SCIENCE CAREER COACHING A Complete Science Solution Hub... PHYSICS Unit - 2. Electric Potential and Capacitance Class - 12" By Umesh Rajoria SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Near Mahalaxmi Dharam Kanta, Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar (Raj.) Mob. : 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Electostedic Potential Enongy emo “Pstential Elechostatec.. Patertial clue to~ (a) A pomt charge (b) Group of Electric changes ElectusteHe Paetentod ob & point alu te an Elechde Dipole Equipetential Surfawrs Reletion between Elechic field amel eleatyic. potemHol .| Electrostatic PoterntteJd Enangy of a system of Chovegea Potentiod Enugy of dA sire. charge in an external Fielol (6) A system Of two charges in om external #eld | Potentiod Emrgy of pele | InN an extesnal Fito ‘PE lechostaHes of Concluctors | ElecRostaHe Shieldm a Dieleatie Palertzacs'on | Copacitors & Capacitance Capacity of arn Tsolatecl spherical conductor -}Poeallel Plate Capacitor Effect off Dielectric on Capacitance Capacitonce pS parodlel plate. Capacitor uith a dielectric slob | Combination oy Capacitors ‘| Energy Stored In a Capacitor [Van De Greats Genrrodox Very Tenportant Quahons Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING You never know how close you are, never give up on your dreams! a el Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria | 2.[Electrostatic Potential % Capacitance Introcluction :- . The electrostatic potential of a ceiged body represent ¢ the tegren ° electrificottion of the boalty. Tt oledermmes Phe oirecton of flora of Chore betirean +turo Charges beolies platecl n° Conteet Wi each other: ; The charge awe OWS fom a body at la potential 40 andther bolly a+ Lover potentiol. The fio Hf) charge stops a4 400m As te potenticds of the obieds “become ; Electrostatic Potential Energy Let us assume. an electric fielel E luc to 4 Charge +Q placed ot the on “a rom hot a sma test ee +4 be b a point A wb & pemt B agbinst the repasteive ree on it aue to Charge +Q.- A Source rt coe Charge Q B We assume that the extern force Free abplied Js just Sufficient to comter the repulsive elechic fore Fe om the deat Charge 4 80 the net fora om Feat hee q dS Zao omd “+ moves from A do B without any ecelesation. Now the work cone by external fore vs negedive > work oone by the elechad fore omd atts + Stored mm the Chage F in the form of Ht potend energy. Work clone b external force sy moving the Ket uA - charge +h A to B B Q Was = [Fens Te => - Fe. dr A A Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [2]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria TWA work olone against eleetsoctecdic Poree gets Stored as potentod ennroyy. AU = Us - Un = Was Hence electrostodic potential enor} cl, pounce between td points Beomd A 44 equal to Sie. minimum work an externed re iM) moving a test charge 4 to B without “accelerahon. done by frm A Note :- The work olone by an electrostodic fick nm moving & chore ne point to another clebendsVorly on the positions of imitial omol Final points . Tt dloes r not nd on the poth chosen in goin one. pol to ae P e d i \ % For a charge distibuhion of finite extent, we choose zero electsostodic polmtal eneray at ia finit y. Thane fore , wOhan point A js at inginity we qt Hence the electrostedhtt potenticd eng of a charge. q ata point in an electric fied cue any Change Saye os equal do the work olone bf the ex od foree in bri ng the charge 4 from infinity, to that point witho any Oeceleracdion, Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [2]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electrostatic Potential The electric potential Uigersnie | behween tuso peints B ond A in an electric fielol ~s equot fo the amount of work done jn couryin umt posihve test Change A to RB without Yactedlerodion Mong any pat between the +o points. Umesh Rajoria Tk Va and Va one the >wW VA 23 eit uv Pv at 9% fu dy E« 1. as y a Distance ——> Figi- Variation of Electostatic. Potenfied at amd Becht? dad with stance. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Thassti Rajon BD) whet the electrostatic potential atthe So i 3b o_o nucleus of tere 13: 2 -fermi. v Ge Js 7: Sl, Here Y= 132 = @&6E ferm) or vy = &EKIE'S mM. emd Be ne se Gs 73 x46 K107'9 So Ve _2& = 39x17 x79 416 X10 ATT & ¥ 6:6 x10 * Vv 7 x10" — Volt: Potential ata Point clue to group of Electric Charges :- Suppose there are Q number Ck pol int Charger wy 9 Go 9 Qe o* me ot distances Ko Taokas »™ respectivel he paint P, Where aledtrhe potentios is 40 be colculoted, e potential at Pp oluz to various Charges are - ay j - 1 a = Vis 41leo VY > Va 4Me Tr Ve =! 4s and 38 Vn = tn are OO FIED Xn The yesultom+ potensod ot P is Vi= Vit Vet Vat eee. Vin v=_i 1 4 Aa 4 4a 4... Gn ATL Go vy, Ty ¥2 Yr oY ~ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 Le ]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria. S nr @ A cube of sicle b hoy o chorse % ot en sh te vertices. Deteemime the pateediss| ond ctechic te elas to this Charge array ot centre of Y ‘ol: se The length of diagonal of the Cube of each : NO iS = Jab side b = Distante betwean centre of Cobee ond each vertex q ds = v =WBb/. + Hee & Chanses each of Ved ua G, One Present the QR verte oh the Cube | there fore total potent is Y Ve VitVate- Ve = _! gt = 44% ATTEm (Bb/2 {Zeb Further electric fide ct the contre dure to au the et e& Us zero, became the frelel elu + indiviclucdl Charges Cancel in pairs. a "Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electrostatic Potential at a point due to an Electric Dipole ;- Let us take the origin at the cantre of the olipole. Now we have to Calewlde electric potenhal at point P where Op =¥ . ond ZRoP = 6. _g > ae an > 7 Y- 7 7 / a = 7 eo UA 0 / / / ' 7 Lp “a Let the clistance of P tom Change -F at A be 7 and Aistance of P sam Charge +% at B UW Yr. Electrostatic potenhal ot P cue to -Y Gnd +% Charge is -vespectvely = a = Oro) = Vi 4nlGy, Va Ane, v,. So the potent af at P clue to the cL pole Is - Vi= Up EVE v= = £-+] — Ww) Now by geometry - CoQ = 4 rte (for A BoP \ 27a oY ee = (4 ara Cord Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [a |SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Spm larly Coa (180-8) = 4-H 2r Umesh Rajoria ( for triangle AoP ) ov Yo = vt4a>+ 21a CosO Herz we mor write - 2 2 z a 29 Cor yY = Y (1 toa ty ) . a Th a< 2 - 2 os Y = + (: + ah Cos Bo y= r(t+ aa cose \* r oma to o= +('+ 29 Coxe) Y% Yr y —| Stemlarly + = + (4 - 28 coa® J I , = So by equecion (1) - <1 vet [+('- [Link] I ( + 24 ca "| 4n& Y Y Y v Using Bromial theorem we get - vos _*% _ [(+ +2 cose ) - (4- 2 cose) | 4T Ge ¥ Y Yy v= Yd X 2a Cos = 42°56 AMG - P_ Cord As P= Yx2Gu Vv = ——i SOS Ss 41 & y* C J As PCO = Pet, whee ~ Ss unit vector edong the position vector Op = ¥ So the elechostahe potenhal at P Aue to a Upele is. wn Vo PY 4ne Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [3]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria G1) On the cliple axis (8 =0 or 1 Vv = * Po 4mé,%> Positive. sign fer 6=-o0 and nespotive Sign fox O- T. (1) On the equatorial Plane (= 5 Core = Cost =o) Vv = Oo So Electrostehe potential at any point In the eguadonal plane of clipole is zero. + The. potential olue to a OUipole La axially >_> Symmetric about BP. ~~ “Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859Umesh Rajoria SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Equipotential Surfaces That sur wefoce ot every point of which electic potential is Ehe same ia Cattecl an equipotentia Surface: ng the teat chorge tom No work 44 dene on movi ome point to dhe other on equipotentiol SFA. The. equipoten tied. surface through @ point WW vorma)s # the elechic field at that point. * Ae potential Surtace of a sing ont Change easel Concont ¢ spioical Je cifou Ocint Cantreol ot the Change: * Por aunidorm eectric field say axis, the [Link] SUAF ACLS ‘ft planes oy ebony x the x ans. Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Ueiedk Rajoria Some eguipetentiod Surface are shoion in Hgurey- e (9) For a pomt change (b) For unrform electric fielel. (¢) For am electric olpele. Ce) (4) For two idlenticoy Positive charges ~ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 12]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Relation between Electric Field and Electric Potential ;- Let Us Consider two eauipolertiol Surtacs A amd Spaces) closely at & perpenclicular distance olf. Let the potential of A be Va=V and potential of be Va = V-dv where. Av us clecrease in potential in the direction of electyic. fielel E normal to A and “B. A unt positive charge (F= +1) JA taken along this perpenolicular clstance fom the surface @ te the surface A against the electric field. So Work ene Wea = Fed Waa = —~Edr (os F=aE) Waa = VA-Va = Veo (v-dv) =dv Hence -Edr = dav E = -av os ar NI odive Sy shows tat the crechon of aectic fide E is” in the lrecton of ecreasing, potential. * The masmitudt. of electHe field us given by change. mm magnitude of potential per unit: olisplaumunt Normal 4o the “equipotential Surface at the point. This 4s call potential gradient. => |Z] =~ iat = — (Potential Gradient ) Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar __ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electrostatic Potential Energy of a System Of charges ;- Umesh Rajoria Electrostatic potentios enmgy of System rh point Choe jes sa the. total eae be usdele. done In bringing the varigut charges te..thair ‘respective positiores from infimetely lovee mutual separodion- (i) For a System of two point charges - : < ose & pormt ch 2 F, 2& held of & point Py “EE position vector m Space. ’ Another pomt change Gq, us at mfinite distance fom G+ Thin dd td brought -to e@ position Py with . poarhon vector Tr. g In bein ing the first Charge. , to position Pir) no work vs ddne, because all other Cher ges are AHI at infinity , ame there Us no field. tee, (at Infinity), Now, byork done in Carryin / change qa from oo 40 PA 4 Wee [Potential Aue to 94, ] X42 +9, = a} 4%. > an ri * PCM) _y Ps Ora) k— Yr. ——— Total usork done w= wy, + Wy Electostedic potential energy U-7W = A Ge ~ 4TL €o Nia (ii) For a system of N point charges - Tt ws equol do the ctotel amount o Work clone | auasembling all the Charges at the given positions $m infinity . Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria In bring the Hirst Charge. a, to position PCr) No Work ws A vs ‘ t “J ire, Wy, =o “when Wwe bring Charge Ge m infinity + Ph) at a distance ‘ir ™ 4.0" work, fom f " * We = [Potential due to 4, ] % G2 We = Wr 4 €, Yo Ge Yos A Na vie vy Im brn mq 4a from @ to Ps (Ts), work has to be done agai 4’ electrostedic forests clue +o both Yond Vo ates ‘ Wat [Potential due to UN ond A "] Xx Us - 1 qo, qo We = ae (eas + | te /+ Electrastahe potential energy of 4 System of three charges Us= Wy +Wo+ Wa => Ot Vi V2 + 1 (42 +) ANG Yio 4N € 13 Yo3 U = \ ( Ute 4 Ws 4 2% AME, Viv Nia Yas [Link] In te wor, We Com write elechostatic potentiod energy of & system ok N Point charges at » on Os 1? Troe = AV 4lmge yj AN Pairs Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [iS]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING OI ee _ $e ies Potential Energy of a Single change in an external Field :- Th vO) us extemal potenHal at omy pomb P of position vector ¥, then work done iM bringing a Chorgxe % from infinity te the point Poin the extanoa fed is = 4 vie) Tria work Is stored In the ¢ anges particle Jy ‘ the form of its potential energy | Potenticd energy of & Chorge Js (U)= 4 VL¥) Potential Eneray of a System of two Charoes in an external Field :. Suppose 4, emd 4, ane two pomt charges ot position | reciovs" x, ona Yr respectively in a um form externed electric field Ee. Now usork done in bringing Charge %, and J. from infinity t podition VY, and Yi ane cod [We a VR lokde bringing 4. infinity 4o position Ts Work has aes 4d be Aes agdint lye Prejal aus 40 4). This dd. Wea = At - 41 & Vor where Yin ws the cistance bebween q, ond Az - So Potential energy of the System = tote usork clone u = W,; + W2 + W3 Ue BV) + 4aVOG) + Fo 4ANG& N2 "Wear Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar - Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria ® @) Peterrnine the electostatic potentad entra 4 oh 2 soetem CommAting of two charges 7HC and -2UC (wrth “no external 7 A) “placed ed “Caem,o,0) and ¥i wre) to epahede. tu tom C9eum, 0,0) Yresbechv (b) How much work Wa reg Charges infinitely qu each other’ (€) Suppose thal” the ‘sawe system of Charges is now plated in an exteaned field E'S Ax1” , where A= 9x10 G2. whet woud be the electrostatic © energy of the Comfigutech on ? Sol. a) Uz _Wt2 = TK 10 K(-2 15S) KOKO = -O7T 4107 (949) x10-? (be) Work requires] =. U2-U; = O-U = O7T- Ante 5 a,vi% +4, VU) (©) Th the electric field total Pe, = 20% ~-d _ fom E= a 5 vc frEar es fr &ar = A “+ Total PE, = Ut 4 AU 4 AQ ANE0Y Y Yr 2-0-7 + 3x (7x10 8) 4 axio (-2.x108 ) 0103 o-09 S> Total PE. = — OF + To -20 = 493 7 Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Potential Ene of @ eli Umesh Rajoria le in on external Field :- Comsicler a olipole placed in a uniform electric field E. Here Hre olipole experientes no net force but experience a torque T Hiven by - T = PRE = PE Sind Which will tend 4o votete it (Unless Pla parallel to E’). up Suppose avy external torque Tena ic real in such a Peer thot vt ust neutral ses wees and yrotode the ctpole brom angle 8, to omele 6, without angular acceleaoHon: The amount oF work done by the external torque. will be given by - a 2 O We-= t 6)db@ = PE Sino de f ext ( { ' W = -PE (0048 — Cos, Th Work 18 stored at the potential energy of the system. Tf we take 6 =T/2 Where the potembiod ennray U us taken to be zero- So U(&) =-PE (cose, _ Coa) UlO) =-PECeosO = -P-E Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 18]- Eleetrostedt ics of Concluctors C1) Elechoastate fidd Us Zerpy inside a Conductor. (2) At the surface of a Charged Conductor , elec }eostatic field must bey normal to thr- Sweface at very point. Th E were not nevmol to the euy faite > vb wrouwla| haye Some non-zero Components a the Surface . Free changes on the surface of the Conductor “would ten ex c2 force omd move-In the Stoke sytuahon tHorcfore E should have no tangential Component. (3) Tene Lu no exces e ct any point inside the concluctor than the Stoctic suchen oma any excers charge must reside od the surface. (u) Electrostatic. poterhal Ls constant throughout the vdume of the Conoluctor amd hab the same valuc as inside on its surface. (5) Electric field at the surface of a chargeol Concuetor is E=- co FR Here A 33 unit vector noma) tothe surface “Eo amd a Jd Surface charge olensity. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Electrostatic Shielding Electostedic shielding / Sereening is the phenomenon o protecting a comtedn region of Space pom extern elechic ‘field . We Know that the electric field tnsicle a Conduttox us ZxD. Thexofore to pavtect clicode instruments external electric fields , we enclose them in hollow conductors. Such “hollows concuctys ane Called Faraday Cage. Thang mecd not be earthed. In thunderstorm acc ompaingol by Ly ening 1 Ar ws satey to be inside a Car ov bus +o in the open wound oF under a trea-ett+. The metellic body of He Car oy buds provides electrostaht shieing pom the Lightening. The. fundamerced ‘act us that electric field inside. a cavity is sat alee pee sth size. amo} shepe ‘b,, the Cavi whe the cher on conductor amd the. L cfexnal BaP in which st ight be. placed. An eathedl Conductor AB Can also actas a screen ainkt the electic field - twohen AB Ud earthol » the Mroluced positive change flow to earth omel the fielel In the region besyond AB Asappears, Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Non ‘polar and Polay Dielectrics —bielectrics Wes jnaulodin, meteriols which transmit aectrc ebfects without actually Conducting elechicity. Dielectrics are oF two (4) Alon polar tb) Polar. (2) Non Polar Dielectrics 3- The molecules In cohuch the contre Aitive. charge Coindae with the centre o ey te, Co bleed non- polas molecules. 5 Such molecules are Sy mmetic ir sShabe. Examples- O27, CO2r,¢Hy ete. (b) Polar Dielectrics \- If the, Contes posite ail ane charges do not ° coneide be ces shape the molecules, Hon frase ake calli) | ne molecules. Examples ~ Hel,Hi0, NHe ete. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria ‘Dielectric Polarization When a non-polar olieleetie Js held in an extemal electsic fidd E , the Centre of positive charge (protons) im each” molecule Js pulled in the clicection of E and the Contre of ve charge (electrons) is pulliol m a olivection apposite to E. Therefore the two contyes of positive and negative chores un He molecule are separated. The molecwe lintel ard ie said to be ptlanised. qs E=0 Exo © O@ @aOee @ @ @ ase Non -Polaw @e@e Qee@e Molecules When no external field is apbhieel to a dlidectic with polar. molecules than the Aiteoont peamanent AU poles Qre oriented randomly cue to tkermal cxgitation, Se the total clipale moment js zeyo- _ When am external electric field J applied , the individual clipsle moments tends “to aula alt the. field. bohen summed over all the molecules , appears some net clipole moment jn the divectim of the external fides tee, the dielechic is polanisect. EFO —» @ @ 2 @ Polo Molecules @ @ , Thus in efther Coue Whether polar or non polar a cliekctic develops a net dipole moment in the presence oh an external field the clipole moment per unit volume is callteel polarisation and Lu clonoted by P. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electric Susceptibility \- Tt found thot He elechic polauzoton P Ls ctirvectly proportional +o the efjechve electric fiele} [Link] a polaxizec) clielectsic. Umesh Rajoria — Ee. Pa E -op +0 or |) OG Where % is a Conatant amd is pronounced at "oh. oS y ¢ @X 23 Cobled electric suscepti bilit 4p Cl) of the electric. , 9 @ The electic susceptibility P Ardscribes the Clecticol behaviow | Effect ve Electric field ina of a didechic: polarizeal clielectHic ts - © For vacuum] X = 0 E = Eo-Ep Gl Why cloes the elechic per! Inside a dielectic case oleerease when ut id placeol in an external electric fidlel 2 Sl when a delete is placeadl In an external pield , He fielol Causes polarisation of Ha clickechle Indueing a 4yeld m the opposite olivection. Thus the net elechic field inside the clielectte decreases. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING u imesh Rajoria Capacitors and Capacitance A Capacitor ts a system of two Conduchore Separccteo! by an insulator. I+ 18 an avoxomgement -for storing, larg qmounts of electHe charge and henw electncal energy “in & Smal} Space. Principle of Capacitor 3- Let seme ‘Sosllive change Fel te Pe i its potential become maximum. ¢ ro A 8 A 8 +/+ -|+ +)+ - + f+ —|+ ++ _ 4f+ —|+ t+]+ ws +]+ + +}+ ~ +]4 -|* tpt +]J+ -]+ Ts ~ => rounded} (4) Cb ) Now Consider another Inadedeol meted plode B hell near the plede A. By Induction a nego ve charge is produced om the nearer “face of B and an equal postive charge clewelops on the farther face 4 B. Novo, Cormect the plate B to earth- The induced positive charge. on B being free , How +o earthy TA inducecl negative Charge “on BG, however Stays OY) ah it is bound to poaitve Charge on A. “Due +o te Indueeol negosve Change on B, potentiod of A is qreatty redluted). Thus oo Lange. amount charge ‘Can be given to A to rouse wae to the maximum potexthel, Hence we toncluole thot the Coupacitomnce. of on maleted cencluctor is Increased Cemsiclorably “by beinging near at an unchargeol earthesl Conoluctor. THis is the principle oh Capacitor- ere Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 ZYSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electrical eee The abite of Qa Cenductos to Store electric charge iA Called i Cepacitence Tf a charge @ given +o the Conductor yaises ats potential by Vi then at Js founel that QXKv or Q= cv whee Cus a Constomt collec| electrical Copacitaner. Umesh Rajoria C = GB | sz unit of capacitance - Farad A conductor ws sald +o have @ Capacity L +tarad Whan a charge of 1 Coulomb youses ute pot bp tebriat by ’ 1 vol. Capacity of an Isolated Spherical Conductor Let a change +4 vy toQ Sphene, ~ is # ” As the Sphere behaves Qs 5 the emtire charge. us eae at the centre, ae) the Sp Se otentied Yet Peon on the. Ones. of the sphiha’ oa _ @& As C= = So C= 41E7 Capacity ef earth :- . We cam Calculode electrical Capacity of earth, taking -at4te be a Conducting Sphere oy You y= Cuso Km. C= 4T&Y = sae x 6uxin® = 71) UF Thus the Capacity ef earth ws ovuly JN UE. Therefose Copadrtance. will be norm in nano tarad (nF) om plenfaste Cpr). Farad wo felidg 8 rojar of, Capacitance » ~~ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING u imesh Rajoria Parallel Plate Capacitor A paral) plate capacitor Consist of tuo Hun Conducting plates 1 oma 2, each of area A’ held parallel to each “othey , Suitable distama ol apart. The plates are eparoted b an insuloding mectium LkKe alk , papor, “mica, glass etc, When a e +Qs thon a charge -Q is indutd on the nearer face of plate 2, surface Charge density o} plote L omol 2 W2e FT Omd -o. In the region between the plotes , separated by car J vacuum , electric Held intensity da = ST = 1:8 Ere > eA Th © w the electric field between tHe plates, thon the potential clifteronce V beltoeen the plates UA - - = i Vs EXd = zh So the Capacity of porate! plate Copacitor us _ C= & > C= —_Q 1. aa Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance When there 4s & vacuum between the pliters Capactoy having the chorge +@ on its plates with i SS — Now eng] [ered a dielechic 48 Inserted| betweon the plates which fully occupying the intervening region. Dielectric _. The CKelectdic ae bay the field with surface cae. clensities op om surface the Aelectric- So the net Surface Change clenaity on the pledes is t(-ce) So the Porn elechic fidd insicle the cicleetHe ua - E = @-op Ee and the potenticd tiffeunce between thre plates is - V= Ed = aS ° Por Linear chelectics , we expect op +o be yoportional 4o Eo, l-e- to o- Thus Co-op) ws proportional to oc and we can wrute- T- op Ko K-3 electic Constant C- op = 7 and K7l K Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859_____SGIENCE CAREER COACHING vesinjon _ So ve oad = ad ~ Eek A&ck Se He Capacitance C With lielectric between tha pledea ab — = Q = a. = Hee A c= + ad d AEck _ Kea A . Here k == Os Colle the dielectic Constant of the substance. fe thal Ho when Helectric js introduced, the field between the plotes of the Cobacitor decreases v4, Ky Due sto toch V decreases by Qa factor of Ks implies thab the Capac tance increase” by K. Bopieectiic constant of & medium Js ineol ad the voto oF the Capacitance oh dhe Capacitor “sith the lielechic as te medium “go sts Capacitance with Vacuum between ts plates. s & Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Capacitance of a Parallel plate Capacitor with a dielectric Slab - The Capacitemte oka alle) plate iter plete. Qhoa cme plate Dsepsaheection we iain or Cur inbetween da- Co = = S ose@ TQ are the charger EM the acitor plates coldeh Produce Qa uniform chic field a the eae, between the plates. toch! + + + + He + He + je [| b Ve YN When & electric Slab of thickness tid ds mbrduad betureen the plotes, the molecules in the Alab get Polarized in the olrection of En- Thortore the ebpechve field insiole the delkeehic a Ee Se outsicla. the lielectric fielol vremoins E, oy. Therefore , potential chifferonce behween the two plotes a4 = Ee (d-t)+ Et 2 ° - E, Vv E.(d-t)+ fet = Eo _ t vie Geof d-t+e] As = = = & Eo Eo AEs - Q Ve “Ace [a-t +£] Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING OO unesnsjon acidance ok Hae Capacitor with electric inbetween wa Q Q CF YT > 7& Fy po kT “ae, LA-t 7 | C = oA ' d-t+t Here CYC, * Hence om Imboducin the pletes. Of A Capacitor , tts capacitance increases. The twos pletes of a paraltel plote Capacitor are Se Amm apart. A’ saw of clieteetriic Conatemt 3 and 22°? thickness 3mm Js Intreduced between the plates with uts pas. parole} do them. The clutmee behueen the “plectes is So adjusted thed the Capacitance the capacitor become 2/3. © ts oAtainal us. Wheat vs the now cdistanee “behween the plates? Sob Here cliatance between poral plates ta d= Umm : A = 4xi0°-m. k= 3 , thickness t = 3mm = 3x10%m. Cc = ©.A ond cy; = GA ~~ - -4 4 ay tG-z) Since c¢ > ZC 3 —€&oA = = Sa - -1 3 a, -t[1 £) ——_t a -t('- €) 3d 1 - 2 ay — axe? (1- +=) Bx uxior3 So a = 8 xi077m. = 2mm. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Combination of Capacitor di) Capacitors in Series Three Capacitors of Capacities C1502 ond Ca are Vi 48 i potentiod oUeferonce applied) Connectes) In Sexes io qexoss the Combinection. Cy Cy Cz + — os t+ —~— = = = +a}y —ba +a/? “he, +al* “Ire += + = too +t jt @ , Vas @ a) Co C3 Th Cs us the total Capacitance ©} Combinedion Han v= & Cs As total potential drop v across the Combi nodion is the sum of potentiod: crops V5 V2 ma ve SO- Vz Vy AV 4+ Va vo & = B+ QQ Cs c; Cy C3 L + =2-=te4eiyt ‘ lay Capen Connec}eol jn Seried , total Capacitemce t.y tb Ce ci Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [3 { |SCIENCE CAREER COACHING u (ii) Capacitors in Parallel _ Let three Capacitors Cr, C2 oma C2 are Connected in poratlel ond V be the potential clifgerence across the Combinedion. imesh Rajoria So the Changes on the Cabecitors coi!) be Q,=avs Q2= Cav omd Qa= CaV So the total charge om the Capacitors - R= Qt+ Qr +Qsa het Cp be the @quivetent Capautanw im) Paredle} then CpV = Gv +0rV2 + Cav Ce = & +Cy +Cx Dhan NN Capacitess axe Connected im pamllel then - ye cst Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Fig. Shows tio tclentical capacitors G,¢2 each ofy ees 1UF Capacitance Connectes| do a boactery of 6 V- Initially Suntch *5? 2s closed. A Bome, Hime %s? Gs open and dielechic slab of cUelectic constant K=3 ar2. inserted do fu the space Completely between the plotes of the tus capacitors. How cil ~the- Ui) Change oma (ii) Potential clifference between the pldes of the Capacitors be abfectect after. tha slabs ane insertedl ? : gv | Jeseaur | CG, cI MF Sel When switch S Us Closed beth Cc; ond Cy we. Charged do 6v potentol, be. Vs 6Vv ond Va 2 OV open, ci is still connectec| Jo Whun s as potent select} on Iwarroclucing Slab of clelechic Constemt, K=3 Cl = KG = 3xtxiw = OME viz WY = 6Vv B= GW = 3xio&xe = 1a xi Sc However , Cq is olisconnectect from battery now, when s ds deft open. Bur to intoduchen of SJoub y a = KC, = 3 MF - 6 Qo = Qo = Cove = 1xXlo%xG = 6X0 C vb se Qe. oxieS 1 Qy, org 3xto® Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Energy Stored in Capacitor Re Stoves) In a acitor 13 the Same aswz the took ede Ato builel cp the ch e@ on the plates by externa} Source Chottery). of Voltage - Let the two plates of the Capactdor are initially unch ct. Now the ch 2 Js tomsferrecl fo one plete “fn v amolf instalments. of dq anal egued oppesite ch Inclucees Om the other plate. +d tt tt | a At a inter mecliccke Ahogea 5 & ose Om ome plete? as GY amd om oben plate ia 2 Cc Small amound h work ,clone in giving an additiona) cherge lq to th Capacitor Js dw = &xdq cq Tétel work done m giving A chorge @ to the Capacitor 4:20 RQ Ww = ta = Jt ia Lee = e[2], Ww its Potential Aifferenca between the plotes = & -« 1 @ “ 2e THs work is Store| jin the form of potential energy U. U= Ww =+4 @? 2c CV = @ So We Com Write- Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Common Potential 5 c (i) lohan tus Capacitors chargecl + ' to alifenenck potentiods ang Conne ches ro in parcdle) with their positive plates ~ = at one point and ative plotes at Vi» omotwr. point by a cluchng Wie» , Then chorge ows from from the one A ye & at righ potential to the other — ct lober potential - _ The flow of Charge Continuss Ul) their potentials became exuod. The equa) potentiod of the two Capacitors J3 Cablral Common potentied. Common Polevifial = Total Chorye v=: CM + CaV2 Totod Couperca ty Cy +Cy (it) When +he +wo Copacitors GAL Lonnecteo) _cotth the positive plate of one capacrloy to the negative plate of othe. capacitor, ‘then Common Poterfial = total charge yo = iM = Oove Totod Coppa ty oy +Cy Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Van De Graaff Generator It daa owia wre to ah otental [Link] of the order o rill} ey elt Such Boh poterthal Aitoances are useal to accelerate Chargeo) partcles Like electrons , protons, tons of C. needeol fer Var0Uus experiments Nuclear paysics Prinei ple i- Ss se we have & Lore. Spherical Conducting shell ote acl Ryo wluch we ceo. Chore me Potential inside Conduchng SPhericed Shell = Constant - lt @ ve 471€ R- Now let we mboduce aA small sphere of ols Y, Codduyi 5 wad the large one, ond place od od the Cenhe, Now the potential due to Smed) sphere ob sadius x Carryin Chorge 4 can be given OL- hoe = a a CF Surface of; small SP a 2 5 _ | a ot lenge Sho of rocdius R * ce Taking beth charges % omd @ indd Account we. have total petented et He two shells and the potential oltberence as- voR) =_! (2+%) 4Tl& \R R Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING vor) = tL (2+%) 4Tl€o R Y Umesh Rajoria VY) ~ VIR) = ae (+ -4) Assume mow thal @ is pokitive . Thom inde cimount of Chorge, Q on ‘the larger sphene omnol even if Ut Gk pokitive , the inner Ephere is aw aak potentiol or te oli ference Vvuy)- VCRD wu posrhve This means thot 4 We now Connect the Smaller ana larger Sphure bya tuive , the chasse Jon the Small gp will flows om to the large sphere , even thovar: the charge G moy be quite large, becatwe tendancy for Hye charge +o move fom higher to lower potential, Thus ik we are Somehow able do intsodute the small charged Sphore into the. baa ond we Com Keep 170) ah up larger omol larges- charge on +h pa fk Rage ene lager emelich ofp ange on Me Ths 4a the prinauple of Van ce Graaff 3eneradoy. . When eleetnc potential on the sphere produus elechic field equal to olielechic stren ofy ath or then polenhal leakage Jakes place with the Loniscttion oi ay, © So No mose potential cibtermce Can be increased. The potential con be increas by enclosing the sphore | in highly evacuetedl chamber. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING mean Rajoria Conshuchon and Working = Pranlecting Welt +o, Carry mel oriven Chorge Trulodt ny Supporting Motor oliver Pulley Ground eo Metal Bore 7 Metal Brush deliverm: Change pom Sources Im Van De Graaff Gennror a Jorge Sphoucol Conclucting Shell C of fees meter racking ) us Supporteo| at a ho several metre above the grumd on an imaaloding Column - . . / A long nawrovs endless belt of mauloding materd Uke subber or ‘SiIK , ds bsouncl ardunol cso pulleun one at grourd level ome) ena oct the contre of the shell. . TAs belt us Kopt Continuously moving by o motor en oo Tt Continuously Cawies poartive eh Sprayes| on ato dt by a brush at qround level, +o the tops There Ut trom, wds positive charge to omother Covclucting brush Connecteo) Jo the lange Shell The posrhve Change ig transterxel to the Shall, whe Ud spread out uniformly on the outer surface- Tm this “ww VoHoge olitberences of As much or 6 oy & million Volts CwHth Yesbect” to qxourial) Can be. built Up. ~~ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria On charging a peralle} plate citos. to 9. potental Vi the Shading Peasen vn plates Js reduced to h t omai a adielechtc medium o y=lo A inchroelucedl beturean the - plated , without lis Cormeching the BC sourte+ Explain how the- (i) Capacitance Gi? electHe field amo Gii ) entagy density of the Capacitor change ? Sel: Connectecl boctlery ensures Scenane potential difference V acxss Capadter even reducing the spacing, between plodes up-+to holy omd mbro ducing the clielechte Slob. (1) Lf irutial Capacitance Cc, = Ald Than tinal Capacitomnte c, = 10604 V2 Cy = 202A ~ 20c Hence C2 = 20C; Capacitance ineweoses to 20 Limes of original Volue . Gi) Intel elechic field Ee, = Se Finally E22 = at. = 27 = 2E, Hence E, = 26, Electic peld intensity gets clowblecl - Gi) Energy cLentity ok the, Capacitor U, = 4 oe oma Up = +e. ef Ur = £6.(26)7 = Seoue,7 so Upc 40, Hence energy clensity becnmser 4 times of ongma] Valus. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Three identical cCopadtors Go Cy oma Ca Capaertance. case © MF each ane Comecterd doa lry bottery as shovoy- 20 cind Gide "Ty 1. e@ on each pov ma (ii) Elin? pect of the. Chreust Gi) Energy Atered in the network 12. of Capacitors. ij Fo]. Sel. (i) Here V= lav omd c, = Ca = Cea > G4F = 6x16 oF So the Change om Capacitor Ca is Ge = Cav = Exloe x12 «= = 72x10 & G3 > 724Me Since Cy and Ca ane in sexier Se the equivalent capacitance 122i, tK + Ol ol 2 - i <= 3 we Cy, = So the charge on each Capacitor Cy omd Cy ts C= CoV = Bxlo&xjo2 = 36 x10% = 2euCc “+ Charge on each capacitor Cy ome Cy Ws 36 UC (HW) Since Cy emd Cr ake in Serles ceshose equivalent Copacitance us Cs = SMF Now Ca omd Ce aye in Porolkel Se the equ valent Cabacitance of the Civet UA C= Cat Cs C= 6+3 = SHF Gi) Energy Stoved U = dev> = tx 3x10" x(ja)” Ue cuaxieS = ug xo’ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria BS Tiso parol plete Capacitors x omd Y have the oe Same RQ of plates cmd same Separation behween +ham, Y has air between the plates while x have Qa electric medium of Ere 4 a (i) Calewede Capacitance of each Capacitor 44, ‘ equivalent Capacitance of the ee JA AME. Gi) Colewate the potential dipjeronce behween the plodes oi X omd Y- Gi) whet ts the roto of elechostoHe ensrgy Atord in x and y ? Seb G) Since Capacitance. C of the parallel plate Capacrtor us ven by - = Co & r d c Loh = €oA = KA = Y Tz ond x =F 40h x = Uy Sinca. XK omd Y az mM series Combmahon | « \ — td <2 | a °K ty > 4 Katy ov < S a > y => S MF So thot X = 4xS = 20 HF (ti) Since @: ev Ve 4xio®& xy2 = 49 x08 C Potential its om” Capacitor x de given By a = 48 xlo” _ MT SF oer TO end — potentia) ifs. on Capacitor yY qiven by - VY = & = 4gxi*s - g6 Vv Cy 5 X1076 Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING _ Umesh Rajoria Git) Energy Stored in capacity ts = + eve « Redo of electostedic enngy Stores! tn X% amd Y iS Ux = 4 CV = zo x (24 ye ——_ - Ss . wu Uy Loy x (8-6 ) Uo. 4 Uy Y Draw 3 equipotential surtaws Carresponcling fo a Ped a thot unijorenly meveossn in nitucle oo rents 22°38 Condtant z-clivecHon. How” are tee Sux faces ci bteront that of a Constemt elechic field ‘along, Z- clivection? Sel. The three equipotencdia| Suapaws ar in xy plane: As magn itucle, of field increases, distance. bebween Succesdl ve uipotential surkacs v afven av) oes Sine tn pqgee Th elechic field Lrere Constant dittonce. betureon Successive - uipotenHal surkaces woud SuUeHACes Equipotentiaf Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859—_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria eS A system of Capacitors Connectesl as shoum, cee has a Actal energy of 160 mI Storecl in ut. Obtain 7? the Value. of the Salvador Capacitance of ania system omd the value of Z- Ss TME ail io MF BAF ZMF je 2Zoov & Sel: Capacitor of SUF ome 7 UF are in pooled - ve C; = 3+ 7 = lo MF Since 1LOMF 5 JOMF ond ISUF aw in Serer — “ A 2h gtybhbo-e & . Ca lo 10 Is is ov C2 = 1 ME uy Hence tetal Capac tance Cz CatZ cz AS 4 2 ) F (3 a an Entrey storvecdl = l60omI Zevrt = leo mr 2 i (4 + z) 6 ~ = 160 x10? SA 7 x10” x (200) 4 {7 > 2 +Z = 8 ? 4y Z = @-Is = .2s 2 4.25 Me Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria @ * Erege rabeg inet Copacttor -is aS he es wrth case. Voltage x ny ih ey gang 3 oh Lelecteic. oF Conatand 3 echic st ae 10’ v /m. Fa we would ue the. tielol never fo exceed esau . pe the olipole Strength. hat minimuyy arco of the plotes Xu requ real do Rave a Capacitance of 50 PF? Sel. Maximum Permissible. Voltage = LkKV. = lo v Maximum Peamissible electic field = lon oh to” Vf = Lo & vim. Minimum separation vequired between the Capacitor plates Js - = Vv = lo? = 3 d =e ae lo ~ So the minimum axrza yequired fer the. Capacitor pledes A= Sd =) 50x10? x63 Ke Sg aenee A = 18:8 x164 m? x 19 cm. @\l m The elechic field and elechic Potential at any point ee clut to a paint charge Kept in air ib 20 Nf omd ond 30 Tc‘ yespectively. Compute the magnihiele of thia Change. Sal Electe field at clistanae 1 from He point Charge e-it,2 . ond ane. 7 = 2o Nie Eleoettic Pétendio! at cdutancn ¥ trom the pent Charge Vi=sut_ «ht = jo Te 4MGo y = Vv = fo - so that v e so osm Henca. Change Y = 4Iteoy xv = _OSAlo 3 x104 Y= oss xiv%e le Ce amey | Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar _ Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria i QL. a. 8. Q3. Very Important Questions Mark Questions Woh cloea the electric field insicle q. cUelectric. decrease when Jt Ww platec! in an external elechic field 2 (Delhi. Board 2005.) : Define the. term ‘electric Corstont? of a mechum in teams Capacitance of @ Capacitor, % i CDelhi Beard 200¢ ,!) A soo luc Charge. ts at the conte pa SGU stola 10. Cm. Find the wok clone Mm movin charge oh Zouc between tuso cliagonally opposite points on the UBhQ- Answer. = ZLexd- (CBSE 2008) » What 2s the electrostatic Potential clue to an electic dipole oat an equotoria) point 2 ( CBSE 2009) » Wheat ws the work done i. moving a teat je. 4 thro a clatance L cm along the. equator axis of an. elechic dLipole ? Cc@sE 2009) Define the Aum potential energy of Chovege 1 at a dutance'y’ in an externa) electic field. (CBSE 2009 ) . Name the physical quontity whose St unit w T/c. Tt 4s a scalax or a vechy quantity ? CCGSE - 2010 ) Dravo equipetential Surface cluz to a single point aiden al (e@se 200 ) A point change Q ud placecl ab point 0 a8 shown fn ta: Ts the potential oti santa Va - Ve positive, nejedive, oy zen i @. (1) Pesitve. Ci) Negasive ? Qa A & (C@SE ot ,ol,06) ° Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria @10. A hollows metal sphars of vadius Sem w Cha such thet te potental om uts s Om Js joy What 4b He potentas at He contre of the Sphare? Ccese 2011 ) Qf. Can two equipetential surfaces intersect each oer 2 Tustify your aranen . Cc@sE 2011,09) @il2. Lohan elechms tai in a medal bom Lower +0 ha potential , cloes A+ mean thot all the free electhons of the metal ag moving in the same direchon? Cce@se zeoiz +) [email protected]. vo 1s electrostadic potential Constant Hrroughout the. Volume of the Conducty and har the same Value Cos inside? om ats Surkace ? (case 2012 ) 2 Marks Questions / 3 Marks Questions - Ql. A paral plede capacitor with air behween the Plates has a capacitane of B PF + whot wil) be He Capacitance th tHe oliatance belueon the pledes be reduced by hal omd the space between them Ja filled with a Substance ok electric Congtomt K=6 ? (cese 2005 ) Q2. A Spherical shel of raclius b with change @ Wa expanclked do radius a. Find the work done by the electrical perce. In the. process? (ese 2eou ) Q@3. A 12 PF Capa crtor Us Connected to a SOV bettery. How much elechostatic energy 2 Atowecl ty the Copacttor. Cc@SE rees 5 Qu Find out the exprersion tre potenthal enongy. of a system of three Choreges § 4, 942 Omd V3 locoted vespectively at YT, Ty emd ¥3 with respect do the Common Origin O- o (CBSE 2010 ) Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859