C RO P

ESTABLISHMENT
MACHINERY
 CROP
ESTABLISHMENT
Crop establishment is the sequence of
events that includes seed germination,
seedling emergence and development to
the stage where the seedlings could be
expected to grow to maturity.
 improving the ability of
higher yields, canola to withstand
from quick and insect attack and
uniformly emerging compete with weeds
seedlings in the first six weeks

maximum yields are

achieved from crops which even growth and maturity,
have at least 90 % ground
cover prior to bud
appearance;
seed/species
characteristics
external physical,
chemical and
biotic
environment
management
STANDARDS
• identify the functional/operational
requirements of planting machinery;

• select machine components in relation to

cropping system requirements; and

• set and manage planting machines.

FACTORS AFFECTING
GERMINATION

T E M P E R AT U R E LIGHT NUTRIENTS AND

Some seeds require heat for Some seeds germinate just MINERALS
germination, others simply fine in the dark while other Seeds contain stored nutrients, as
benefit from it seeds need light to break they grow, they need some extra
dormancy

SOIL MOISTURE DORMANCY PERIOD

Dry seeds do not germinate. Water is Many seeds do not germinate abruptly
an essential factor to trigger off the after they are produced
process of seed germination
 CROP
ESTABLISHMENT
MACHINERY
 ROW
CROP
PLANTERS

mechanical planters that plants

your crops in rows that have enough
space for mechanical tillage or cultivation
with out damaging the crops
 CORN PLANTERS

c o r n p l a n t e r s is a mechanical device that plants corn in furrow

TRAILING DRILL
PLANTER

seeds are dropped individually in a

row with a given space
TRAILING HILL DROP
PLANTER

drops 2 to 5 seeds per hill with equal interval in a

row
CENTRAL
MOUNTED
CORN
PLANTERS
 REAR
MOUNTED
CORN
PLANTERS
LISTER CORN
PLANTERS

plants the seed in semi-arid land in

deeper furrow
C O M P O N E N T PA R T S &
ACCESSORIES
1seed tube
2smaller seed box
3seed plate frame
4row cleaner
5gauge wheels or depth wheel
6trench opener
s e e d b o x has the capacity to hold
100 bags of seed
METERING
M EC H A N I S M

The mechanism of seed drill or fertilizer

distributor
which deliver seeds or fertilizers from the
hopper at
selected rates is called seed metering
mechanism.
mechanism which picks up seeds from the
seed box and delivers them in to the seed tube
is called seed metering mechanism
SEED PLATES

EDGE DROP F L AT D R O P
• The edge drop carries the seed on • The flat drop carries the seed on
edge in the cell a flat in the cell of
of the plate. the plate.

HILL DROP
• In hill drop, the cells round the edge of
the plate
are large enough to admit several seeds at
a time.
 FLUTED FEED
TYPE

It is a seed metering devices

with adjustable flutedroller to
collect and deliver the seeds into
the seedtube
 INTERNAL
DOUBLE RUN
TYPE

is a seed metering device in which the feed

wheel is provided with fine and coarse ribbed
flanges. It consists of discs, mounted on a
spindle
and housed in a casing fitted below the seed
box
 CUP FEED
MECHANISM

The mechanism consists of a

circular shaft mounted with many
circular discs. Each disc is provided
with several cups or spoons in a
circular path
 CELL FEED
MECHANISM

It is a mechanism in which seeds

are collected and delivered by a
series of equally spaced cells
engraved on the periphery of a
circular plate or wheel.
BRUSH FEED
MECHANISM

It is a mechanism in which a
rotating brush regulates the flow of
seed from the hopper in to the
seed tube
 PICKER
WHEEL
MECHANISM

It is a mechanism in which a
vertical plate provided with radially
projected arms picks up and drop
the seeds in to the furrow.
STAR WHEEL
MECHANISM

It is a feed mechanism which

consists of a toothed wheel,
rotating in a horizontal plane and
conveying the fertilizer through a
feed gate below the Star wheel
AUGER FEED
MECHANISM

It consists of an auger which moves the substance

from the container and delivers in to the field
uniformly. Fertilizer drills are usually provided with
auger feed mechanism. Some manufacturers use
this mechanism in seed drills also
F U R ROW O P E N E R

Furrow opener is that part of the seed drill

which opens a uniform furrow to place the
seed at appropriate depth.
TYPES OF
FURROW OPENERS

shoe type furrow opener, hoe type of

works better in the poorly prepared f u r r o w o p e n e r , is
seed bed. having a single or double
They are made of two curved point shovel.
runners with their cutting edges on The seed tube is fixed
the ground and meeting at the behind the shovel
share point.
TYPES OF
FURROW OPENERS
d i s c t y p e is favored where
the seed bed consists
considerable plant residues.

s i n g l e d i s c o p e n e r has a d o u b l e d i s c t y p e , the two

small disc, with little disc angle, discs are placed closer and opens
which shifts the soil to one side. furrow, in which the seed is
The seed is dropped behind the dropped in between the discs
disc precisely
COV E R I N G D E V I C E
It is a device which closes the furrow with soil
after the seed has been dropped in it. Covering
the seeds is usually done by chains, bars, packers,
rollers or press wheels, designed in various
shapes and .sizes
 TYPES OF
FURROW CLOSERS

Drag chain, drag bars, scraper blades, steel press wheels, zero- pressure pneumatic press wheels,
disc hillers and various combination of these are used as furrow closers
T R A N S P O RT W H E E L

There will be two wheels fixed one on either

side of the main axle or one each on two
cut half axle.
The wheel rim may be flat one or provided with
lugs.
The wheel may not have any rim and directly run
on the sturdy spokes.
Any one of these wheels or both may supply
power to the seed metering mechanism through
a chain or gear drive.
S E E D P L AT E

The
horizontal seed plates have got suitable
notches or
holes called cell. Depending upon the type of
notches on the plates, it is of three types; edge
drop, flat drop and hill drop.
TYPES OF EDGE DROP
• The edge drop carries the seed on edge in the cell
SEED PLATE of the plate.

F L AT D R O P
• The flat drop carries the seed on a flat in the cell of
the plate.
 POTATO PLANTERS

p o t a t o p l a n t e r is a farm implement for sowing seed potatoes

AU TO M AT I C
P OTATO
P L A N T E RS
It consists of a hopper for each row
and cups with chain drive mechanism.
Graded potatoes are picked up by the
cup and carried to furrow opener
sprout and released in furrow.
AUTOMATIC
POTATO
PLANTERS
SEMI-
AU TO M AT I C
P OTATO
PLANTER
It consists of hopper and furrow
openers. Operated power tractors by
using three point linkage.
 SEMI-
AUTOMATIC
PLANTERS
 SUGARCANE PLANTER

s u g a r c a n e p l a n t e r - agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane

billets.
SUGARCANE BILLETS
-sugarcane stalks containing buds used as
planting material.
SUGARCANE
PLANTER

Classified into 2 types:

Semi-automatic
sugarcane planter

Manual sugarcane
planter
Semi-automatic sugarcane planter
– Type of sugarcane planter that is
capable of chopping sugarcanes
into billets which are dropped into
the furrows.
P r i n c i p l e o f O p e rat i o n

The sugarcane shall be cut in the chopper

and shall be dropped evenly into the furrows
through the feeding shanks. The furrow closer of
the sugarcane planter shall cover the sugarcane
billets with soil after passing.
Manual sugarcane planter
-Type of sugarcane planter that is
not capable of chopping sugarcane but
instead, requires pre-cut billets for planting.

Principle of Operation:
The sugarcane shall be pre-cut into
billets and shall be loaded into the hopper.
The feeder shall drop the billets into the
feeding shank of the sugarcane planter.
 TRANSPLANTERS

t r a n s p l a n t e r s an agricultural machine used for transplanting seedlings to the field.

RICE
TRANSPLANTERS

A specialized transplanter fitted to

transplant rice seedlings into the
paddy field.
establishes rice wherein rice
seedlings grown in a nursery are
pulled and transferred into puddled
and leveled fields, 15 to 40 days after
seeding.
CLASSIFICATION OF
RICE TRANSPLANTER

According to type of seedlings used Engine driven or self-propelled rice transplanter

ACCORDING TO TYPE OF SEEDLINGS USED

root-washed seedling type

Type of mechanical transplanter designed for handling rice seedlings that
are removed from the traditional nurseries and washed well with water.

soil-bearing seedling type or mat type

Type of mechanical rice transplanter designed for handling rice seedlings
that were grown with mat.
ENGINE DRIVEN OR SELF-PROPELLED RICE TRANSPLANTER

Type of engine driven rice transplanter which makes use of engine to

actuate its movement in the puddled field.
RIDING TYPE
Type of self-propelled rice
transplanter that allows operator to
ride on the machine during operation
RIDING TYPE
WA L K I N G T Y P E

Type of self-propelled rice

transplanter wherein the operator
walks behind the transplanter during
operation
WALKING
TYPE
BROADCAST
SEEDER

A broadcast seeder, alternately called

a broadcast spreader or centrifugal fertilizer
spreader(Europe), is a farm implement commonly
used for spreading seed, lime, fertilizer, sand, ice
melt, etc., and is an alternative to drop
spreaders/seeders.
K N A P SAC K S E E D E R
airplane- sometimes
used in combination with broadcast
planters, especially on difficult terrain
following a fire.
S P I N N E RS

1. commercial broadcast seeders/spreaders

designed and sized appropriately
for agricultural tractors and mount
to the tractor's three point hitch.
S P I N N E RS

2. handled-mount(two-wheel)
to the three-point-hitch of a
compact utility tractor, these are
ideal for landscape and
small property maintenance
Drum Seeder-
is other equipment in
a row that is used for sowing
germinated paddy seed directly
into wetland field. It is very easy to
take care of and do not require any
transplantation. It can be manually
be implemented and covers 8 rows
of 20cm row-to-row spacing at a
time. The body of this machine is
made up of plastic.
BROADCAST
SEEDER
hopper

frame

Fins/blades

Spreader disc
SEED
DRILL
A seed drill is a sowing device
that sows the seed precisely in the
soil at proper depth and distance.
Then it covers them with soil. It protects
the seeds from birds and saves time and
labor.
MECHANICAL
SEED DRILL

used to plant the seeds of various

types of autumn/winter cereals
(e.g. mainly wheat, oilseed rape,
barley, soya bean, alfalfa etc.) in
parallel furrows.
SEED CUM-
F E RT I L I Z E R
DRILL

consists of a seed box, fertilizer box,

seed and fertilizer metering
mechanisms, seed tubes, furrow
openers, seed and fertilizer rate
adjusting lever and transport cum
power transmitting wheel.
 ZERO-TILL
DRILL

the main difference between zero-till

drill and conventional drill is that it
has inverted T-type furrow opener
fixed on the tines instead of
reversible shovels type furrow
openers. The main advantage of
inverted t-type furrow openers is
non-formation of clods, lower draft
requirement and easier penetration
in the soil.
 STRIP-TILL
DRILL

consists of a standard seed drill with

a rotary attachment mounted in the
front. The rotary system has C-type
blades, which prepare a 75 mm wide
strip in the front of every furrow
opener.
T H A N K YO U