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Filament Lamp Characteristics Experiment

This document describes a lab report conducted by 9 students on the characteristics of a photovoltaic cell. The students measured the short circuit output current of the photovoltaic cell at increasing voltages from a lamp filament. They recorded the voltage, current, power, and resistance of the filament lamp and plotted a graph. The results showed that the resistance of the filament increases with temperature. The efficiency of converting electrical to light energy in the filament lamp was determined to be between 10-20%.

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Isaac Wanje
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1K views9 pages

Filament Lamp Characteristics Experiment

This document describes a lab report conducted by 9 students on the characteristics of a photovoltaic cell. The students measured the short circuit output current of the photovoltaic cell at increasing voltages from a lamp filament. They recorded the voltage, current, power, and resistance of the filament lamp and plotted a graph. The results showed that the resistance of the filament increases with temperature. The efficiency of converting electrical to light energy in the filament lamp was determined to be between 10-20%.

Uploaded by

Isaac Wanje
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

UNIT: MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATIONS

UNIT CODE: EMG 5105

TASK: LAB REPORT ON CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

NAMES. REG NO. SIGN

1. DANIEL NDEGWA. E012-01-1489/2021

2. ISAAC WANJE. E023-01-2202/2021

3. IAN OTIENO. E023-01-1474/2021

4. VINCENT OMONDI. E023-01-1487/2021

5. KELVIN AGWATA. E023-01-1490/2021

6. ZACHARY MONARI. E023-01-1514/2021

7. SYLUS ABEL. E023-01-1509/2021

8. JAMES NDERITU. E023-01-1492/2021

9. NORMAN SANDE. E023-01-1502/2021

TECHNOLOGIST: PENINAH NJERU

SUBMISSION DATE: 08/11/2021


ABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to study the characteristics of a filament lamp, such as the
relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, and to determine the efficiency of the lamp.
A filament lamp was connected to a techbook power supply and a multimeter in series to
measure the current and voltage. The voltage of the techbook power supply was varied and the
current and voltage readings were recorded. The resistance of the filament lamp was calculated
using the formula: Resistance = Voltage / Current.
The results of the experiment showed that the resistance of a filament lamp is not constant. It
increases as the temperature of the filament increases. This means that the current flowing
through a filament lamp is not directly proportional to the voltage applied across the filament.
The efficiency of the filament lamp was calculated to be around 10-20%. This means that only
about 10-20% of the electrical energy consumed by the lamp is converted into light. The rest of
the energy is converted into heat.
The results of this experiment can be used to design more efficient light sources and to optimize
the performance of existing light sources.
INTRODUCTION
A filament lamp is a simple but inefficient light source. It works by heating a thin wire filament,
typically made of tungsten, until it glows. The amount of light emitted by the filament is
proportional to its temperature, which is determined by the amount of current flowing through it.
Filament lamps were the first type of electric lamp to be widely used, and they are still used
today in some applications. However, they have been largely replaced by more efficient light
sources, such as fluorescent lamps, LED lamps, and metal halide lamps.
Despite their low efficiency, filament lamps are still popular for some applications, such as
decorative lighting and photography. They are also used in some specialized applications, such
as traffic lights and aircraft landing lights.
This experiment is designed to study the characteristics of a filament lamp, such as the
relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, and to determine the efficiency of the lamp.
Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a filament lamp
The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a filament lamp can be described by
Ohm's law, which states that the current flowing through a conductor is proportional to the
voltage applied across the conductor and inversely proportional to the resistance of the
conductor.

This can be expressed mathematically as follows:

I = V/R

where:

• I is the current in amperes (A)

• V is the voltage in volts (V)


• R is the resistance in ohms (Ω)

In the case of a filament lamp, the resistance of the filament increases as the temperature of the
filament increases. This is because the tungsten atoms in the filament vibrate more at higher
temperatures, which makes it more difficult for electrons to flow through the filament.

PROCURE AND METHODOLOGY

Equipment Required:

1. Scientech 2301 TechBook2. TechBook Power Supply3. Mains cord4. Opaque Box5.
Multimeter

6. Patch Cords

Scientech 2301 TechBook

Procedure

[Link] circuit was connected as shown below

. Socket A of the wire-wound potentiometer was connected to +12V.• Socket C of the wire-
wound potentiometer was connected to ground (Gnd).• Socket B of the wire-wound
potentiometer was connected to the input of the Power Amplifier.• The lamp was connected to
the +ve socket of the digital voltmeter.
. The negative socket of the digital voltmeter was connected to socket C of the wire-wound
potentiometer.

. The output of the power amplifier was connected to the input of the filament lamp through a
digital multimeter connected as an ammeter at 200mA.

• The TechBook Power Supply was connected to the Scientech 2301.

• The 10K wire-wound potentiometer was set to its minimum position for zero output voltage
from the Power Amplifier.

• An opaque box was placed over the plastic enclosure to block all ambient light.

. Readings of the photovoltaic cell's short circuit output current were taken from the digital
multimeter while increasing the lamp voltage in 1V steps.

. The readings were recorded in the table as shown below.

LAMP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FILAMENT
VOLTAGE
(V)

LAMP 0. 59. 90.0 113. 133. 152. 169.7 185.1 198.8 215.2 237.
FILAMENT 5 0 9 5 8 5
CURRENT(m
A)

LAMP 0 59. 180. 341. 534. 764. 1018. 1295. 1590. 1936. 237
FILAMENT 0 0 7 0 0 2 7 4 8 5
POWER(Mw)

LAMP 0 1.7 2.22 2.63 3.00 3.27 3.54 3.78 4.02 4.18 4.21
FILAMENT 0
RESISTANC
E ( ῼ*10-2)
GRAPH

DISCUSSION

The transducer may be defined as any device that can convert energy from one form to another.
Most of the transducers either convert electrical energy into mechanical displacement, some
others convert non-electrical quantities like temperature, Light, Pressure, Force, Sound and
others to electrical signals. In an electronics instrument system, the function of transducers is to:

1. To detect or sense the pressure or magnitude of change in physical quantity being measured.

2. To produce a proportional electrical signal.

A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. For example, a
microphone converts sound waves into electrical signals, and a speaker converts electrical
signals into sound waves.

Transducers have a number of important characteristics, including:

• Sensitivity: This is a measure of how much the output of the transducer changes in
response to a change in the input. A more sensitive transducer will produce a larger
output for a given input.

• Linearity: This is a measure of how linearly the output of the transducer changes in
response to a change in the input. A more linear transducer will produce an output that is
proportional to the input.
• Frequency response: This is a measure of the range of frequencies that the transducer can
accurately convert. A transducer with a wider frequency response will be able to convert
a wider range of frequencies accurately.

• Dynamic range: This is the ratio of the largest signal to the smallest signal that the
transducer can convert without distortion. A transducer with a wider dynamic range will
be able to convert a wider range of signals without distortion.

There are other characteristics such as errors, reliability and stability, loading effects,
environmental compatibility and static characteristics.

The conditions considered for output characteristics of a transducer vary depending on the type
of transducer and its application. However, some general conditions that are often considered
include:

• Input range: The range of input values that the transducer can accurately convert.

• Output range: The range of output values that the transducer can produce.

• Sensitivity: The ratio of the output change to the input change.

• Linearity: The degree to which the output of the transducer is proportional to the input.

• Accuracy: The closeness of the output of the transducer to the true value of the input.

• Precision: The repeatability of the output of the transducer for the same input.

• Response time: The time it takes for the output of the transducer to respond to a change
in the input.

• Noise: The unwanted signal that is generated by the transducer itself.

In addition to these general conditions, there may be specific conditions that are considered for
the output characteristics of a transducer depending on its application. For example, a transducer
that is used in a medical device may have more stringent requirements for accuracy and precision
than a transducer that is used in a consumer electronics product.

Light sensors are devices that convert light energy into electrical signals. They are used in a wide
variety of applications, including: Automatic lighting control, Camera exposure control,
Proximity detection, Security systems and Robotics.

Light sensors work by absorbing photons of light and converting them into electrical energy.
There are a number of different types of light sensors, each with its own advantages and
disadvantages. Some common types of light sensors include: Photodiodes, Phototransistors,
Light-dependent resistors (LDRs) and Charge-coupled devices (CCDs).
Photo devices can be classified in a number of ways, depending on the specific criteria used.
However, some common classification schemes include:

Classification by operating principle:

• Photo emissive devices: These devices emit electrons when exposed to light. Examples
include phototubes and photodiodes.

• Photoconductive devices: These devices change their electrical conductivity when


exposed to light. Examples include cadmium sulfide (CdS) cells and lead sulfide (PbS)
cells.

• Photovoltaic devices: These devices convert light energy directly into electrical energy.
Examples include solar cells and photo detectors.

Classification by material:

• Semiconductor photo devices: These devices are made from semiconductor materials,
such as silicon and gallium arsenide. Examples include photodiodes, solar cells, and
phototransistors.

• Organic photo devices: These devices are made from organic materials, such as polymers
and small molecules. Examples include organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and
organic photo detectors.

• Hybrid photo devices: These devices are made from a combination of semiconductor and
organic materials. Examples include hybrid solar cells and hybrid photo detectors.

Classification by application:

• Imaging photo devices: These devices are used to capture images. Examples include
CCDs and CMOS sensors.

• Sensing photo devices: These devices are used to detect light or measure light intensity.
Examples include photodiodes, phototransistors, and LDRs.

• Display photo devices: These devices are used to display images or text. Examples
include OLEDs and liquid crystal displays (LCDs).

A filament lamp, also known as an incandescent lamp, is a type of electric light bulb that
produces light through the heating of a filament wire. The key properties of a filament lamp
include:

1. Incandescence: Filament lamps produce light through incandescence, which is the


process of heating a wire filament to a high temperature until it emits visible light. The
filament typically consists of tungsten, which has a high melting point and can withstand
the heat.
2. Resistance: The filament wire has a relatively high electrical resistance. When an electric
current is passed through the filament, it meets resistance, leading to the heating of the
filament.
3. Temperature-Dependent Emission: The filament lamp's light output is highly dependent
on the temperature of the filament. As the filament heats up, it emits a broad spectrum of
visible light, with the peak wavelength depending on its temperature.
4. Inefficiency: Filament lamps are relatively inefficient in terms of energy conversion.
Most of the electrical energy is converted into heat rather than visible light. As a result,
they are less energy-efficient compared to modern lighting technologies like fluorescent
lamps and LEDs.
5. Warm Color Temperature: Filament lamps typically produce a warm, yellowish-white
light, often referred to as "warm white." This color temperature is in the range of 2,700 to
3,000 Kelvin, which is similar to the color of traditional incandescent lighting.

From the experiment, the relationship between lamp power (P), resistance (R), and lamp voltage
(V) can be described by Ohm's law and the power equation. Ohm's law states that the current (I)
flowing through a resistor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely
proportional to its resistance:

Ohm's Law: V = I * R

The power (P) dissipated by the lamp can be calculated using the power equation:

Power (P) = V * I

From the graphs of lamp power and lamp resistance against lamp voltage it is clear that both
resistance and power of the lamp increase as the lamp voltage is also increased. As you increase
the lamp voltage, the power dissipated by the lamp increases. This is because power is directly
proportional to voltage when resistance is constant (P = V * I).

In incandescent lamps, as you increase the voltage across the lamp, the filament's temperature
increases, causing its resistance to increase. The relationship between voltage and resistance in
incandescent lamps is not linear; it's affected by the lamp's temperature-voltage-resistance curve.
However, in general, increasing the voltage will increase the resistance.

CONCLUSION

The transducer may be defined as any device that can convert energy from one form to
[Link] main characteristics of a filament lamp are the voltage, power and resistance with
the relation that both power and resistance increase as voltage is [Link] you increase the
lamp voltage, the power dissipated by the lamp [Link] relationship between voltage and
resistance in incandescent lamps is not linear; it's affected by the lamp's temperature-voltage-
resistance curve. However, in general, increasing the voltage will increase the [Link]
summary, the relationship between lamp power, resistance, and lamp voltage depends on the
specific conditions and how these parameters change in relation to each other. Generally,
increasing voltage while keeping resistance constant will result in increased power, and vice
versa. However, changes in resistance can also impact the power dissipation in the lamp.

REFERENCES

1. Light Sensors and Detectors: Fundamentals and Applications by M. Razeghi and


B. Baliga (2004).
2. Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook: Second Edition by John
G. Webster (2014).
3. Morris A.s (2001) Measurements and Instrumentation Principles. Butter Worth
Heinemann.
4. Transducer and Instrumentation: A Practical Introduction by David Vincent
(2004).
5. Photodetectors: Devices, Circuits and Applications by Peter N. Stavrinou and
George I. Messoloras (2009).

Common questions

Powered by AI

A transducer functions in an electronic instrument system to detect or sense the magnitude of a change in a physical quantity and to produce a proportional electrical signal . Its main characteristics include sensitivity, which measures output change with input change, linearity in its output concerning the input, frequency response, dynamic range, and accuracy, which reflects how close the output is to the true input value .

As the temperature of a filament lamp increases, the resistance of the filament also increases. This occurs because the tungsten atoms in the filament vibrate more at higher temperatures, making it more difficult for electrons to flow through the filament . The increased resistance at higher temperatures results in more energy being converted to heat rather than light, thus reducing the lamp's efficiency to around 10-20% .

The experiment concludes that filament lamps are inefficient, converting only 10-20% of electrical energy into light, with the majority lost as heat . Their efficiency is determined by the temperature-resistance relationship, where increased temperature from higher voltage raises resistance and heat output, reducing light conversion efficiency. This understanding aids in the development of alternative efficient lighting solutions by minimizing energy loss mechanisms present in filament lamps .

Despite their inefficiency, filament lamps are used in applications requiring specific lighting characteristics, such as decorative lighting and photography, where their warm color temperature and ability to produce a natural light spectrum are advantageous . They are also used in specialized applications like traffic lights and aircraft landing lights. However, their limitations include low energy efficiency, with only 10-20% of energy converted to light, and high energy consumption due to the majority of energy being converted to heat, making them less favorable compared to modern light sources like LEDs .

Understanding the temperature-resistance relationship is crucial in designing efficient light sources because it influences the energy conversion process. In filament lamps, as the temperature increases, resistance increases, causing more energy to be wasted as heat rather than light, reducing efficiency . By grasping this relationship, engineers can design light sources that minimize energy loss, optimize efficiency by selecting materials and structures that maintain optimal resistance levels, and develop controls that stabilize temperatures, improving overall energy consumption patterns .

Increased voltage in a filament lamp leads to a rise in both power and resistance. The power dissipated by the lamp is directly proportional to the voltage when the resistance is constant, as described by the power equation P = V * I . However, as the voltage increases, the filament's temperature also rises, causing its resistance to increase due to the non-linear temperature-resistance relationship of tungsten . Therefore, both power and resistance increase with voltage, impacting the efficiency and heat output of the lamp.

The dynamic range of a transducer is the ratio of the largest to smallest signal it can convert without distortion, affecting its performance by determining the range of input signals that can be accurately measured or controlled . A wide dynamic range ensures that transducers can handle large variations in input signals, maintaining signal fidelity without clipping or signal loss. This is critical in applications like audio recording or precision instrumentation, where diverse input levels need to be accurately converted into usable electrical signals .

Light sensors can be classified based on operating principles into photoemissive devices, which emit electrons when exposed to light (e.g., phototubes, photodiodes), photoconductive devices, which change conductivity with light exposure (e.g., CdS cells), and photovoltaic devices, which convert light to electrical energy (e.g., solar cells). In terms of materials, they can be classified as semiconductor photo devices (e.g., photodiodes, made of silicon), organic photo devices (e.g., OLEDs), and hybrid photo devices (e.g., hybrid solar cells).

The experimental setup involved connecting a filament lamp to a TechBook power supply and a multimeter in series. A wire-wound potentiometer was used to control the input voltage to the power amplifier that powered the lamp. An opaque box covered the setup to block ambient light. The experiment varied the lamp voltage incrementally and measured the corresponding current and voltage using a digital multimeter. Data on voltage, current, power, and resistance were recorded, demonstrating how these parameters change with voltage .

Transducers assess changes in physical quantities by detecting variations such as pressure, temperature, or light, then produce a proportional electrical signal in response . For example, a microphone detects sound waves and converts them into electrical signals, whereas a photo device like a photodiode converts light into an electrical signal. The transducer's sensitivity determines the extent of output change due to input variations, ensuring accurate monitoring or control systems in applications like automated lighting or medical devices .

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