝐤̂ = 𝐢̂ 𝐤̂ × 𝐣̂ = −𝐢̂ 𝐣̂ × 𝐣̂ = 𝟎
𝐤̂ × 𝐢̂ = 𝐣̂ 𝐢̂ × 𝐤̂ = −𝐣̂ 𝐤̂ × 𝐤̂ = 𝟎

Rule 2:
Stretch your right palm such that your palm is perpendicular to the thumb. If thumb
represents I(Current) in wire then face of palm will be in direction of
‾ (𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝).
𝐁

Application of Biot Savart’s Law

1. B due to Circular Current Carrying Loop

Let 𝐝𝐁‾ be magnetic field due to 𝐝𝐥‾ element at P.
μ Idl × r
⇒ dB⃗ = 0
4π r 3
μ0 I dl r sin 90∘
⇒ |dB⃗|=
4π r3
μ dl
⇒ |dB⃗|= 0 I
4π r 2
So B due to loop will be sum of Magnetic field produced
by all 𝐝𝐥 elements.

So, Bloop = ∫ dB ′ = ∫ dB sin θ

μ0 I
⇒ Bloop = sin θ∫ dl
4π r 2
μ0 I R
⇒ Bloop = × × 2πR
4π r 2 r

Ampere's Circuital Law

This Law is used to find electric field around symmetric
current carrying conductors. If in a space of current flux we
⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝐝𝐥 (line integral) then this will be equal to 𝛍𝟎
calculate ∫ 𝐁 times
time the 𝐈enclosed.

Application of Ampere’s Circuital Law

1. Field of Current carrying Wire

To apply Ampere’s Law we will have to take

a symmetric loop which encloses the infinite
wire over which we will app the Law

By Ampere’s Law

∫B⃗ ⋅ dl = μ0 Iinclosed
⇒ ∫ B dl cos 0∘ = μ0 I
2πR
⇒ B∫ dl = μ0 I
0
⇒ B (2πr) = μ0 I

𝛍𝟎 𝐈
⇒ 𝐁𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐞 =
𝟐𝛑𝐫
2. Field of Current carrying Cylinder
To apply Ampere’s Law we will have to take
a symmetric loop which encloses the cylinder
symmetrically.

For point P, By Ampere’s Law

⃗ ⋅ dl = μ0 Ienc
∫B
⇒ ∫ B dl cosθ∘ = μ0 Ienc … (1)
I 2
Ir 2
⇒ Ienc = × πr = 2
πR2 R
2πr
μ0 Ir 2
⇒ B ∫ dl = 2
0 R
μ0 Ir 2
⇒ B × 2πr = 2
R
𝛍𝟎 𝐫
⇒ 𝐁𝐩 =
𝟐𝛑 𝐑𝟐

⇒ Bp ∝ r

For point 𝐐, By Ampere’s Law

⃗ ⋅ dl = μ0 Ienclosed
∫ B
⇒ B(2πR) = μ0 I
𝛍𝟎 𝐈
⇒ 𝐁𝐐 =
𝟐𝛑𝐑

For point S, By Ampere’s Law

𝛍𝟎 𝐈
𝐁𝐒 =
𝟐𝛑𝐫
1
&B∝
r
 3. Field of Current carrying Solenoid
To apply Ampere’s Law we will have to take
a symmetric rectangular loop ABCD which encloses
the cylinder Symmetrically

By Ampere’s Law

⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗
∫ B dl = μ0 Ienc

⃗ ⋅ ⃗dl + ∫ B
⇒∫ B ⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗
⃗ ⋅ dl + ∫ ⃗B ⋅ dl + ∫ B dl = μ0 Ienc
AB BC DA
l
⇒ ∫ B ⋅ dl cosθ = μ0 NI
0
⇒ Bl = μ0 N ′ I

N′
⇒ Binside = μ0 I
l

⇒ 𝐁𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧 𝐈

Here n= No. of turns In coil per unit length.

Also if the solenoid is filled with some other medium with relative permeability 𝛍r then

Binside = μ0 μr n I

Lorentz's Force
When a charge is moving at a velocity v it can experience both Electric & Magnetic force in
presence of external Electric & Magnetic field
 Here, q → charge
v → velocity of charge
B → External Magnetic field
Θ → Angle between velcoity and Magnetic field

̂
𝐅maq = 𝐪 ∨ 𝐁 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐧

Direction - Lorentz's Force

The direction is given by Right palm thumb Rule (cross Product Rule)

·
=
...
↳
Stretch your right palm such that your palm is perpendicular
to the thumb, now curl your fingers in direction
⃗⃗ then thumb will face in direction
⃗⃗⃗ to 𝐁
from 𝐯
of 𝐅(𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞)

Concept of Trajectory of charged particle under Magnetic force

The trajectory of particle depends on the angle between v⃗ & B⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗ [𝛉 = 𝟗𝟎∘ ]
1. Case – 1- When v⃗ ⊥ B

So, ⃗Fmag = q(v ⃗ ×B⃗)

⇒ |F ⃗ mag | = q v Bsin 90∘
⇒ Fmag = q ∗ v ∗ B
So, Fmagnetic = Fcentinpetal
mv 2
⇒ qvB =
R
𝐦𝐯
⇒𝐑=
𝐪𝐁
Variation in Formula of Radius.

P √2mKE
1. R = =
qB qB
Work done ΔK
ΔV = = = Accelerating Potential Difference
q q
mV p √2mKE √2mqV
2. R = = = = [𝑉 = Accelerating potential]
qB qB qB 9B
2πR 2πm
3. T = = ⇒ Independent of velocity & radius.
v qB

Time period of revolutions

1 qB
4. f = = (Frequency of oscillation)
T 2πm

𝑞 = −1.6 × 10−19 𝑐
en (Electron)
𝑚 = 9.1 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔
𝑞 = +𝑞𝑒
p (Proton)
𝑚𝑝 = 1.6 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
𝑞=0
n (neutron)
𝑚𝑛 = 𝑚𝑝
𝑞𝛼 = 2𝑞𝑒
𝛼(Alpha)
𝑚𝑛 ≈ 4𝑚𝑝 (2𝑛 + 2𝑝)

⃗⃗⃗ [𝟎∘ < 𝛉 < 𝟗𝟎∘ ]

2. Case – 2 - When v⃗ is not perpendicular to B

Here we will break velocity vector into its two

components, one along the magnetic field (𝐕𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥 )
and other perpendicular to magnetic field
(𝐕𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐫 ).
 Fmagnetic Due to Vir is zero but it gives translation
to

motion
So,
mVt mV1E mVsin θ
⇒ R= = = qA

qB qB qB
2mπ
⇒ T=
qB

Pitch = Linear distance (Drift) travelled by particle AN

t
when it completes one circle.
⇒ x = Ne T = Vcos θ × T

Linear distance travelled in one 𝑇.

Velocity Selector
It's a special arrangement where both electric & Magnetic field are present but still
the particle entering this region passes without deflection.
Min condition ⇒ E‾ ⊥ B‾ ⊥ V‾
Felectrostatic = Fmagnetic
⇒ qE = qvB
⇒ E = vB
𝐅
⇒𝐯 =
𝐁

Work Done by Magnetic Force

Fc = Fmag ⇒ This force is always
perependicular to displacememnt ds (displacement element)

So, dW = F‾ ⋅ ds‾

⇒ dW = Fdscos 90∘
⇒ dW = 0
⇒ So, 𝐖𝐅mag = 𝟎 = 𝚫𝐊𝐄 ⇒ 𝐊𝐄𝐢 = 𝐊𝐄𝐟 or Vi = Vf = constant
Force on Current Carrying conductor
Let 𝐝𝐅 be the force on 𝐝𝐪 charge which is present
in 𝐝𝐥 element.

dF = dq(V‾ × B‾)
dl ‾
‾)
⇒ dF = dq ( × B
dt
⇒ dF‾ = I(dI‾ × B
‾)
⇒ Fwire = ∫I (dI‾ × B
‾)

If B, θ, I are constant .

⇒ F‾ wire = I∫dl‾ × B
‾
⇒ Fwire = I(L‾ × B ‾)
⇒ 𝐅wire = 𝐈𝐋𝐁𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝐧̂ 𝛈ˆ = Right palm thumb Rule

Right palm thumb Rule

Stretch your right palm such that your palm is
perpendicular to the thumb, now curl your fingers in direction
from 𝐋⃗⃗⃗ to 𝐁
⃗⃗ then thumb will face in direction
of 𝐅(Magnetic Force experinced by current @?
⑤°
⑲?
B(x)
carrying conductor) Y X - X

&
* *
......
X X X I X

Ga
↑⑧ X
X X X

X
x X X

Force B/w two Current Carrying conductors

Since both wires have current so they will produce magnetic field. Also a current
carrying conductor experiences Force in external magnetic field so both will experience
forces in each other’s magnetic field.
So,
Let F‾1,2 = Force on 1st wire in mag field of 2nd wire
& F‾2,1 = Force on 2nd wire in mag field of 1st wire
 μ0
⇒ F‾1,2 = I1 L‾1 × B‾2 = I1 L1 B2 î = I I L î
2πx 2 1 1
μ I
⇒ F2,1 = I2 L‾2 × B‾1 = I2 L2 B1 (−î) = 0 1 I2 L2 (−î)
2πx

|𝐹‾1,2 | 𝜇0 |𝐹‾2,1 |
⇒ = 𝐼1 𝐼2 =
𝐿1 2𝜋𝑥 𝐿2
This shows that Force per unit length on each wire is equal.
Also,
If I(current) have same direction in both wires then they attract
& if I has opposite direction then the wires repel each other.

Magnetic Dipole
A current carrying loop is called a Magnetic dipole

⇒𝐌 ‾ ( Magnetic Dipole Moment ) = 𝐍𝐈𝐀‾

⇒ A‾ ⇒⊥ to area
‾ → vector quantity
⇒M
Here,
N → No. of turns in coils
A‾ → Area vector of loop
I → Current in loop

Torque on Magnetic Dipole

When a loop is kept in external Magentic Field, each
arm Will experience a forces and these forces will
provide a torque to loop due to which it will start
rotating.

F‾AB = IL‾1 × B‾ = IbBsin 90∘ (−î)

F‾BC = Il‾2 × B‾ = IaB sin(90 + θ) (+ĵ) = IaB cos θ ĵ
F‾CD = IF‾3 × B‾ = IbBsin 90∘ (î)
F‾DA = Il‾4 × B‾ = Ia Bsin(90 − θ) (−ĵ) = −Ia Bcos θ ĵ
⇒‾ 𝐅𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐩 = 𝐅‾𝐀𝐁 + 𝐅‾𝐁𝐂 + 𝐅‾𝐂𝐃 + 𝐅‾𝐃𝐀
Also torque on each arm,
a
⇒ τAB = r‾1 × F‾1 = γ1 F1 sin θn̂ = bBIsin θĵ
2
⇒ τBC = r‾ 2 × F‾ 2 = γ2 F2 sin 0∘ = 0
a
⇒ τCD = r‾ 3 × F‾ 3 = γ3 F3 sin θĵ = bBIsin θĵ
2
⇒ τDA = r‾ 4 × F‾ 4 = γ4 F4 sin 0 = 0
a
⇒ τnet = τAB + τBC + τCD + τDA = I ∗ 2 ∗ ( bBsin θĵ)
2
⇒ τnet = IabBsin θ ˆj = IABsin θĵ
⇒ 𝛕net = 𝐌𝐁𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉𝐣ˆ = 𝐌
‾ ×𝐁
‾

Also,
𝛕max = 𝑴𝑩 ⇒ 𝛉 = 𝟗𝟎
𝛕min = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝛉 = 𝟎

Moving Coil Galvanometer

A moving coil galvanometer works on the principle that a current-carrying coil placed in
a magnetic field, experiences a torque. The spring attached gets twisted and with the
deflection needle we can detect the presence of current.
So,
τloop = MBsin θ
⇒ τmax = MB (Max Torque = Max Deflection)
⇒ τmax = τrestoring (spring force)
⇒ MB = Kθ
⇒ NIAB = Kθ
𝐍𝐈𝐀𝐁
⇒𝛉= = 𝐭𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞
𝐊
This galvanometer can be used as ammeter
as well a voltammeter by taking current
sensitivity and voltage sensitivity as the base
of calculation.
 θ Current NAB
⇒ = =
I sensitivity K
θ voltage NIAB NAB
⇒ = = =
V sensitivity KV KR
Also,
V
R = = Resistance of Coil
I
Where K = Spring constant
Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltammeter
To convert Galvanometer into Voltammeter a shunt of very high value of resistance is to
be connected in series of the Galvanometer so that it can be taken as ideal Voltmeter
whose resistance is nearly equal to ∞ (very large)
So,
Ig = Iv R ideal (v) ≈ ∞
Vg Vv
=
Rg Rv
Vg Vv
=
Rg Rg +S
Vv
Rg + S = Rg
Vg

𝐕
𝐬 = 𝐑 𝐠 [ 𝐯 − 𝟏]
𝐕𝐠

Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter

To convert Galvanometer into Ammeter a shunt of very low value of resistance is to be
connected in parallel of the Galvanometer so that it can be taken as ideal Ammeter whose
resistance is nearly equal to 0 (very less)

Vg = VA R ideal (v) ≈ 0
Ig R g = IA R A R
+

4-
Ea
un
Rg 𝑆
Ig R g = IA ( )
R𝑔 +𝑆
Ha
-Ammeta
=
S

S(veral
R -
Is
+ -

> 9
un ·

Ig