CHAPTER I

Introduction

All matter is made up of atoms, and atoms are made up of smaller

particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. The center or nucleus of an

atom is made up of protons and neutrons. The electrons orbit around the nucleus

just like the moon orbits around the earth. Electrons have a negative charge,

while protons have a positive charge and neutrons are neutral. Electricity is

created when particles become charged. Some are negatively charged

(electrons), and some are positively charged (protons).

Electricity is one of the most important blessings that science has given to

mankind. It has also become a part of modern life and one cannot think of a

world without it. Electricity has many uses in our day to day life. It is used for

lighting rooms, working fans and domestic appliances like using electric stoves,

and more. All these provide comfort to people. In factories, large machines are

worked with the help of electricity. Essential items like food, cloth, paper and

many other things are the product of electricity. Modern means of transportation

and communication have been revolutionized by it. Electric trains and battery

cars are quick means of travel. Electricity also provides means of amusement,

radio, television and cinema, which are the most popular forms of entertainment

are the result of electricity. Modern equipment like computers and robots have

also been developed because of electricity. Electricity plays a pivotal role in the

fields of medicines and surgery too — such as X-ray, ECG. The use of electricity

is increasing day by day. But because of this advantages offered by electricity to

energy vectors due to electrification of energy uses. Most of the 2017 increase in

global electricity consumption occurred in Asia. As in 2016, the electricity

consumption growth in China, amid an industrial recovery and despite strong

energy efficiency improvements, contributed to more than half of the world

electricity consumption rebound. Overall, developing countries in Asia account

for two-thirds of global energy growth. Improvements in efficiency play a huge

role in taking the strain off the supply side: without them, the projected rise in

final energy use would more than double. Renewable sources of energy meet

40% of the increase in primary demand and their explosive growth in the power

sector marks the end of the boom years for coal.

Philippines as the 12th-largest nation in the world presenting several

electricity infrastructure challenges. Currently, the country is facing growing

concerns over resource adequacy in its power sector, as the nation is challenged

to add supply quickly enough to keep up with growing demand of more than 100

million people spread over 7,000 islands. And according to the Department of

Energy in the year 2016 the electricity consumption of the Philippines increased

to 10% and the peak of demand at 8.7% this results to electricity shortage. And

because of this the Philippines will continue to expand its electricity generation

capacity to improve reliability and to keep up with the economic and population

growth but it will take large funds to make it possible. Because of this Filipinos

pay some of the highest electricity prices in Southeast Asia. Many household and

commercial establishments faced this. It affects the budget of every household

to incapacities power outages and shortage occur. With this alternative sources

of electricity was presented, the generators.

Generators are machines that converts one form of energy into another,

especially mechanical energy into electrical energy, as a dynamo, or electrical

energy into sound, as an acoustic generator. Two inventors namely Michael

Faraday and Joseph Henry in the 1830s discovered and documented the

phenomena of electromagnetic induction, now known as “Faraday’s law”. The

principle states that an electromotive force is generated in an electrical

conductor, which encircles a varying magnetic flux. Based on this. Faraday also

built the first electromagnetic generator – the Faraday disk. But the generators

nowadays evolved compared to generators before. Today generators was

divided by the type of material or resources used to create electricity such as

Nuclear powered generators or nuclear power plants, Solar powered generators,

Hydroelectric powered generators and electric generators. First is the nuclear

power plant. It is a facility that converts atomic energy into usable power. In a

nuclear electric power plant, heat produced by a reactor is generally used to

drive a turbine which in turn drives an electric generator. The nuclear power

industry went through a period of remarkable growth until about 1990, when the

portion of electricity generated by nuclear power reached a high of 17 percent.

That percentage remained stable through the 1990s and began to decline slowly

around the turn of the 21st century, primarily because of the fact that total

electricity generation grew faster than electricity from nuclear power while other
sources of energy (particularly coal and natural gas) were able to grow more

quickly to meet the rising demand. This trend appears likely to continue well into

the 21st century. The Energy Information Administration (EIA), a statistical arm of

the U.S. Department of Energy, has projected that world electricity generation

between 2005 and 2035 will roughly double (from more than 15,000 terawatt-

hours to 35,000 terawatt-hours) and that generation from all energy sources will

continue to grow. The second one is the Solar power is produced by collecting

sunlight and converting it into electricity. This is done by using solar panels,

which are large flat panels made up of many individual solar cells. It is most often

used in remote locations, although it is becoming more popular in urban areas as

well. This page contains articles that explore advances in solar energy

technology. The third one is the Hydroelectric power plants are usually located

in dams that impound rivers, thereby raising the level of the water behind

the dam and creating as high a head as is feasible. The potential power that can

be derived from a volume of water is directly proportional to the working head, so

that a high-head installation requires a smaller volume of water than a low-head

installation to produce an equal amount of power. In some dams, the

powerhouse is constructed on one flank of the dam, part of the dam being used

as a spillway over which excess water is discharged in times of flood. Where the

river flows in a narrow steep gorge, the powerhouse may be located within the

dam itself. Lastly is the Electric generators is a device used to generate electricity

by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy to be used in external

circuit. It is an essential device used to supply the electrical power at the time of
power outage and offers continuity of daily activities or various business

operations. The generators are designed with different physical and electrical

configurations to be used in different appliances. The reverse conversion, i.e.,

the conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy is carried out by an

electric motor. Because of this generators we have hope to end electricity

problems but this generators are very expensive, not everyone could avail it.

Improvised generators was created, this generators is cheaper compared to

commercial generators presented before.

Improvised electric generator using pedal power is very popular nowadays

because except from the fact that using pedal powered generators will help you

conserve or produce energy it also helps you to have exercise, you don’t need to

go far just to have enough exercise. Many researches or studies proves that

improvised electric generator using pedal power is very beneficial. An Eco- Pedal

was designed in 2012 to create a bicycle- powered charging station, which is an

alternative source of power for charging electronic devices. The system can

produce an electricity through pedaling the bicycle by someone. Furthermore,

users can see and compare the amount of energy required to power an

electronic like mobile phones and NAU Green fund awarded them for this. In

addition is the study of Gordana Lastovicka- Medin from the University of

Montenegro in the study entitled “Generating Electricity through Pedal Power”

shows the capability of female students to demonstrate outstanding efforts and

persistence in engagement towards achieving the engineering skills. And Medin

teaching complex concepts for acquiring engineering skills.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Pedal
Battery
Wires Assembling the Improvised Electric
Generator
Clips Machine

Figure 1
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Improvised Testing the Data Collection

General Objective:

This study aims to create an alternative source of electricity during

power outages.

Specific Objectives:

1. Is the Improved Improvised Electric Generator feasible to

conserve energy

2. Is the improvised generator better than the previous electric

generator in terms of:

a) Voltage

b) Duration

3. Is the Improved Improvised Electric Generator more efficient in

producing electricity?

4. Is there a significant difference between the Improved Improvised

Electric Generator and the previous Improvised Electric Generator.

Improvised Electric Generator is a machine intended to be an

alternative source of energy during power outages and shortage. This study will

benefit the following:

People

This study will be a big help for the people who are experiencing

electricity shortage and outages in their areas. It will help them also to lessen their

electric bills.

Environment

Compared to other generators this improvised generator will not cause

noise pollution and it does not emit toxic chemicals as well.

Researchers
 Students who will venture on this study can explore the world of

electricity and helps them expand their knowledge on it. They may also find the

data as a source of new invention that may serve as a basis toward activities or studies

related on this.

Scope and Delimitation

This study entitled “Improvised Electric Generator” was conducted

at Naguilian National High School- Senior High during the S.Y. 2018-2019.

In general the focus of the study is to improve the previous

“Improvised Generator” using pedal power. IT also intend to conduct or create an

effective and efficient Improvised Electric Generator to provide source of

electricity during power outages.