Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study 1.1

Since more people are using electric energy, most families now experience large monthly power
bills, which have a negative impact on the family's financial situation. As a result, we came up
with the idea for this project, a smart electric meter that uses the Internet of Things and can assist
many users in lowering their monthly electricity consumption.

An electricity energy meter based on the Internet of Things. This smart meter calculates energy,
voltage, current and time. The smart meter will provide data for each of these factors through
these elements. Next, we look at each load in the house, how much energy it consumes, how
much time it uses, and from this we calculate the monthly bill for the house. After that, we have
a broad understanding of all the loads and the extent of their energy usage. As a result, we can
manage their energy use by reading the items that came before. Here, we cut down on the
amount of time they are used, and as a result, we have decreased the monthly electricity bill.

Statement of The Problem 1.2

Nowadays, people spend lots of their money because of over consumption in electricity. So, the
idea of our project which is tariff selection for single phase loads using ARDUINO aims to
automate the process of monitoring electricity consumption to reduce it and save money.

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Objectives 1.3

1.3.1 General Objective

To provide customer with tariff selection option for the residential loads to reduce the electricity
bill.

The above-mentioned individual goals help to achieve the overall objective of creating a
freestanding electric energy consumption meter.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To connect two different single phase load with Arduino controller to measure current,
voltage, and power
 To measure the period of energy consumption for each load

 To design tariff structure for the customers to reduce electricity bill

1.4 Scope and Delimitation

By using the best current sensor and voltage sensor, we can measure voltage, current, power, and
total energy consumed in kWh. The readings will be transmitted to and shown on a dashboard
that is reachable from anywhere. The energy meter data will be shown on an LCD display in the
event of a power outage, ensuring continuous readings. also, we have two switches that you can
choose the tariff that is suitable to the consumer.

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1.5 Significance of the Study

The Internet of Things helps society save money by lowering its electricity use. Additionally, it
offers an alternative to manual meter readings, which can be difficult and time-consuming by
automating remote data collecting and saving time and money.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

To make it simple to handle and test, the project is split into various components. The primary
objective of the project is to construct a smart meter that will track and quantify energy
consumption.

In two phases, we use voltage and current sensors to measure voltages and current and then
calculate power to be shown on LCD by using Arduino Mega.

Figure 1 : Block Diagram

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We have created a method for measuring voltage to load sensitivity in this project. Figure 1
displays the system's block diagram. The following activities were carried out during the
development of the smart energy system. The following:

 Accurate power measurements

 Test and analyze each subsystem and make necessary improvements.
 Tariff selection for the consumers
 Integrate all subsystems and perform final testing.
 Write final report and presentation.

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 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

We have highlighted a few of the earlier works that are pertinent to the proposed layout.
In the chapter's following part, the proposed design is contrasted.

2.1 Design of an Automatic Meter Reading System

In contrast to conventional telephone networks, the Automatic Meter Reading system (AMR), a
programmable meter reading, integration, and control system, is discussed in this project. As
might be assumed, the AMR is an automated system that allows for remote reading and
management of utility meters.
There are no humans involved in the management procedures or the meter reading. The use of
AMR systems has various advantages, including efficacy, speed, cost, and accuracy. Since the
entire system relies on the existing telephone networks, this service is available anyplace that a
telephone network can be reached.
The semi-automatic (and manual) meter entry and reading, reading errors, billing floats, and
callbacks are all eliminated by achieving them entirely automatically and electronically [1].

Figure 2 Automatic Meter Reading System

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2.2 Data Reading from Smart Energy Meters in a Modern Metering
Infrastructure

Data frequently collected using the traditional method from electricity meters on the basis of
people displacements have a tendency to be replaced from the electricity meters, with respect
to the people moving houses; have a tendency to be replaced by contemporary solutions: the
Automated Meter Reading and the drive-by.

Drive-by data collection only involves mobile equipment that approach meters closely. There
is less staff and no such thing as manual readings. Additionally, the AMR is the automatic
gathering of information straight from the meters and sending it to a certain central computer.
Benefits of AMR include reduced read-to-bill times, real-time pricing assistance, easier
access to meters that could otherwise be difficult to reach due to security precautions or
location, greater fraud detection, and many mor.

For AMR, smart meters are absolutely necessary. In addition to their standard functions,
smart meters must be able to relay the readings straight via the communication lines in order
to read the consumptions. The address of the customer as well as the activation or
deactivation of internal modules must be determined by the meter in many complex systems.

A meter must meet the necessary standards, especially for reading data from the convention
area of the meter and responding to commands from the lines. The AMR needs a specialized
infrastructure. These include unidirectional systems, which imply that meters send data
periodically, or bidirectional systems, which add the possibility of having the system
managed; examples include connecting and disconnecting users, gathering data directly from
meters based on predetermined standards, grouping meters, and more.

This infrastructure is referred to as AMI, or Advanced Metering Infrastructure. The data

collector of the communication smart meter, also known as the gateway of the central
computer, and the data collector of the AMI have a communication channel that must ensure
their existence. The options for solutions include wired and wireless options. The ideal

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solution must take into account the distances between the devices as well as the infrastructure
in place and any related costs [2].

Chapter 3
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION

3.1 Details of Block Diagram

In our project block diagram we used 2 loads(lamp 1, lamp2), with the power supply (L , N)
it will go to the current sensor and we will have common reading for both loads for current.
AC voltage sensor will take the reading of voltage and it will be common for two loads.
Arduino Mega control the all working and it will give the accurate reading. With programing
the Arduino Mega will send the reading to LCD display . LCD display will display the
reading of Current, Voltage, Power, Energy. In addition, we will have two switches each
switch will have its tariff and working hours.

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 Figure 3 Block Diagram

3.2 Components & Tools

Component Quantity
AC Voltage sensor 1
Current sensor 1
ARDIUNO MEGA 1
LCD display 1
Relay 1
Lamp 2
Lamp holder 2
Breadboard 1
Slide switch 1
Resistance 3
Capacitance 1
wires As required
Table 1 components and tools

Voltage sensor
The resistive voltage divider circuit serves as the foundation for the voltage sensor module, a 0–
25 DC voltage sensing device. It produces an analog output voltage that is equal to the input
voltage signal after being reduced by a factor of 5. This is the reason why any microcontroller's
5V analog pin can measure voltage up to 25V.

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 Figure 3.1 AC Voltage sensor
The Voltage Sensor Module is a straightforward but very practical component that multiplies an
input voltage by five using a potential divider. The 0-25V Voltage Sensor Module enables you to
monitor voltages far greater than what a microcontroller is capable of sensing using its analog
input.

Current sensor

A current sensor is a device that detects current and converts it into an output voltage that is
simple to measure and proportional to the current flowing through the path being measured. The
most popular sensor among these is a current sensing resistor. It can be seen as a current-to-
voltage converter, in which the current is linearly converted to voltage by adding a resistor to the
current channel. Because different sensors can have varied properties for a range of purposes, the
technology the present sensor uses is crucial.

Figure 3.2 Current sensor

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16X2 I2C LCD Display

This LCD display screen features a 16x2 resolution and an I2C interface. On a blue background,
it can display two lines of 16x2 white characters [22]. The I2C communication interface is used
by the 16x2 I2C Arduino LCD screen. VCC, GND, SDA, and SCL are the only pins required by
the LCD display. It will leave at least four Arduino digital/analog pins free. All the connectors
(Breadboard type) comply with XH 2.54 standards. Direct connection is possible with the jumper
wire.

Figure 3.3 LCD display

Arduino Mega 2560

Using the pin Mode(), digital Write(), and digital Read() methods, each of the 54 digital pins on
the Arduino 2560 Mega can be utilized as either an input or an output. They use 5 volts to work.
Each pin contains an inbuilt pull-up resistor of 20–50 k Ohms that is unconnected by default and
has a maximum current capacity of 40 mA.

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 Figure 3.4 Arduino Mega

Slide Switch

As the name suggests, a slide switch allows you to switch the circuit by connecting or
disconnecting it by sliding the switch handle. Slide switches often come in single-pole double-
throw, single-pole triple-throw, double-pole double-throw configurations, and so forth. It often
has flexibility and stability and is employed in low voltage circuits. Slide switches are frequently
utilized in a variety of instruments, meters, electrical toys, and other related industries.

Figure 3.5 Slide Switch

Relay module

The NC, COM, and NO high voltage terminals on a relay link to the object being controlled. A
relay normally has five pins. A magnetic field is formed around the electromagnet when a
modest current flows through the first circuit, energizing it. The second circuit's contact is drawn
to the activated electromagnet, which closes the switch and causes a sizable current to flow.

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 Figure 3.6 Relay module

3.3 Formulas and Equations

Power Equation:
Power(P) = Voltage(V) * Current(I) * Cos∅
 Power in (W)
 Voltage in (V)
 Current in (A)
 Cos∅ =1
From our project we take the common voltage and current for both of two loads, and the Cos∅ is
equal to (1) because its resistive load.

Energy equation:
Energy(E) = power (P)* time(t)
 Energy in (kwh) or (J)
 Power in (kW)……P\1000
 Time (Hour)
So, from this equation of energy we can get the energy in (kwh), we should take the power in
(kw) for that we dived it by (1000), to convert it from (w) to (kw). Also, take the time in hour .

Bill equation:
Bill = Energy (kwh)* 14 * 30
 14 is the Bisa
 30 days of one month
From Mazon Company the 1 units= 1kwh and 1kwh=14 baisa so we can get monthly
electricity bill from multiply Energy into 14 baisa into 30 days.

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House Loads 3.4

 Fluorescent Light (Tube Light ELD) (20 W) ,,,,,,, (22 )

I = 20/ (240*0.85) = 0.098 A
Multiply in Safety Factor:
0.098A*1.25 = 0.12A

 Ceiling Fan (65W) ,,,,,,(7)

I = 65/ (240*0.85) = 0.31A
Multiply in Safety Factor:
0.31A*1.25 = 0.38A

 Ceiling Light (30 W) ,,,,,,,,(35)

I = 30/ (240*0.85) = 0.14 A
Multiply in Safety Factor:
0.14A*1.25 = 0.175A

 Wall Mounted Air Conditioner(2900W),,,,,,,(6)

I = 2900/ (240*0.85) = 14.2 A
Multiply in Safety Factor:
14.2A*1.25 = 17.75A

 Water Heater (1200W),,,,,,,,,(6)

I = 1200/ (240*0.85) = 5.88 A
Multiply in Safety Factor:
5.88A*1.25 = 7.35A

 Chandelier Light (120 W),,,,,,,,(4)

I = 120/ (240*0.85) = 0.58 A
Multiply in Safety Factor:
0.58A*1.25 = 0.73A

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Total power and current

 22 * 20 W = 440 W
22 * 0.12 A = 2.64 A

 7 * 65 W = 455 W
7 * 0.38 A = 2.66 A

 35 * 30 W = 1050 W
35 * 0.175 A = 6.125 A

 6 * 2900 W =17.400 W
6 * 17.75 A = 106.5 A

 6 * 1200 W = 7200 W
6* 7.35 A = 44.1 A

 4 * 120 W = 480 W
4 * 0.73 A = 2.92 A

 TOTAL POWER = 9642.4 W

 TOTAL CURRENT = 164.945 A

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 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Circuit diagram 4.1

Figure 4 circuit diagram

The link in the circuit schematic diagram is straightforward. The ESP32's 5V supply, Vin, is
connected to both the ZMPT101B Voltage Sensor VCC and the SCT-013 Current sensor. The
GND pins of both modules are linked to the ESP32's GND. The analog output pin of the Voltage
Sensor is linked to the ESP32's GPIO35. Similar connections are made between the SCT-013
Current Sensor's analog output pin and the ESP32's GPIO 34.

A 10uF capacitor, two 10K resistors, one 100-ohm resistor, and two 10K resistors make up the
voltage divider and filter circuit. The AC wires that need to be measured for current and voltage
are connected to the voltage sensor's input AC terminal. Similar to the voltage sensor clip, the
current sensor clip only contains one live or neutral wire.

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 Flowchart 4.2

Figure 4.1 flowchart

As shown in above flowchart about our project, start the working and give AC power supply to
the lamp1 and lamp2. After supplying power, the current sensor will start measure the current for
two lamps and the voltage sensor will measure the voltage that supplied to our circuit. In the

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programing, the power will be measure by multiplying current into voltage and the unit of power
will be in watt. After that, the energy will be calculated by multiplying power(w) into time(hour)
and dived it by (1000) so, the energy will be in (kwh). The bill will be calculated by multiplying
the energy into 14 baisa into 30 days and that process will give you the monthly electricity bill.

Now we have two option (two switches), switch 1 if you select it the loads will work in 8 hours
after that they will be off and the bill will be in (xxx baisa) but if you select switch 2 the loads
will work in 6 hours after that they will be off and the bill will be less than first switch. All data
will be displayed on LCD display (current, voltage, power, energy, bill).

Finally, it will stop the process after giving all the data as they described on above paragraph.

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 CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Simulation result

As depicted in figure 5, the circuit link is easy to comprehend. The ESP32's 5V supply, Vin, is
connected to both the ZMPT101B Voltage Sensor VCC and the SCT-013 Current sensor. The
GND pins of both modules are linked to the ESP32's GND. The analog output pin of the Voltage
Sensor is linked to the ESP32's GPIO35. Similar connections are made between the SCT-013
Current Sensor's analog output pin and the ESP32's GPIO 34.

A 10uF capacitor, two 10K resistors, one 100-ohm resistor, and two 10K resistors make up the
voltage divider and filter circuit. The AC wires that need to be measured for current and voltage
are connected to the voltage sensor's input AC terminal. Similar to the voltage sensor clip, the
current sensor clip only contains one live or neutral wire.

Figure 5 simulation result circuit

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5.2 Serial monitor output

Figure 5.1 first program

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Figure 5.2 Voltage, Current program

Figure 5.3 Power, Energy program

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 Figure 5.4 Bill, Relay program

5.3 Result calculation

Power (W)= voltage(V) * current(A) * cos Ø ………. Cos Ø = 1(Resistive load)

P = 201.84 *0.66

= 133.2 Watts

Energy = power(W) * 24 hours

= 133.2 * 24

= 3196.8 WH

= (3196.8)\ 1000

= 3.1968 kwh

From MAZON COMPANY 1 units = 1 kwh >>>> = 14 baisa

Bill for day = 3.1968 * 14

= 44.744 baisa

Bill for month = 3.1968 * 14 * 30

= 1342.32 baisa

=(1342.32)\1000

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 = 1.34232 OMR

Figure 5.5 bill for 24 hours working in month.

Switch 1

If the load working for 12 hours in month

Energy = power * 12

= 133.2 * 12

= 1598.4 WH

= (1598.4)\1000

= 1.5984 kwh

Bill for 12 hours = 1.5984 * 14 * 30

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 = 671.328 baisa

= (671.328)\ 1000

= 0.67 OMR

Figure 5.6 bill for 12 hours working in month.

Switch 2

If the load working for 6 hours in month

Energy = 133.2 * 6

= 799.2 WH

= (799.2)\ 1000

= 0.7992 kwh

Bill for 6 hours = 0.7992 * 14 * 30

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 = 335.664 baisa

= (335.664)\1000

= 0.33 OMR

5.4 Real connection for each component

Ac voltage sensor

Figure 5.7 AC voltage sensor connection

Ac voltage sensor , for positive terminal it connect to the neutral of power supply and negative
terminal it connect to line of power supply. Output of it connect to the ARDUINO MEGA.

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Current sensor

Figure 5.8 current sensor connection

In connection of current sensor as it shown in figure 5.8 it is clamp type and the wire that it
clamp is line of power supply. Output of the current sensor connect in breadboard with
resistance.

LCD display

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 Figure 5.9 LCD display connection

The LCD display is have four terminal and they connect to the ARDIUNO MEGA and it display
all data.

Relay

Figure 5.10 relay connection

The relay first terminal connects to the power supply neutral and second terminal to the line of
power supply. Output of relay connect to ARDUINO MEGA.

Slide switch

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 Figure 5.11 slide switch connection

The slide switch connects to breadboard and from it to ARDUINO MEGA.

5.5 Final design

Here is the final design of our project , as shown in figure bellow its small house with two loads
(2 lamps) and we fixed all materials on it , and all data will be display on LCD display. In future
we can improve it as it will be very accurate in the data and we can increase the loads also.

Figure 5.12 final design

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion 6.1

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 This project uses an Arduino Mega microcontroller equipped with current and voltage sensors
to design and construct a smart energy meter system. Using I2C modules, the measured energy
is shown on the 16x 4 Lcd. The smart meter, which offers a number of advantages over the
mechanical one, is used to replace the mechanical energy meter. The smart meter may also
provide us with a reading of the voltage and current at any given time.

Additionally, we may produce readings of various electrical values processed by an Arduino

microcontroller using the smart meter. By sensing both current and voltage signals from the
power system, the suggested device can be used to measure how much electricity is used by
electrical equipment as well as to monitor and use electricity. Using an Arduino Mega, voltage
and current signals are sampled and examined.

To test the various circuit parameters, such as current voltage, power factor (PF), real power
consumption, and reactive power, an Arduino code is created. Additionally, the system includes
a sensitivity measurement module, and the results are frequently shown.

Objective of our project is to provide customer with tariff selection option for the residential
loads to reduce the electricity bill.

Recommendation 6.2

:We need this project for several benefits as show bellow

1) Give tariff selection for consumers

2) Reduce electrical monthly bill of electricity

Result &Future Scope 6.3

we can in future level on adv diploma to improve our project by adding more and different load
, also make special number for each load such as I1, I2, I3 for each unit. In addition, add time

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sensor to sens the working time for each load. Connect many switches with different tariff
option and you can control the working of loads and the suitable tariff from the mobile.

The studies' findings demonstrated that the system for monitoring energy can accurately
measure voltage, current, energy, and active power. use of power over time. Future research
could enhance this work by learning more about the energy usage profile and how to utilize
machine learning to automatically identify which appliance is in use.

For future work, we advise extending the smart meter's compatibility with three-phase systems
and switching out the display module with one that can show the outcomes in graphic form. To
improve the accuracy and dependability of this project, the following adjustments should be
made.

 Increase LCD size

 Graphical display
 Each load descript of time , current, power, energy
 Three-Phase measuring
 Increase current rating of system up to 100A.

REFERENCES

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Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE IECON. 22nd International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control,
and Instrumentation. Vol. 1. IEEE, 1996.

[2]. Popa, M. "Data collecting from smart meters in an Advanced Metering Infrastructure." 2011 15th
IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems. IEEE, 2011.

[3]. Rashdi , Adnan, et al. "Remote energy monitoring, profiling and control through GSM network."
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 38.11 (2013): 3249-3257.

[4]. Abdollahi, Ali, Marjan Dehghani, and Negar Zamanzadeh. "SMS-based reconfigurable automatic
meter reading system." 2007 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications. IEEE, 2007

[5]Benzi F., Anglani N., Bassi E., Frosini L., (2011). Electricity Smart Meters Interfacing the Households,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 58(10), 4487-4494.
[Link]

[6]Rashed Mohassel R., Fung, A., Mohammadi, F., & Raahemifar K., (2014). A survey on Advanced
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[Link]

[7]Amin S.M., Wollenberg B.F., (2005). Toward a smart grid: power delivery for the 21st century, IEEE
Power and Energy Magazine, 3(5), 34-41. [Link]

[8] Department of Minerals and Energy: “National Response To South Africa’s Electricity Shortage”,
Interventions to address electricity shortages, 2008. [Online]. Available:
[Link]/otherdocs/2008/nationalresponse_sa_electricity1.pdf

[9] David S. Loughran, Jonathan Kulick: “Demand-Side Management and Energy Efficiency in the United
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[10] David Harper: “Understanding Supply-Side Economics”, [Link], 2008. [Online].

Available: [Link]

[11] M.E. Phillips, B.J. Adams: “Transforming the Ferraris Disc Meter into a key element in an automated
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